3D Hierarchical Co–Al Layered Double Hydroxides with Long-Term Stabilities and High Rate Performances in Supercapacitors

Three-dimensional(3D) flower-like Co–Al layered double hydroxide(Co–Al-LDH) architectures composed of atomically thin nanosheets were successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal method in a mixed solvent of water and butyl alcohol. Owing to the unique hierarchical structure and modification by butyl alcohol, the electrochemical stability and the charge/mass transport of the Co–Al-LDHs was improved. When used in supercapacitors, the obtained Co–Al-LDHs deliver a high specific capacitance of 838 Fg^(-1) at a current density of 1 Ag^(-1)and excellent rate performance(753 Fg^(-1) at 30 Ag^(-1) and 677 Fg^(-1) at 100 Ag^(-1)), as well as excellent cycling stability with 95% retention of the initial capacitance even after 20,000 cycles at a current density of 5 Ag^(-1). This work provides a promising alternative strategy to enhance the electrochemical properties of supercapacitors.

Cu-Al层状复合材料金属间化合物结构稳定性的第一性原理计算

铜铝层状复合材料在固液复合铸轧成型时,固态铜与液态铝在接触面发生界面反应生成的金属间化合物容易引发晶界脆性、晶间裂纹或弹性畸变致使其开裂而失效。因此,一个强而稳定的界面对于整个复合材料的结构强度至关重要。为深入了解界面金属间化合物的化学键合、晶体结构及稳定性,利用第一性原理对Cu-Al层状复合材料中常见的金属间化合物Al_(4)Cu_(9)、Al_(2)Cu、AlCu开展了热力学性能、力学性能和电子结构的相关计算。有效生成热数值表明,扩散初始阶段Al_(2)Cu相将在界面处最先生成,待Al_(2)Cu初生相形成后,将依次生成Al_(4)Cu_(9)、AlCu。Al_(2)Cu、Al_(4)Cu_(9)和AlCu均符合力学稳定性标准,对比它们的B/G值、泊松比和硬度,3种金属间化合物均为脆性相,其中Al_(2)Cu的脆性最大且硬度最高。通过对能带、态密度和Mulliken布居进行分析,发现金属键在Al_(2)Cu和AlCu化学键中具有更强的离子性特征,而在Al_(4)Cu_(9)化学键中具有更强的共价性特征,使得Al和Cu原子之间的相互作用更紧密,稳定性更强。

Al/Fe_(2)O_(3)铝热剂粉尘着火敏感性

为明确铝热剂反应的着火特性,利用最低着火温度(minimum ignition temperature,MIT)和最小点火能(minimum ignition energy,MIE)测试装置,结合TG-DSC方法对4种Al粉与Fe_(2)O_(3)质量比为1∶4,1∶3,1∶2,1∶1的层状和云状Al/Fe_(2)O_(3)铝热剂进行了着火敏感性研究.结果表明,4种配比试样的粉尘层、粉尘云MIT均超出相关标准常规测试范围,在空气中质量比为1∶3铝热剂的反应触发温度为888℃,活化能为248.49 kJ/mol,说明铝热反应不容易触发;相同质量比的Al/Fe_(2)O_(3)粉尘云的MIE远高于粉尘层,层状MIE最低值为0.7 J,着火敏感性较强,这是因为Fe_(2)O_(3)在粉尘云状态的反应中充当惰化剂,而在粉尘层状态反应中为反应提供了活性氧自由基.

Al改性MgB_(2)材料与金属界面特性及其超导性能研究

针对MgB_(2)超导材料用于液氢液位传感器的临界转变温度与液氢液化温度差异大和原始粉末与金属护套界面反应导致测量控制难的问题,研究了降低MgB_(2)临界转变温度的改性技术,以及改性后粉末与金属护套Fe、Monel反应产物及退火温度对其超导转变宽度的影响。结果表明,当掺杂量x=0.15时,Mg_(1-x)Al_xB_(2)多晶样品的临界转变温度为30 K左右,满足液氢液位传感器使用环境。金属护套Fe、Monel与前驱体粉末Mg、Al之间都有不同程度的扩散界面发生,Fe金属护套样品扩散层厚度较小,大约为25μm,更适合于Al掺杂MgB2超导线材的制备护套材料。不同退火温度下的带金属护套的Fe、Monel改性MgB_(2)样品仍具有明显的超导转变,且超导转变温度满足液氢液位计使用环境。

