In recent years, Combined electro-thermal system has developed rapidly. In order to provide the initial data for the analysis of the combined electro-thermal system, a practical energy flow calculation method for the ...In recent years, Combined electro-thermal system has developed rapidly. In order to provide the initial data for the analysis of the combined electro-thermal system, a practical energy flow calculation method for the combined electro-thermal system is proposed in this paper. Based on the detailed analysis of the topology structure of the heating network and its hydraulic and thermodynamic model, the forward-backward sweep method for the heat flow of the heating network is established, which is more suitable for the actual radial heating network. The electric and thermal coupling model for heating source, such as thermoelectric unit and electric boiler is established, and the heat flow of heating network and the power flow of power grid are calculated orderly, thus a fast calculation method for the combined electro-thermal system is formed. What’s more, a combined electro-thermal system with two-stage peak-shaving electric boiler is used as the example system. This paper validates the effectiveness and rapidity of this method through the example system, and analyzes the influence for the energy flow of combined electro-thermal system caused by the operating parameters such as the installation location of electric boiler, the outlet water temperature of heat source and the outlet flow rate, etc.展开更多
The interactions of electromagnetic waves with the human body are complex and depend on several factors related to the characteristics of the incident wave, including its frequency, its intensity, the polarization of ...The interactions of electromagnetic waves with the human body are complex and depend on several factors related to the characteristics of the incident wave, including its frequency, its intensity, the polarization of the tissue encountered, the geometry of the tissue and its electromagnetic properties. That’s to say, the dielectric permittivity, the conductivity and the type of coupling between the field and the exposed body. A biological system irradiated by an electromagnetic wave is traversed by induced currents of non-negligible density;the water molecules present in the biological tissues exposed to the electromagnetic field will begin to oscillate at the frequency of the incident wave, thus creating internal friction responsible for the heating of the irradiated tissues. This heating will be all the more important as the tissues are rich in water. This article presents the establishment from a mathematical and numerical analysis explaining the phenomena of interaction and consequences between electromagnetic waves and health. Since the total electric field in the biological system is unknown, that is why it can be determined by the Finite Difference Time Domain FDTD method to assess the electromagnetic power distribution in the biological system under study. For this purpose, the detailed on the mechanisms of interaction of microwave electromagnetic waves with the human body have been presented. Mathematical analysis using Maxwell’s equations as well as bio-heat equations is the basis of this study for a consistent result. Therefore, a thermal model of biological tissues based on an electrical analogy has been developed. By the principle of duality, an electrical model in the dielectric form of a multilayered human tissue was used in order to obtain a corresponding thermal model. This thermal model made it possible to evaluate the temperature profile of biological tissues during exposure to electromagnetic waves. The simulation results obtained from computer tools show that the temperature in the biological tissue is a linear function of the duration of exposure to microwave electromagnetic waves.展开更多
文摘In recent years, Combined electro-thermal system has developed rapidly. In order to provide the initial data for the analysis of the combined electro-thermal system, a practical energy flow calculation method for the combined electro-thermal system is proposed in this paper. Based on the detailed analysis of the topology structure of the heating network and its hydraulic and thermodynamic model, the forward-backward sweep method for the heat flow of the heating network is established, which is more suitable for the actual radial heating network. The electric and thermal coupling model for heating source, such as thermoelectric unit and electric boiler is established, and the heat flow of heating network and the power flow of power grid are calculated orderly, thus a fast calculation method for the combined electro-thermal system is formed. What’s more, a combined electro-thermal system with two-stage peak-shaving electric boiler is used as the example system. This paper validates the effectiveness and rapidity of this method through the example system, and analyzes the influence for the energy flow of combined electro-thermal system caused by the operating parameters such as the installation location of electric boiler, the outlet water temperature of heat source and the outlet flow rate, etc.
文摘The interactions of electromagnetic waves with the human body are complex and depend on several factors related to the characteristics of the incident wave, including its frequency, its intensity, the polarization of the tissue encountered, the geometry of the tissue and its electromagnetic properties. That’s to say, the dielectric permittivity, the conductivity and the type of coupling between the field and the exposed body. A biological system irradiated by an electromagnetic wave is traversed by induced currents of non-negligible density;the water molecules present in the biological tissues exposed to the electromagnetic field will begin to oscillate at the frequency of the incident wave, thus creating internal friction responsible for the heating of the irradiated tissues. This heating will be all the more important as the tissues are rich in water. This article presents the establishment from a mathematical and numerical analysis explaining the phenomena of interaction and consequences between electromagnetic waves and health. Since the total electric field in the biological system is unknown, that is why it can be determined by the Finite Difference Time Domain FDTD method to assess the electromagnetic power distribution in the biological system under study. For this purpose, the detailed on the mechanisms of interaction of microwave electromagnetic waves with the human body have been presented. Mathematical analysis using Maxwell’s equations as well as bio-heat equations is the basis of this study for a consistent result. Therefore, a thermal model of biological tissues based on an electrical analogy has been developed. By the principle of duality, an electrical model in the dielectric form of a multilayered human tissue was used in order to obtain a corresponding thermal model. This thermal model made it possible to evaluate the temperature profile of biological tissues during exposure to electromagnetic waves. The simulation results obtained from computer tools show that the temperature in the biological tissue is a linear function of the duration of exposure to microwave electromagnetic waves.