Impact of Ground Effect on Airplane Lateral Directional Stability during Take-Off and Landing

Computational simulations of aerodynamic characteristics of the Common Research Model (CRM), representing a typical transport airliner are conducted using CFD methods in close proximity to the ground. The obtained dependencies on bank angle for aerodynamic forces and moments are further used in stability and controllability analysis of the lateral-directional aircraft motion. Essential changes in the lateral-directional modes in close proximity to the ground have been identified. For example, with approach to the ground, the roll subsidence and spiral eigenvalues are merging creating the oscillatory Roll-Spiral mode with quite significant frequency. This transformation of the lateral-directional dynamics in piloted simulation may affect the aircraft responses to external crosswind, modify handling quality characteristics and improve realism of crosswind landing. The material of this paper was presented at the Seventh European Conference for Aeronautics and Space Sciences EUCASS-2017. Further work is carried out for evaluation of the ground effect aerodynamics for a high-lift configuration based on a hybrid geometry of DLR F11 and NASA GTM models with fully deployed flaps and slats. Some aspects of grid generation for a high lift configuration using structured blocking approach are discussed.

Characteristics of horizontal ground motion measures along principal directions

Ground motion records are often used to develop ground motion prediction equations （GMPEs） for a randomly oriented horizontal component, and to assess the principal directions of ground motions based on the Arias intensity tensor or the orientation of the major response axis. The former is needed for seismic hazard assessment, whereas the latter can be important for assessing structural responses under multi-directional excitations. However, a comprehensive investigation of the pseudo-spectral acceleration （PSA） and of GMPEs conditioned on different axes is currently lacking. This study investigates the principal directions of strong ground motions and their relation to the orientation of the major response axis, statistics of the PSA along the principal directions on the horizontal plane, and correlation of the PSA along the principal directions on the horizontal plane. For these, three sets of strong ground motion records, including intraplate California earthquakes, inslab Mexican earthquakes, and interface Mexican earthquakes, are used. The results indicate that one of the principal directions could be considered as quasi-vertical. By focusing on seismic excitations on the horizontal plane, the statistics of the angles between the major response axis and the major principal axis are obtained; GMPEs along the principal axes are provided and compared with those obtained for a randomly oriented horizontal component; and statistical analysis of residuals associated with GMPEs along the principal directions is carried out.

The influence of reflections from the train body and the ground on the sound radiation from a railway rail

Purpose – The vibration of the rails is a significant source of railway rolling noise, often forming the dominantcomponent of noise in the important frequency region between 400 and 2000 Hz. The purpose of the paper is toinvestigate the influence of the ground profile and the presence of the train body on the sound radiation fromthe rail.Design/methodology/approach – Two-dimensional boundary element calculations are used, in which therail vibration is the source. The ground profile and various different shapes of train body are introduced in themodel, and results are observed in terms of sound power and sound pressure. Comparisons are also made withvibro-acoustic measurements performed with and without a train present.Findings – The sound radiated by the rail in the absence of the train body is strongly attenuated by shieldingdue to the ballast shoulder. When the train body is present, the sound from the vertical rail motion is reflectedback down toward the track where it is partly absorbed by the ballast. Nevertheless, the sound pressure at thetrackside is increased by typically 0–5 dB. For the lateral vibration of the rail, the effects are much smaller. Oncethe sound power is known, the sound pressure with the train present can be approximated reasonably well withsimple line source directivities.Originality/value – Numerical models used to predict the sound radiation from railway rails have generallyneglected the influence of the ground profile and reflections from the underside of the train body on the soundpower and directivity of the rail. These effects are studied in a systematic way including comparisons with measurements.

Estimation of the Direction of Arrival Using Virtual Matrix Method for HF Ground Wave Radar

According to the characteristic of the echo of highfrequency ground wave radar（HF GWR）, which is one-dimensional narrow band signal, a virtual direction of arrival（DOA） matrix is constructed at first, then the DOA of target evaluation is achieved by the method of resolving equations for two-dimensional DOA matrix. And this method bases on the redundancy information of a linear two-row array of antennae. Both the simulation process and the treatment results of measured data （in the case of low SNR echoes and short data series） are given at the end of this paper. By comparing with GPS data of the targets, the validity and practical applicability of the method in this paper is verified.

