Fixed-interval smoothing of an aeroelastic airfoil model with cubic or free-play nonlinearity in incompressible flow

Fixed-interval smoothing,as one of the most important types of state estimation,has been concerned in many practical problems especially in the analysis of flight test data.However,the existing sequential filters and smoothers usually cannot deal with nonlinear or high-dimensional systems well.A state-of-the-art technique is employed in this study to explore the fixed-interval smoothing problem of a conceptual two-dimensional airfoil model in incompressible flow from noisy measurement data.Therein,the governing equations of the airfoil model are assumed to be known or only partially known.A single objective optimization problem is constructed with the classical Runge–Kutta scheme,and then estimations of the system states,the measurement noise and even the unknown parameters are obtained simultaneously through minimizing the objective function.Effectiveness and feasibility of the method are examined under several simulated measurement data corrupted by different measurement noises.All the obtained results indicate that the introduced algorithm is applicable for the airfoil model with cubic or free-play structural nonlinearity and leads to accurate state and parameter estimations.Besides,it is highly robust to Gaussian white and even more complex heavy-tailed measurement noises.It should be emphasized that the employed algorithm is still effective to high-dimensional nonlinear aeroelastic systems.

Flow Visualization around a Double Wedge Airfoil Model with Focusing Schlieren System

In the present study, aerodynamic characteristics of the double wedge airfoil model were investigated in a transonic flow by using the shock tube as an intermittent wind tunnel. The driver and driven gases of the shock tube are dry air. The airfoil model of double wedge has the span of 58 mm, chord length c = 75 mm and its maximum thickness is 7.5 mm. The apex of the double wedge airfoil model is located on the 35% chord length from the leading edge. The range of hot gas Mach numbers are from 0.80 to 0.88, and the Reynolds numbers based on chord length are 3.11× 10^5- 3.49× 10^5, respectively. The flow visualizations were performed by the sharp focusing schlieren method which can visualize the three dimensional flow fields. The results show that the present system can visualize the transonic flowfield clearer than the previous system, and the shock wave profiles of the center of span in the test section are visualized

Bi-objective path optimization of flapping airfoils based on a surrogate model

A bi-objective optimization problem for flapping airfoils is solved to maximize the time-averaged thrust coefficient and the propulsive efficiency. Design variables include the plunging amplitude, the pitching amplitude and the phase shift angle. A well defined Kriging model is used to substitute the time-consuming high fidelity model, and a multi-objective genetic algorithm is employed as the search algorithm. The optimization results show that the propulsive efficiency can be improved by reducing the plunging amplitude and the phase shift angle in a proper way. The results of global sensitivity analysis using the Sobol’s method show that both of the time-averaged thrust coefficient and the propulsive efficiency are most sensitive to the plunging amplitude, and second most sensitive to the pitching amplitude. It is also observed that the phase shift angle has an un-negligible influence on the propulsive efficiency, and has little effect on the time-averaged thrust coefficient.

Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Wind Tunnel Model Vibrations on the Measured Aerodynamic Properties of Airfoils and Wings

This paper presents a numerical prediction of the unsteady flow field around oscillating airfoils at high angles of attack by solving unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with SST turbulence model in order to simulate the effects of wind tunnel model vibrations on the aerodynamic properties of airfoils,especially high-aspect-ratio wings in a wind tunnel.The effects of the phase lagging between different modes of oscillations,i.e.,the airfoil plunging oscillation mode,the pitching oscillation mode,and the forward-backward oscillation mode,are also studied.It is shown that the vibrations (oscillations) of airfoils can cause the unsteady shedding of large-size separated vortex to precede the stationary stall incidence,hence lead to a stall onset at some earlier (lower) incidence than that in the steady sense.The different phase lagging has different effect on the flow field.When the pitching oscillation mode has small phase lagging behind the plunging oscillation mode,the effect of vibrations is large.Besides,if the amplitude of the oscillations is large enough,and the different modes of vibrations match or combine appropriately,the unsteady stall may occur 2° earlier in angle of attack than the case where airfoils keep stationary.

