Investigating the minimum detectable activity concentration and contributing factors in airborne gamma-ray spectrometry

In this study,the theory of minimum detectable activity concentration(MDAC)for airborne gamma-ray spectrometry(AGS)was derived,and the relationship between the MDAC and the intrinsic effi-ciency of a scintillation counter,volume,and energy res-olution of scintillation crystals,and flight altitude of an aircraft was investigated.To verify this theory,experi-mental devices based on NaI and CeBr 3 scintillation counters were prepared,and the potassium,uranium,and thorium contents in calibration pads obtained via the stripping ratio method and theory were compared.The MDACs of AGS under different conditions were calculated and analyzed using the proposed theory and the Monte Carlo method.The relative errors found via a comparison of the experimental and theoretical results were less than 4%.The theory of MDAC can guide the work of AGS in probing areas with low radioactivity.

Performances of different efficiency calibration methods of high-purity-germanium gamma-ray spectrometry in an inter-comparison exercise

This study reports the performances of efficiency calibrations for high-purity-germanium gamma-ray spectrometry using the source-, Laboratory Sourceless Object Calibration Software(LabSOCS)-and ANGLE-based methods in an inter-comparison exercise. Although the results of LabSOCS and ANGLE for ^(241)Am emitting lowenergy gamma rays were not very satisfactory, all of the three efficiency calibration methods passed acceptance criteria. The results confirmed the reliability of the calculation codes ANGLE and LabSOCS as alternative efficiency calibration methods in high-purity-germanium gamma spectrometry. This study is likely to promote the further application of the ANGLE and LabSOCS calculation codes in radioactivity measurements.

The Maastrichtian-Danian in the SW Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt(S. Iran):An Integration of Planktonic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy and Gamma-Ray Spectrometry

In this study, the Maastrichtian-Danian boundary was measured and sampled in two stratigraphic sections, the north and south flanks of the Dehnow anticline in Coastal Fars, Southern Iran. This boundary was also investigated in the drilled exploratory well-1 in the same region. The lithology of the Maastrichtian-Danian deposits consists of glauconitic, phosphatic argillaceous limestones and marlstones. 30 genera and 77 species of planktonic foraminifera have been determined. The recognized biozones are the Gansserina gansseri Interval Zone, and the Contusotruncana contusa Interval Zone, which indicates latest Campanian to middle Maastrichtian age for the upper part of the Gurpi Formation. In addition, the Eoglobigerina edita(P1) Partial Range Zone, Praemurica uncinata(P2) Lowest Occurrence Zone, Morozovella angulata(P3) Lowest Occurrence Zone and Globanomalina psudomenardii(P4) Taxon Range Zone represent a Danian to Thanetian age for the lower part of the Pabdeh Formation. From the absence of the Abathomphalus mayaroensis Interval Zone, Pseudoguembelina hariaensis Interval Zone, Pseudotextularia elegans Interval Zone, Plummerita hantkeninoides Interval Zone, Guembelitria cretacea(P0) Partial Range Zone and Parvularugoglobigerina eugubina(Pα) Total Range Zone, it can be deduced that there is a paraconformity across the Maastrichtian–Danian boundary in the studied area, this hiatus encompassing the late Maastrichtian and the earliest Danian. Danian deposits from the study area contain reworked glauconitized macrofossils, planktonic and benthic foraminifera of the Cretaceous. The obtained surface gamma-ray spectrometry logs resemble the exploratory well-1 gamma-ray wireline log.

Quantification of Phases in Lahore (Pakistan) Airborne Particulates by Matrix-Flushing Method

The mass concentrations of eighteen airborne samples collected from Lahore (Pakistan) are found in the range from 595 to 3027μg/m3with average value of 1130 μg/m3. Most of these values are normal and as reported in the literature for other parts of the world. The major phases identified in the samples by the X-ray powder diffraction technique are Albite (Anorthite), Calcite, Clinochlore (Chlorite), Gypsum, Illite, Quartz and Talc which have also been reported by other researchers to be present in the airborne particulates of other world locations. The average weight percentages of the phases (minerals) in the samples are respectively 15.5, 10.6, 23.7, 2.4, 19.1, 20.2, and 8.5. Some of the elements (e.g., boron, cadmium, lithium, manganese, titanium, and zinc) quantified in two samples determined using a spark-source mass spectrometer appear also to derive their origin from man-made activities. However no compound synthesized in the atmosphere is detected by the X-ray diffraction method.