Axisymmetric alternating direction explicit scheme for efficient coupled simulation of hydro-mechanical interaction in geotechnical engineering-Application to circular footing and deep tunnel in saturated ground

Explicit solution techniques have been widely used in geotechnical engineering for simulating the coupled hydro-mechanical(H-M) interaction of fluid flow and deformation induced by structures built above and under saturated ground, i.e. circular footing and deep tunnel. However, the technique is only conditionally stable and requires small time steps, portending its inefficiency for simulating large-scale H-M problems. To improve its efficiency, the unconditionally stable alternating direction explicit(ADE)scheme could be used to solve the flow problem. The standard ADE scheme, however, is only moderately accurate and is restricted to uniform grids and plane strain flow conditions. This paper aims to remove these drawbacks by developing a novel high-order ADE scheme capable of solving flow problems in nonuniform grids and under axisymmetric conditions. The new scheme is derived by performing a fourthorder finite difference(FD) approximation to the spatial derivatives of the axisymmetric fluid-diffusion equation in a non-uniform grid configuration. The implicit Crank-Nicolson technique is then applied to the resulting approximation, and the subsequent equation is split into two alternating direction sweeps,giving rise to a new axisymmetric ADE scheme. The pore pressure solutions from the new scheme are then sequentially coupled with an existing geomechanical simulator in the computer code fast Lagrangian analysis of continua(FLAC). This coupling procedure is called the sequentially-explicit coupling technique based on the fourth-order axisymmetric ADE scheme or SEA-4-AXI. Application of SEA-4-AXI for solving axisymmetric consolidation of a circular footing and of advancing tunnel in deep saturated ground shows that SEA-4-AXI reduces computer runtime up to 42%-50% that of FLAC’s basic scheme without numerical instability. In addition, it produces high numerical accuracy of the H-M solutions with average percentage difference of only 0.5%-1.8%.

Rupture directivity and hanging wall effect in near field strong ground motion simulation

A random synthesis procedure based on finite fault model is adopted for near field strong ground motion simulation in this paper. The fault plane of the source is divided into a number of sub-sources, the whole moment magnitude is also divided into more sub-events. The Fourier spectrum of ground motion caused by a sub-event in given sub-source, then can be derived by means of taking the point source spectrum, attenuation with distance, energy dissipation, and near surface effect, into account. A time history is synthesized from this amplitude spectrum and a random phase spectrum, and being combined with an envelope function. The ground motion is worked out by superposition of all time histories from each sub-event in each sub-source, with time lags determining by the differences between the triggering times of sub-events and distances of the sub-sources. From the example of simulations at 21 near field points in a scenario earthquake with 4 dip angles of the fault plane, it is illustrated that the procedure can describe the rupture directivity and hanging wall effect very well. To validate the procedure, the response spectra and time histories recorded at three near fault stations MCN, LV3 and PCD during the Northridge earthquake in 1994, are compared with the simulated ones.

Effect of seismic super-shear rupture on the directivity of ground motion acceleration

The effect of seismic super-shear rupture on the directivity of ground motions using simulated accelerations of a vertical strike-slip fault model is the topic of this study. The discrete wave number/finite element method was adopted to calculate the ground motion in the horizontal layered half space. An analysis of peak ground acceleration （PGA） indicates that similar to the sub-shear situation, directivity also exists in the super-shear situation. However, there are some differences as tbllows： （1） The PGA of the fault-normal component decreases with super-shear velocity, and the areas that were significantly affected by directivity in the PGA field changed from a cone-shaped region in the forward direction in a sub-shear situation to a limited near-fault region in a super-shear situation. （2） The PGA of the fault-parallel and vertical component is not as sensitive as the fault-normal component to the increasing super-shear velocity. （3） The PGA of the fault-normal component is not always greater than the fault-parallel component when the rupture velocity exceeds the shear wave velocity.

Rupture directivity effect on strong ground motion during the 12 May 2008 M_(W)7.9 Wenchuan earthquake

We focus here on the rupture directivity effect on the spatial distribution and attenuation characteristics of near-field ground motions during the 2008 MW7.9 Wenchuan earthquake.We examine the difference between the observed ground motions in and opposite the rupture directions and compare them with Next Generation Attenuation-West2(NGA-West2)ground motion prediction models.The isochrone directivity predictor is used to quantify the band-limited nature of the rupture directivity effect on strong ground motion.Our results show that the observed peak ground velocity(PGV)and spectral accelerations of periods of 1.0 s and longer are significantly amplified in the rupture direction,but de-amplified in the opposite direction affected by rupture directivity effect of this event.In contrast,the effect of rupture directivity on the observed peak ground acceleration(PGA)and periods of shorter than 1.0 s are relatively weak.The rupture directivity of this event shows clear period dependent and band limited characteristics with the strongest effect occurring around the period of 7.5 s.