Robust design of natural laminar flow supercritical airfoil by multi-objective evolution method

Abstract A transonic, high Reynolds number natural laminar flow airfoil is designed and studied. The γ-θ transition model is combined with the shear stress transport （SST） k-w turbulence model to predict the transition region for a laminar-turbulent boundary layer. The non-uniform free-form deformation （NFFD） method based on the non-uniform rational B-spline （NURBS） basis function is introduced to the airfoil parameterization. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II （NSGA-II） is used as the search algo- rithm, and the surrogate model based on the Kriging models is introduced to improve the efficiency of the optimization system. The optimization system is set up based on the above technologies, and the robust design about the uncertainty of the Mach number is carried out for NASA0412 airfoil. The optimized airfoil is analyzed and compared with the original airfoil. The results show that natural laminar flow can be achieved on a supercritical airfoil to improve the aerodynamic characteristic of airfoils.

Theoretical Investigation of the Vortex Shedding Noise from the Wake of Airfoil

The vortex shedding noise has been revealed as an important wing noise source on some modern commercial aircraft based on the fly-over measurements with a planar microphone array by Michel (1998). In this paper, an analytical model is presented for predicting this vortex shedding noise. The downstream wake of a 2-dimensional airfoil is assumed to be dominated by the von Karman vortex street, and the strength and the shedding frequency of the wake vortex are determined from the wake structure model. An aero-acoustic model is developed based on the Howe's unified theory of trailing edge noise and is incorporated with the wake model to predict the sound pressure level and directivity of vortex shedding noise. The predicted vortex shedding frequencies, sound pressure levels and directivities compare favorably with the measured results for 6 modern commercial aircraft.

Numerical Optimization on Aerodynamic/Stealth Characteristics of Airfoil Based on CFD/CEM Coupling Method

Based on computational fluid dynamics （CFD）/computational eleetromagnetics method （CEM） coupling method and surrogate model optimization techniques, an integration design method about aerodynamic/stealth characteristics of airfoil is established. The O-type body-fitted and orthogonal grid around airfoil is first generated by using the Poisson equations, in which the points per wave and the normal range satisfy the aerodynamic and electromagnetic calculation accuracy requirement. Then the aerodynamic performance of airfoil is calculated by sol- ving the Navier-Stokes （N-S） equations with Baldwin-Lomax （B-L） turbulence model. The stealth characteristics of airfoil are simulated by using finite volume time domain （FVTD） method based on the Maxwell＇s equations, Steger-Warming flux splitting and the third-order MUSCL scheme. In addition, based upon the surrogate model optimization technique with full factorial design （FFD） and radial basis function （RBF）, an integration design about aerodynamic/stealth characteristics of rotor airfoil is conducted by employing the CFD/CEM coupling meth- od. The aerodynamic/stealth characteristics of NACA series airfoils with different maximum thickness and camber combinations are discussed. Finally, by choosing suitable lift-to-drag ratio and radar cross section （RCS） ampli- tudes of rotor airfoil in four important scattering regions as the objective function and constraint, the compromised airfoil with high lift-to-drag ratio and low scattering characteristics is designed via systemic and comprehensive ana- lyses.

复杂地形对风速廓线的影响

随着风电利用的发展,越来越多的风电场建立在复杂地形的山区,为了更好地进行风能评估和风电预报,就需要了解复杂地形对风速廓线的影响。本文基于薄翼理论和湍流边界层扰动的线性化理论,采用两层模型对坡度较小的山地在其二维横截面上的风廓线进行了预测,该模型能够较为准确地预报地形、压力、稳定度对风速增速的影响,但对于三维地形或其他因素产生的风速的复杂变化,需要进一步将其扩展至三维,并结合数值模拟进行研究。

风电NACA63418翼型参数化建模及优化

风力发电机的风轮气动效率与优良翼型的气动性能密切相关。以风力机传统翼型为研究对象,结合翼型参数化建模及自适应遗传算法,寻优搜索得到高性能优化翼型。比较了CST法和改进的Hicks-Henne型函数法对于NACA63418传统翼型的拟合精度,进而选用Hicks-Henne型函数法对NACA63418翼型进行参数化建模。通过自适应遗传算法和XFOIL软件耦合实现翼型气动特性的自动计算,提高翼形的设计效率,为翼型的理论设计拓宽了思路。