基于Z-5B型无人直升机的航空物探(磁/放)测量技术研究及应用

近年来,无人机航空物探已在我国铀资源、金属与非金属矿产资源勘查等多个领域得到了广泛应用,并发挥了重要作用。为提升航空物探自动化作业能力,降低安全风险,开展了基于Z-5B型无人直升机的航空物探(磁/放)测量技术研究工作,攻克了无人直升机航磁航放测量系统集成改装、沿地形起伏飞行作业、无人直升机航磁补偿和无人直升机航放系统校准等关键技术。在松辽盆地北部地区开展了面积性测量试验飞行工作,各项技术指标满足规范要求,试验结果表明:该系统在航速54 km·h^(-1),飞行高度100 m时具有较好的探测能力,可清晰查明地表放射性场分布和磁场特征,圈定异常范围,且具备缓起伏地形条件下仿地飞行的作业能力,可满足现阶段小面积测量作业任务需求,具备生产作业能力。

无人机航空γ能谱测量在地形高起伏地区异常查证中的应用

针对地形高起伏地区大比例尺放射性矿产勘查的需要,研制了基于小体积NaI(Tl)晶体的航空伽马能谱探测器,与F-120无人直升机集成了航空γ能谱测量系统。利用该系统在南方某地区开展了铀矿异常检查测量,与地面γ能谱测量结果比对,两者的高异常区域位置、形态基本一致,且前者的异常形态更细致,特别是与铀含量直接相关的铀道数据对区内已知铀矿点反应更明显,数据质量更优。据此认为,无人机航空γ能谱测量有望替代地形起伏大的地区铀矿异常查证工作中的现有地面γ能谱测量。

Validation of ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra Measurements in Water Samples Using Gamma Spectrometric Analysis

Radium isotopes can be analyzed by different analytical methods based on gamma spectrometric measurements or alpha spectrometry. An improved method was developed to determine radium isotopes from water using gamma spectrometry after radiochemical separation. The Radium was selectively extracted from acidified samples using co-precipitation procedure with iron hydroxide and followed by precipitation of radium as radium sulphate Ba(Ra)SO4. The precipitate Ba(Ra)SO4 was filtered through the Millipore filter paper, dried and weighed to calculate chemical yield. 226Ra and 228Ra activities were measured using low-background gamma spectrometry in water samples. Radium was pre-concentrated from environmental samples by co-precipitation with BaSO4. The amounts of 226Ra and 228Ra on the sample were obtained by gamma-ray spectrometry for the 351 keVγ-ray from 214Pb and for the 911 keV γ-ray from 228Ac, both in radioactive equilibrium with precursors, respectively. The accuracy, selectivity, traceability, applicability and Minimum Detectable Activity (MDA) of the technique were discussed. Also, the effect of physical and chemical characteristics of the water samples such as TDS, pH, soluble species, sulphate and bicarbonate that effect on the radium determination were taking into consideration. The method has been validated with a certified reference material supplied by the International Atomic Energy Agency and reliable results were obtained. The radiochemical yields for radium were 70% - 90% and recovery was 97% and 80% for 226Ra and 228Ra, respectively.

Calibration of the High Purity Germanium Gamma-Ray Spectrometer in CERT, ABU Zaria, Nigeria

Gamma-ray spectrometry is a very powerful tool for radioactivity measurements. The gamma-ray spectrometer laboratory in Centre for Energy Research and Training (CERT), Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria is accredited to perform measurements of radioactive content of samples collected from the environment, food chain or industrial products with the aid of a high resolution HPGe detector. For accurate gamma-ray spectrometry, certain measurements were considered;the efficiency of the detector was performed experimentally against energies within the range of 59.50 keV (241Am) to 2204.50 keV (226Ra) for the respective geometries of 1 - 6 cm. The sustained solid angle relations with respect to the inverse square of sample geometries from 1 - 6 cm were evaluated. Another main point of this work was focused on the efficiency at geometry of 5 cm with respect to the three selected energies: 661.60 keV (137Cs), 1173.2 keV (60Co) and 1332 keV (60Co) for the main axis, ten degree off main axis, forty five degree off main axis and ninety degree off the detector main axis. In order to verify optimum geometries in our laboratory for both short lived and long lived radionuclides analyses, the evaluation of efficiencies for the respective energies: 1173.2 keV (60Co), 1332.5 keV (60Co), 1764 keV (226Ra) and 2294 keV (226Ra) were plotted against geometries of 1 to 6 cm from the detector end cap along the main axis.