Near-fault directivity pulse-like ground motion effect on high-speed railway bridge

The vehicle-track-bridge(VTB)element was used to investigate how a high-speed railway bridge reacted when it was subjected to near-fault directivity pulse-like ground motions.Based on the PEER NAG Strong Ground Motion Database,the spatial analysis model of a vehicle-bridge system was developed,the VTB element was derived to simulate the interaction of train and bridge,and the elasto-plastic seismic responses of the bridge were calculated.The calculation results show that girder and pier top displacement,and bending moment of the pier base increase subjected to near-fault directivity pulse-like ground motion compared to far-field earthquakes,and the greater deformation responses in near-fault shaking are associated with fewer reversed cycles of loading.The hysteretic characteristics of the pier subjected to a near-fault directivity pulse-like earthquake should be explicitly expressed as the bending moment-rotation relationship of the pier base,which is characterized by the centrally strengthened hysteretic cycles at some point of the loading time-history curve.The results show that there is an amplification of the vertical deflection in the girder's mid-span owing to the high vertical ground motion.In light of these findings,the effect of the vertical ground motion should be used to adjust the unconservative amplification constant 2/3 of the vertical-to-horizontal peak ground motion ratio in the seismic design of bridge.

Comprehensive Benefit Analysis of Direct Expansion Ground Source Heat Pump System

Direct Expansion Ground Source Heat Pump (DXGSHP) system directly extracts heat or cold energy from ground by consuming electricity to provide for space conditioning. Compared with the currently widely-used secondary loop Ground Couple Heat Pump (GCHP) system, it has higher energy efficiency, lower operating costs, and less environmental impact. A case study is carried out in this paper. The subject is a residential building located in Beijing, China. It is assumed that the building adopts the DXGSHP system and the GCHP system respectively. Annual loads and energy consumption are simulated and computed. Then the initial cost, operating cost and CO2 emission are calculated. The economic benefit is analyzed with the Payback Time method and the Dynamic Annual Cost Value method. The environmental benefit is discussed mainly by comparing the CO2 emission savings. The results show that the DXGSHP system has higher initial costs, but lower operating costs, and less greenhouse gas emissions. The DXGSHP system has better comprehensive benefits than the GCHP system.

Analysis of Thermodynamic Characteristic Changes in Direct Expansion Ground Source Heat Pump Using Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) Substituting for HFC-134a

HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze[E] have low global warming potential and zero ozone depletion potential. If they are used in the direct expansion ground source heat pump system substituting for HFC-134a, the system will be beneficial to mitigating climate change. This study aims to find out the thermodynamic characteristics of the direct expansion ground source heat pump system using HFO-1234yf or HFO-1234ze[E] by theoretical calculation. The results indicate that HFO-1234yf system in an actual cycle has the highest COP. HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze[E] have such smaller capacity per unit of swept volume that they need larger compression capacity if providing the same heating or cooling loads. For a given unit when HFC-134a is replaced with HFO-1234yf or HFO-1234ze[E], the capacity will decrease. More refrigerant charge is required in the HFO-1234yf or HFO-1234ze[E] system. The results also present that more refrigerant charge is required in the cooling mode than in the heating mode.

A New Compact Omni-Directional Quasi-Self-Complementary Antenna for Wireless Communication Systems

This article describes a new miniaturized omni-directional antenna with quasi-self-complementary structure for wireless communication applications. A novel ground structure composed of five rectangular plates is proposed to enhance the impedance bandwidth and reduce the antenna size. The proposed antenna is comprised of two patches surrounded by the ground structure. Two metal patches of the antenna are located on two opposite sides of the dielectric substrate. The feed patch is used to excite the radiation patch. This unique design is realized by properly choosing the suitable feed patch shape, selecting similar slot shape on the radiation patch, and tuning their dimensions. The proposed antenna with an extremely small size of 6 mm × 9 mm has an operating impedance bandwidth ranging from 4.5 to 6.1 GHz for S11 < -10 dB, which also covers the two IEEE 802.11a wireless local area network bands (5.15 - 5.35 GHz and 5.725 - 5.825 GHz). In addition to be very small in size, the antenna exhibits omni-directional radiation patterns in the entire operating bandwidth and low cross polarization. The distortionless time domain performance of the antenna is confirmed by investigation of the phase response and group delay. The obtained results in both frequency and time domain show that the proposed antenna is suitable for use in wireless communication systems.