基于Kriging模型的风力机翼型优化设计及气动性能分析

耦合高精度数值模拟方法、Kriging模型及遗传算法,建立高效、高精度数值模拟算法。以翼型的最大升阻比和最大切向力系数为目标函数,基于S809翼型开展多状态、多目标下的气动外形优化设计。结果表明,在Re=1×10^(6)、迎角为6˚和Re=5×10^(5)、迎角为8˚两种设计工况下,优化翼型的升阻比分别提升10.34%和10.75%。为验证优化翼型在风力机设计中的适用性,进一步基于优化翼型和S809翼型分别设计三叶片风轮,对比不同工况下风轮气动性能,发现在设计工况下,基于优化翼型设计的风轮叶片风能利用系数增大7.5%;偏航工况下基于优化翼型设计的风轮叶片风能利用系数增大7.54%,证明优化翼型能更好地适应非定常状态。

混合相结冰条件下多段翼的撞击黏附与积冰的数值模拟

随着飞机结冰问题研究的深入,混合相结冰问题已经成为研究热点。本文使用了阻力模型、黏附模型和结冰热力学模型来计算混合相结冰条件下的准三维多端翼的结冰情况。首先对多段翼进行了网格划分和空气流场计算。然后进行了数值模拟计算,分析了混合相结冰条件下冰晶的撞击、黏附和积冰特征。结果表明,在本研究的条件下,冰晶的黏附质量流量很高,会对飞行安全造成威胁,并且冰晶在溢流水区域也会发生黏附。此外,随着液态水含量(Liquid water content,LWC)与总水含量(Total water content,TWC)比值的升高,冰晶更容易黏附在表面并参与表面结冰。

海上盐雾环境对风力机翼型气动性能的影响

为探究海上潮湿盐雾环境变化对海上风机翼型气动性能产生的影响,采用组分运输模型与离散相模型对海上盐雾环境进行环境模型建立和参数设定,结合壁面沉积模型用户自定义函数,以NACA4415翼型为研究对象进行数值模拟。研究发现:翼型的升阻力系数随着盐雾浓度的增加而增大,随着空气湿度的升高而减小;颗粒在翼型表面0.2~0.8弦长处均匀分布,在靠近前缘处沉积较少,尾缘沉积较多;速度的增加会降低颗粒的沉积率,翼型攻角升高会改变表面速度分布,影响翼型表面颗粒沉积率;空气湿度升高会减少盐雾颗粒在翼型表面的沉积量,在沉积量较多的区域降低更加明显,并且随着攻角的增大,湿度的影响逐渐减小。

风力机翼型S809绕流流动特性的POD和DMD对比分析

失速时的流动分离现象对风力机叶片的气动性能有重要影响,S809作为典型水平轴风力机翼型,在临界失速攻角下气动性能会大幅降低。基于流动特征提取的非定常流场降阶模型(reduced-order model,ROM)是进一步深入了解非定常流动的重要手段。本文通过计算流体力学方法得到轻、深失速攻角下翼型的流动特征,对时变速度场进行本征正交分解(proper orthogonal decomposition,POD)和动态模态分解(dynamic mode decomposition,DMD)分析,得到轻、深失速下翼型的非定常流场信息(能量占比、模态频率等)。通过两种方法的对比,结果表明,POD和DMD方法能够准确捕捉流动过程中的非定常结构和升力主频相同的典型模态,但是POD方法由于基于能量特征,在捕捉模态时会忽略与升力主频相近但能量较小的流动结构,而基于频率特征的DMD方法能够准确获得场的演化信息(增长率、频率等)。本文研究有利于针对主频结构发展相应的流动控制方法,从而改善翼型流场情况,提高气动性能。

基于LARS-泛Kriging模型的气动建模及翼型优化设计

以超临界翼型为例,基于泛Kriging模型与最小角回归算法建立了气动特性关于几何外形与攻角的代理模型。分析了代理模型的精度,并通过特征选择过程研究了不同参数对气动特性的影响。采用基于代理模型的全局优化方法进行了翼型阻力优化设计,并与原始翼型、直接优化结果、普通Kriging模型优化结果进行了对比。结果表明:LARS-泛Kriging模型可识别气动特性的重要影响参数,建模精度满足工程需求;采用LARS-泛Kriging模型优化相比直接CFD计算优化及初始普通Kriging模型优化所需CFD计算次数分别减少91.0%、65.6%,计算效率分别提高98.5%、94.0%,优化结果相似。