旋翼无人机航空γ能谱测量在异常查证中的应用

针对小面积、大比例尺铀资源勘查工作需求,设计了基于碘化铯(CSI)晶体的航空γ能谱探测器,与SY-120H无人机集成了旋翼无人机航空γ能谱测量系统,晶体分辨率优于10%,能谱峰漂优于±1道,采样频率1 Hz。该系统在石家庄航放标准模型和黄壁庄动态带上完成了系统校准,获取了一套标定参数;在二连浩特地区开展试验飞行,飞行高度约50 m,飞行速度约27.57 km/h,快速圈定了HF-08和HF-09异常的具体位置和异常范围。试验结果表明:无人机航空γ能谱测量得到的K、U、Th含量结果与地面测量结果基本一致,可为地面不易开展工作地区的地质勘查和放射性环境评价提供一种快速高效的勘查技术装备。

Minimum detectable activity for NaI(Tl) airborne γ-ray spectrometry based on Monte Carlo simulation

The determination of the effective minimum detectable activity （MDA） of radionuclides by a detection system plays an im- portant role in environmental radiation monitoring. In this study, the responses of an NaI（TI） airborne γ ray spectrometry （AGRS） system to different radionuclides （137Cs and 131I） were investigated using the Monte Carlo technique. The MDA values were determined under different conditions according to the counting spectra obtained from the Monte Carlo simulation. The equivalent mass thickness method was applied to the Monte Carlo modeling for monitoring ground radiation to reduce sta- tistical uncertainty. The secondary source method was used to monitor both air and ground radiation. A quadratic relationship was found between the MDA and activity concentration. An exponential relationship was found between the MDA and altitude The MDA of a specific radionuclide from external detectors was found to be superior to that obtained from internal detectors under the same conditions. The MDA values in an NaI（Tl） AGRS system under different conditions can be estimated based on the results of this study.

复杂地形条件下航空伽玛能谱地形改正方法探讨

应用矩形辐射体航空伽玛辐射场理论 ,研究应用于复杂地形条件下的航空伽玛能谱资料的地形改正方法 ,并针对该方法进行验证 .本文利用航空物探测量过程中获得的DTM数据 (达到了地形改正所需的地形起伏数据精度 ) ,应用矩形辐射体航空伽玛辐射场理论 ,根据地面辐射体与航空伽玛场分布之间的正演关系 ,对航空伽玛能谱解释方法的原理进行了正演分析和反演推导 .探索出一种按影响角进行地形改正的方法 .该方法特点是适合于任意飞行方式 (缓地形和水平飞行均可 )和任意地形条件航空伽玛能谱的逐点地形改正 .结果表明该地形改正方法能够基本消除航空伽玛能谱测量中的地形起伏产生的影响 ,经地形修正后的航空伽玛能谱异常能较正确地反映地面辐射体的真实情况 .

航空伽玛能谱仪对^(137)Cs点源响应特征及全谱数据的提取技术

航空伽玛能谱测量是电离辐射环境评价中快速、经济、有效的方法,尤其在核事故应急中有重要的应用。本文详细报道了GR-820航空伽玛能谱仪对Cs人工源的全谱响应特征的实验结果,采用传统能量窗方137法和人工核素比值法对实验数据进行了处理,比较了这两种方法的有效性。本研究结果对核事故应急航空放射性测量方法和精细伽玛能谱全谱数据分解方法研究具有重要的意义。

航空γ能谱仪无源效率刻度方法研究

因人工放射性核素的航空γ能谱仪实物刻度模型匮乏,导致难以依据航空γ能谱准确反演地面人工放射性核素的含量。本文基于窄束γ射线指数衰变规律与微积分的思想建立了任意形状的γ辐射源上空航空γ能谱仪无源效率刻度的数值计算模型。通过低空探测实验、高空变化趋势分析、5-100 m高空探测实验证明该模型适用于任意位置点源航空γ能谱仪全能峰探测效率数值计算。同时计算发现在低空探测时不同γ辐射的面源与体源的航空γ能谱仪全能峰探测效率与MCNP5模拟值的相对偏差在±1.5%以内,且含1 460.83 ke V或2 614.533 ke Vγ射线的无限大体源90-150 m探测高空计算结果与石家庄动态带上的实验值相对偏差为8.33%-15.82%。上述实验充分证实该无源效率刻度计算模型适用于航空γ能谱探测实践,为利用航空γ能谱仪寻找丢失放射源及核事故应急监测提供技术支持。