Al掺杂CoCrNiAlY金属黏结层的高温抗氧化行为研究

采用电弧离子镀技术在GH4169高温合金表面制备CoCrNiAlY和Al掺杂CoCrNiAlY涂层,系统开展涂层的高温抗氧化行为与机理研究,利用XRD、SEM和EDS等微尺度分析表征方法,全面解析涂层的物相结构特征、氧化反应产物及表/截面微观形貌。研究结果表明,未掺杂CoCrNiAlY涂层表现较差的结构稳定性和抗氧化性能,涂层呈持续氧化增重趋势,200 h涂层质量增重达0.38 mg/cm^(2)。然而,Al掺杂显著提升CoCrNiAlY涂层的高温抗氧化性能与结构稳定性,质量增重率先迅速增大后趋于稳定,200 h涂层的质量增重约0.30 mg/cm^(2)。本研究结果充分证实Al元素掺杂可显著改善CoCrNiAlY金属黏结层抗氧化性能。

Li-Al LDH固态电解质及其Cs^(+)掺杂研究

固态电池因其所具有的高能量密度和高安全性而极具发展前景,而开发离子电导率高的固态电解质是固态电池发展的一大关键问题。通过水热法制备了一种锂铝水滑石材料(Li-Al LDH),并对其结构与形貌、热稳定性、电化学性能进行了表征。从XRD和SEM分析可以看出,Li-Al LDH在180℃条件下仍然保持稳定,EIS测试结果表明Li-Al LDH的离子电导率为8.25×10^(-5) S/cm。进一步对Li-Al LDH进行了Cs^(+)掺杂研究,结果表明,对Li-Al LDH成功实现了Cs+掺杂,且所制得的Li-Al LDH(Cs0.1)样品,其离子电导率约为5.2×10^(-4) S/cm,达到了现有氧化物固态电解质离子电导率水平。研究表明Cs+掺杂的Li-Al LDH作为锂电池固态电解质具有潜在的应用前景。

铸造Mg/Al复合材料工艺参数和复合界面的研究进展

Mg/Al复合材料在汽车、航空航天和电子设备等领域广泛应用。相对于制备复合板的轧制工艺,铸造能够用于制备复杂的复合材料构件,并具有成本低和生产效率高等优点。然而,铸造Mg/Al复合材料存在微观组织难以控制和界面结合强度较低等问题,限制了材料性能。影响复合材料性能的因素包括铸造工艺、界面处理和扩散层组织等。目前,主要通过控制晶粒尺寸、界面强化和界面反应等方式来强化复合材料。本文综述了铸造法制备Mg/Al复合材料过程中的工艺参数对复合界面的影响,包括扩散层厚度、晶粒尺寸等,最后对此方向提出自己的见解。

Solid base catalysts derived from Ca-M-Al(M = Mg, La, Ce, Y) layered double hydroxides for dimethyl carbonate synthesis by transesterification of methanol with propylene carbonate

Composite solid base catalysts derived from Ca‐M‐Al(M=Mg,La,Ce,Y)layered double hydroxides(LDH)were synthesized,characterized and applied to the transesterification of methanol with propylene carbonate.X‐ray diffraction analyses of the catalysts show that all of the catalysts were in the form of composite oxides.Compared with the Ca‐Al LDH catalyst,the specific surface areas and pore volumes of the catalysts were increased with the introduction of Mg,La or Ce.The catalytic performance of these catalysts increases in the order of Ca‐Y‐Al<Ca‐Al<Ca‐Ce‐Al<Ca‐La‐Al<Ca‐Mg‐Al,which is consistent with the total surface basic amounts of these materials and the formation of especially strong basic sites following modification with Mg and La.The Ca‐Mg‐Al catalyst shows the highest(Ca+Mg):Al atomic ratio,indicating that it likely contains more unsaturated O2?ions,providing it with the highest concentration of very strong basic sites.The recyclability of these catalysts is improved following the addition of Mg,La,Ce or Y,with the Ca‐Mg‐Al maintaining a high level of activity after ten recycling trials.X‐ray diffraction analyses of fresh and used Ca‐Mg‐Al demonstrate that this catalyst is exceptionally stable,which could be of value in practical applications related to heterogeneous catalysis.

In-situ layered double hydroxides on Mg−Ca alloy:Role of calcium in magnesium alloy

Mg−Al layered double hydroxides(LDHs),produced on cast Mg−xCa(x=0.5,0.8,2.0,wt.%)alloys by an in-situ growth method,showed good corrosion resistance compared to the bare magnesium substrate.The influence mechanism of the second phase(Mg_(2)Ca)on LDHs production was investigated.Increasing Ca content increased the amount of Mg_(2)Ca,decreasing the grain size and the corrosion rate of the alloys.The increased amount of the second phase particles and the grain refinement promoted the growth of LDHs,and thus led to the decreasing of corrosion rate of the Mg−xCa alloys with LDHs.A higher Mg_(2)Ca amount resulted in forming fluffy LDHs.Due to the dual effects of the second phase(Mg_(2)Ca)for LDHs growth and microgalvanic corrosion,LDHs/Mg−0.8Ca showed the lowest corrosion rate.