基于地面定向钻孔注浆的煤矿立井钻井法井壁渗漏水治理技术

煤矿钻井井壁为单层结构,在深厚表土层段其渗漏水将严重威胁矿井安全生产,建井阶段井壁接茬部位若存在施工缺陷,则会导致地下水腐蚀锈穿接茬部位金属及焊缝,造成井壁渗漏水,若不及时治理,易引发突水溃砂而酿成淹井事故。为探寻一种行之有效的治理技术,以许疃煤矿副井井筒井壁渗漏水治理为工程背景,开展了煤矿钻井井壁渗漏水治理技术研究。首先,结合矿井水文地质特征等信息分析了钻井法单层井壁渗漏水致因,发现许疃煤矿副井井壁接茬处发生渗漏水的主要原因是地下水中的HCO_(3)^(-)、Cl^(-)共同作用腐蚀锈穿井壁接茬部位后,含水层之间越流补给的高压地下水通过孔隙连通性良好的壁后碎石充填层流入井筒内;然后,对比分析了许疃煤矿副井井筒井壁渗漏水治理采用壁后注浆和地面钻孔注浆的可行性与安全性,发现在流砂层中对采用钻井法施工的钢筋混凝土单层井壁进行壁后注浆,安全风险较大,影响井筒正常提升,且存在再次发生渗漏水的风险,而采用地面定向钻孔注浆技术的注浆量大,壁后充填层碎石间孔隙可被水泥浆充分填充,改善井筒防渗和承载能力,且施工人员全程在地面操作,安全性好,不影响井筒正常提升;最后,提出了针对深厚表土层煤矿钻井井壁渗漏水治理的地面定向钻孔注浆技术并进行工程示范,2个钻孔共注入130.9 m^(3)水泥浆,完全充填了94.00~131.40 m层段壁后充填层碎石间孔隙,顺利封堵了井下94 m处出水点,经现场长期观测,该段井壁未再渗漏水。研究结果表明,针对深厚表土层段煤矿钻井井壁渗漏水治理,采用地面定向钻孔注浆技术的治理效果良好,安全性高。研究成果可为深厚表土层煤矿钻井井壁渗漏水治理提供一定的参考。

频控阵雷达对雷达侦察测向的欺骗机理研究

对地攻击任务中需要根据事先获得的威胁源情报数据借助战术任务规划系统制定打击计划并下发给攻击机。无源雷达侦察测向系统通过对接收信号进行处理,可以解算出威胁源位置信息并提供给任务规划系统。当敌方雷达为频控阵体制而非相控阵体制时,由于频控阵雷达波束的弯曲特性,会对无源测向系统产生欺骗。本文在分析频控阵雷达基本结构的基础上,对比相控阵与频控阵等相位面特性,以干涉仪测向系统为例研究频控阵雷达对比相法测向的欺骗效果。几种非线性FDA阵列的欺骗仿真结果表明,log-FDA的虚拟发射机交点坐标偏离量大于sin-FDA。当干涉仪x轴坐标x_(G)=300 km时,虚拟发射机交点坐标随着干涉仪y轴坐标y_(G)的增加而逐渐逼近FDA阵列实际位置,交点偏移量log-FDA>sin-FDA>reciprocal-FDA。

Spatial distribution of near-fault ground motion

Near-fault strong ground motion of strike-slip and dip-slip of vertical and inclined rectangular fault in half-space and layered half-space is analyzed by dislocation source model. The Fourier spectra ratio of ground motion is adopted to study the characteristics of near-fault ground motion. For both slip models, near-fault strong ground motion with high amplitude is located in a narrow belt area along the projection of the fault on the ground and mainly controlled by the sub-faults nearby. Directivity of strike-slip fault is more dominant in long period for components perpendicular to the fault, and more dominant in long period for components parallel to the fault for dip-slip fault. The deeper the location of the source is, the more slowly the amplitude of ground motion attenuates. There is obvious hanging wall effect in ground motion of inclined fault, and the spatial distribution of ground motion is asymmetric which coincides with observational data. Finally, a fitting function of spatial distribution for near-fault ground motion is proposed and compared with near source factors of the 1997 Uniform Building Code of USA.