航空伽玛能谱数据的校正与重组

介绍了航空伽玛能谱谱线校正的方法,并且对经过校正航空伽玛能谱数据进行数据窗口的重组。对航空能谱仪谱漂产生的原因和航空伽玛能谱数据的处理方法进行了介绍,根据我国自主研制的航空伽玛能谱仪谱线采集的特点和谱线合成方式,提出了采用变尺度校正的方式对谱线数据进行校正,并且根据航空伽玛能谱测量的要求,对窗口数据进行重组。实验结果表明,该方法能比较有效地校正数据且获得准确的窗口数据。

应用同步辐射微束X射线荧光光谱法研究单个大气PM_(2.5)颗粒物的源特征

将高灵敏度的同步辐射微束X射线荧光光谱分析方法与计算机模式识别技术相结合,用于上海市大气PM2.5单颗粒物的源识别。分析了污染排放源的PM2.5单颗粒物,结果表明,来自不同污染排放源的颗粒物具有不同的能谱特征。同时分析了环境空气监测样品PM2.5单颗粒物,结果表明,在上海市中心区大气PM2.5的污染源主要以机动车尾气为主,而在吴淞工业区大气PM2.5的污染源主要以钢铁工业尘和燃煤烟尘为主。

全国航空物探工作现状及未来工作重点浅析

在新一轮矿产资源勘查评价工作中,航空物探工作要先行。本文在分析我国航空物探工作现状及存在问题的基础上,就今后一段时期内航空物探工作重点进行了简要的探讨,为我国"十二五"期间的航空物探工作部署提供参考。

航空γ能谱测量谱线比法大气氡校正的理论研究

本文介绍了在航空γ能谱测量中,校正航空γ能谱所包含大气氡本底的谱线比法理论基础及其数学模型。通过对谱线比法校正系数的探讨,分析不同组分校正系数和高度之间的关系。在此基础上,提出了校正系数获取的实验途径,避免了谱形数学拟合方法可能引起的问题。

基于最小二乘法的航空?能谱解析

在天然辐射环境下,无法找到仅含单一天然放射性系列的近似无限大地层用于获取航空γ谱仪的响应谱,这是导致无法利用最小二乘法解析航空γ能谱的关键问题所在。本文基于介质互换原理、地层模块化与分能区多次模拟的思想,通过构建Monte Carlo组合模型,从而获得了含不同放射性物质的任意形状地层上空航空γ谱仪的响应谱。依据航空γ能谱测点上γ辐射来源与石家庄动态带分析,建立了一套可靠的最小二乘法航空γ能谱解析模型。通过对野外10 km测线分析发现,当地层含量大于4×10^(-6)时,该方法与标准方法分析结果相当。同时该方法为人工放射性核素响应谱的剥离提供参考。

二级热脱附-气相色谱-质谱联用测定大气可吸入颗粒物中的16种多环芳烃

建立了二级热脱附-气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定大气可吸入颗粒物PM10中16种多环芳烃的分析方法。对二级热脱附和色谱-质谱条件进行了优化。实验结果表明,方法的检出限为0.14～0.42ng/m3,平均加标回收率为52.7%～97.9%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为8.0%～18.4%。与传统方法相比,该方法的样品前处理时间短、有机溶剂的使用量少,是对人体及环境友善的检测技术。该方法已应用于32份实际大气颗粒物样品的分析。

航空γ谱仪系统校准的基本内容和有关问题探讨

航空γ谱仪系统校准工作是航空野外监测任务质量保证的重要组成内容,由于航空γ谱仪系统监测周边环境大尺度范围的辐射现状,其受到的影响因素很多,给校准工作带来了很大难度。本文针对目前航空监测不同的应用环境,提出航空监测校准的基本内容,分析影响校准的主要因素,对校准现状面临的有关问题进行讨论并给出了合理建议。