Improvement of electron injection of organic light-emitting devices by inserting a thin aluminum layer into cesium carbonate injection layer

We investigate the electron injection effect of inserting a thin aluminum（Al） layer into cesium carbonate（Cs2CO3）injection layer. Two groups of organic light-emitting devices（OLEDs） are fabricated. For the first group of devices based on Alq3, we insert a thin Al layer of different thickness into Cs2CO3 injection layer, and the device＇s maximum current efficiency of 6.5 cd/A is obtained when the thickness of the thin Al layer is 0.4 nm. However, when the thickness of Al layer is 0.8 nm, the capacity of electron injection is the strongest. To validate the universality of this approach, then we fabricate another group of devices based on another blue emitting material. The maximum current efficiency of the device without and with a thin Al layer is 4.51 cd/A and 4.84 cd/A, respectively. Inserting a thin Al layer of an appropriate thickness into Cs2CO3 layer can result in the reduction of electron injection barrier, enhancement of the electron injection, and improvement of the performance of OLEDs. This can be attributed to the mechanism that thermally evaporated Cs2CO3 decomposes into cesium oxides, the thin Al layer reacts with cesium oxides to form Al–O–Cs complex, and the amount of the Al–O–Cs complex can be controlled by adjusting the thickness of the thin Al layer.

Light-emission organic solar cells with MoO_(3):Al interfacial layer-preparation and characterizations

A light-emitting organic solar cell(LE-OSC)with electroluminescence(EL)and photovoltaic(PV)properties is successfully fabricated by connecting the EL and PV units using a MoO_(3):Al co-evaporation interfacial layer,which has suitable work function and good transmittance.PV and EL units are fabricated based on poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT)-indene-C60 bisadduct(IC60BA)blends,and 4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)biphenyl-factris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium(Ir(ppy)3),respectively.The work function and the transmittance of the MoO_(3):Al co-evaporation are measured and adjusted by the ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and the optical spectrophotometer to obtain the better bi-functional device performance.The forward-and reverse-biased current density-voltage characteristics in dark and under illumination are evaluated to better understand the operational mechanism of the LE-OSCs.A maximum luminance of 1550 cd/m^(2)under forward bias and a power conversion efficiency of 0.24%under illumination(100 mW/cm^(2))are achieved in optimized LE-OSCs.The proposed device structure is expected to provide valuable information in the film conditions for understanding the polymer blends internal conditions and meliorating the film qualities.

超声微锻Ti_(3)Al熔覆层组织与性能的实验研究

目的采用超声振动与微锻技术相结合的表面改性技术,在Ti-6Al-4V基体上获得组织优良、物理性能好的Ti_(3)Al熔覆层。方法搭建超声微锻装置,采用单因素实验研究超声振幅、加工温度、锻打力、锻打时间对熔覆层金相组织、晶粒以及显微硬度的影响规律。借助金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、显微硬度计对熔覆层的宏观形貌、微观组织及显微硬度进行分析和测试。结果在超声微锻处理下,熔覆层组织与性能得到显著改善。熔覆层表面平整度与超声振幅呈正相关,随着超声振幅、锻打力的增大,粗大的树枝状α_(2)相逐渐锻碎细化为大量的短棒状α_(2)相和针状α_(2)相以及少量的片层状α_(2)相和等轴α_(2)相,等轴晶的含量与分布范围增大,晶粒细化效果越来越明显。熔覆层各区域的显微硬度值均随着超声振幅、锻打时间的增加而有不同程度的提高。当超声振幅为7μm时,熔覆层顶部、中部、底部的显微硬度分别提高了18.4%、22.8%、51.5%。当锻打时间为5 s时,熔覆层顶部、中部、底部的显微硬度分别提高了15.5%、15.8%、37.8%。熔覆层顶部显微硬度值随着锻打力的增大呈现出逐渐升高的趋势,显微硬度最高可达55.1HRC,其他区域的硬度呈现逐渐降低的趋势。结论超声微锻能够有效改善熔覆层的宏观形貌以及内部组织,细化晶粒,选择合适的工艺参数可进一步提高其显微硬度值。因此,超声微锻可作为一种有效的熔覆层改性技术。