基于凝聚层次聚类的接地网定向支路减维腐蚀诊断优化方法

为了更有效地对接地网水平支路导体的腐蚀故障情况进行诊断,采用模型仿真方法对基于电网络理论的接地网腐蚀诊断方法进行分析,针对现有接地网腐蚀诊断模型存在的缺陷,提出了一种基于凝聚层次聚类的接地网定向支路减维腐蚀诊断优化方法。该方法通过分析恒定直流激励下接地网各支路电阻变化对于端口的灵敏度规律,利用支路端口灵敏度对接地网可及端口进行凝聚层次聚类,以选出最优端口测量组合;然后采用定向支路减维方法对各端口电阻方程进行支路筛选,将灵敏度低于判定阈值的导体支路划为未知支路,高于判定阈值的导体支路划为健康支路,以降低腐蚀诊断模型的病态程度和计算维度。在某模拟变电站接地网上对该方法进行了仿真验证,结果显示优化后的整体诊断相对误差仅为3.07%,远小于普通接地网腐蚀诊断的6.74%,证明该方法能显著提高接地网腐蚀诊断精度,可为接地网腐蚀诊断提供理论指导。

近断层地震下连续梁桥随机振动与易损性分析

由于桥梁建设场地难免会靠近地震活动断层,为了评定近断层地震动作用下连续梁桥的地震安全性水平以及提高抗震性能,亟待发展连续梁桥非线性随机地震动力响应与易损性分析的统一、准确方法。考虑到近断层地震动是典型的随机过程激励,本文提出了基于直接概率积分法的连续梁桥结构非线性随机振动响应与地震易损性准确、通用分析的新框架。发展直接概率积分法,准确高效地计算连续梁桥结构的随机振动响应;结合连续梁桥多种失效状态,根据动力可靠度的首次超越破坏准则,利用直接概率积分法对连续梁桥进行了地震易损性分析。最后,展示了近断层随机地震动激励作用下四跨非线性连续梁桥算例结果,验证了直接概率积分法的准确性特点。比较了近断层脉冲型和无脉冲地震动对非线性连续梁桥地震易损性曲线的影响。结果表明:近断层地震动的速度脉冲显著加剧了连续梁桥结构受到的地震破坏,增大了桥梁结构进入不同破坏状态的超越概率。

天地一体化新路径:手机直连卫星发展热点、挑战与关键技术

手机直连卫星作为未来实现天地一体化融合的一种潜在技术手段,得到了产业界和学术界的广泛关注。与传统的卫星移动通信相比,当前手机直连卫星技术存在诸多挑战。针对基于同步轨道卫星和非同步轨道卫星的两种手机直连技术路线,分析国内外发展现状、系统组成架构,并从空口侧、卫星侧、网络侧和终端侧梳理技术挑战,提出星地同步、星载超大阵面天线、星地异构网络漫游等若干解决方案,为手机直连卫星技术的发展提供技术支撑。最后对手机直连卫星的发展进行展望。

香炉山隧洞不良地质段“L”型地面超前注浆方案研究

为解决隧道(洞)建设过程中不良地质段突泥涌水和软岩大变形等问题,依托滇中引水工程香炉山隧洞,提出一种采用全孔长度超过500 m的地面“L”型定向钻孔注浆并辅以洞内超前注浆的加固方法,在实际工程中确定这一方法的具体设计方案。首先,通过现场地质调查与分析,揭示不良地质区段香炉山隧洞建设的技术难点;其次,介绍“L”型定向钻孔注浆的施工过程及注浆工艺;然后,设计出一种能够提高地层稳定性的“L”型地面超前注浆方案,并对地层进行加固;最后,采用掌子面揭示、注浆技术以及大地电磁检测等手段证明现场注浆效果。研究结果表明:1)“Z1+Z2+Z4”钻场设计为最优地面超前注浆技术方案;2)“L”型定向钻孔注浆辅以洞内超前注浆技术可满足盲区注浆区域覆盖问题,实现真正意义上的超前治理。

智能变电站直流系统接地故障预测分析

在智能变电站系统中,直流系统是核心结构,也是继电保护、照明等工作的重要支撑。在实践中,直流系统一旦出现接地故障,就很容易诱发设备保护误动作,导致电网出现多种故障。文章通过查阅相关文献,简要阐述了智能变电站直流系统接地故障的相关内容,综合分析并研究智能变电站直流系统接地故障的预测策略,得出并验证预测方法具有一定的可行性与应用价值。