二元机翼模型在随机参数激励下的首次穿越问题

为研究机翼在随机参数激励下的稳定性和可靠性,建立了在一个随机气流速度影响下的二元机翼随机动力学模型.首先,利用拟不可积Hamilton系统的随机平均法,将系统的广义能量表示为一维Ito扩散过程;其次,利用奇异性边界理论讨论了系统的全局随机稳定性;最后,为研究机翼振动能量和噪声强度对机翼工作安全性能的影响,求得了系统可靠性函数和首次穿越(系统损坏)时间概率密度函数.结果表明:系统可靠性函数在接近安全工作域边界时降低得很快,能量初值远离安全域边界可降低损坏概率密度峰值并将对应的时刻推后;噪声强度的增大也会引起系统可靠性下降加快和首次穿越概率密度函数峰值上升.

k-ω SST两方程湍流模型中参数影响的初步分析

Menter的k-ωSST两方程湍流模型在流体力学计算中有良好表现。利用均匀试验设计方法对k-ωSST模型中八个参数在小攻角亚声速、跨声速和大攻角三种典型的翼型绕流流场计算中的影响规律进行了分析。分析结果表明在附着流中参数a1是对流场的影响最大的参数;而在分离流中,参数a1对流场的影响与湍流产生与耗散等项的作用相当,模型中的四个参数:σω2、β2、β*和a1的取值都会对计算结果有较大的影响。

翼型风洞实验侧壁附面层控制技术研究

文中介绍了NF-3风洞二元实验段侧壁边界层吹除控制系统及实验方法,以GAW-1翼型为例,给出了不同吹气系数对风洞边界层的控制效果,研究了附面层吹除法对单段翼型和多段翼型实验结果的影响规律。结果表明,该控制系统能有效地改善翼型表面的流动特性。

基于人工神经网络与遗传算法的风力机翼型优化设计方法

开发风力机专用翼型是风电技术中的一个关键问题,高升阻比翼型的优化设计方法是目前风力机空气动力学的重要研究课题。该文建立了多运行工况下升阻比最高的风力机翼型优化设计方法,运用Bezier函数建立了翼型的数字化参数表征方法,根据完全析因试验设计方法选取了翼型族的设计空间,利用计算流体力学方法获得了每个翼型样本的气动性能参数,采用人工神经网络和遗传算法相结合的现代优化方法数值求解了优化命题。基于上述模型对FX63–167翼型进行优化改进,重点研究风力机翼型在3种运行工况点下的气动优化设计命题及其求解方法。计算表明优化后翼型具有更佳的气动特性,各工况点下的升阻比均有所提高,验证了该优化方法的合理性、可行性。

高雷诺数下二维翼型绕流气动特性数值分析

采用不同湍流模型,对NACA0012翼型,在不同迎角和不同高马赫数下的绕流流场进行数值模拟;通过与风洞实验对比,评估了S-A模型,Realizable k-ε模型和k-ωSST模型对高雷诺数绕流流场数值模拟的准确性;并运用Realizable k-ε模型精确模拟并分析了二维翼型绕流流场的跨音速特性,为理论分析及工程设计提供参考。

三维流场下地效翼船巡航状态非线性k-ε湍流气动的数值模拟

本文提出了一种可以较精确地计算地效翼船巡航状态下气动力的设计方法,应用流体力学中线性和非线性湍流理论并结合有限元法对地效翼船进行了气动性能计算,并结合实验数据对比,可以发现应用非线性湍流理论计算值较为精确。同时又将单算主翼气动性能与计算整体地效翼船数值进行对比,发现单算的主翼气动力大于整体算法的,这主要是未考虑主浮舟等附体对气动力的贡献。作为设计之初可以考虑单算主翼,但随着工作的深入一定要对地效翼船整体气动力性能进行研究,以确定巡航状态下是否提供足够的升力,这是地效翼船设计的关键。在进行整体和单体计算后又进行了不同高度下的气动力分析,分析表明随高度增大地效翼船升力明显减少,并得出适合地效翼船巡航的高度。