Zn-Mg-Al LDO的制备及其除氟性能研究

半导体、电镀、冶金和陶瓷行业排放高浓度含氟废水,因此天然水中的氟化物污染已成为一个全球性问题,而Zn-Mg-Al LDO是很好的吸附材料。在n(Zn^(2+))/n(Mg^(2+))/n(Al^(3+))、反应温度不同的条件下,采用共沉淀法合成Zn-Mg-Al LDH,并将Zn-Mg-Al LDH在不同温度下焙烧制得Zn-Mg-Al LDO;利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、BET比表面积测试法等方法,探究了Zn-Mg-Al LDO的结构和性质;对50 mL质量浓度为20.0 mg/L的NaF溶液进行吸附实验,考察了Zn-Mg-Al LDO吸附去除氟离子的性能。结果表明,在n(Zn^(2+))/n(Mg^(2+))/n(Al^(3+))=2∶1∶1、反应温度为75℃、焙烧温度为400℃的条件下制备的Zn-MgAl LDO吸附去除氟离子的性能最好,氟离子的吸附去除率达到85.39%;Zn-Mg-Al LDO具有水滑石特征峰,晶型良好,呈层状结构;Zn-Mg-Al LDO为介孔材料,其比表面积为103.15 m2/g。此外,还研究了吸附过程的动力学和吸附机理。结果表明,吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温线和准二级动力学方程。

Effects of electrolytes variation on formation of oxide layers of 6061 Al alloys by plasma electrolytic oxidation

Plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO) processes were carried out to produce ceramic layers on 6061 aluminum substrates in four kinds of electrolytes such as silicate and aluminate solution with and without sodium fluorosilicate.The PEO processes were carried out under a hybrid voltage(260 V DC combined with 200 V,60 Hz AC amplitude) at room temperature for 5 min.The composition,microstructure and element distribution analyses of the PEO-treated layers were carried out by XRD and SEM & EDS.The effect of the electrolyte contents on the growth mechanism,element distribution and properties of oxide layers were studied.It is obvious that the layers generated in aluminate solutions show smoother surfaces than those in silicate solutions.Moreover,an addition of fluorine ion can effectively control the layer porosity;therefore,it can enhance the properties of the layers.

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies of Effective Adsorption of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol onto Calcine Mg/Al-CO_3 Layered Double Hydroxide

Adsorption of 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol（TCP） onto the calcined Mg/Al-CO_3 layered double hydroxide（CLDH） was investigated. The prepared Mg/Al-CO_3 layered double hydroxide（LDH） and CLDH were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction（XRD） and thermo gravimetric analyzer-differential scanning calorimeters（TG-DSC）. Moreover, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol（TCP） was removed effectively（94.7% of removal percentage in 9h） under the optimized experimental conditions. The adsorption kinetics data fitted the pseudosecond-order model well. The Freundlich, Langmuir, and Tempkin adsorption models were applied to the experimental equilibrium adsorption data at different temperatures of solution. The adsorption data fitted the Freundlieh adsorption isotherm with good values of the correlation coefficient. A mechanism of the adsorption process is proposed according to the intraparticle diffusion model, which indicates that the overall rate of adsorption can be described as three steps.

Evolution mechanism of the interfacial reaction layers in the joints of diffusion bonded Mo and Al foils

Mo foil （10 -20 μm in thickness） and Al foil （20 -60 μLm in thickness） were vacuum diffusion bonded at 600 - 640 ~C under 20 MPa for 54 min - 6 h. The joints were examined by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS） to study the evolution mechanism of the reaction layers. The results show that Al atoms diffuse into Mo grain boundaries and form reaction products as Mo3Al8, MoAl4 , MoAl5 and MoAl12. The surface oxide film is eroded by the growths of the reaction products that plow into the lamellar texture of Mo grain boundaries. Mo3Al8 layer grows by ＂taking root＂ downwards and transforms into MoAl4 and MoAl5 phases upwards by absorbing Al atoms. MoAl12 layer grows up from MoAl5 layer in the same way. When the supplement of Al atoms ceases, MoAl12 transforms reversely into MoAl5 and MoAl5 into MoAl4 via the loss of Al atoms. However, MoAl4 continues to precipitate from Mo3Als layer. At last, there are MoAl4 and Mo3Al8 remained on the joint interface.

Influence of annealing temperature on passivation performance of thermal atomic layer deposition Al_2O_3 films

Chemical and field-effect passivation of atomic layer deposition （ALD） Al2O3 films are investigated, mainly by corona charging measurement. The interface structure and material properties are characterized by transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, respectively. Passivation performance is improved remarkably by annealing at temperatures of 450 ℃ and 500 ℃, while the improvement is quite weak at 600 ℃, which can be attributed to the poor quality of chemical passivation. An increase of fixed negative charge density in the films during annealing can be explained by the Al2O3/Si interface structural change. The Al–OH groups play an important role in chemical passivation, and the Al–OH concentration in an as-deposited film subsequently determines the passivation quality of that film when it is annealed, to a certain degree.

Atomic-layer-deposited Al_2O_3 and HfO_2 on InAlAs: A comparative study of interfacial and electrical characteristics

Al2O3and HfO2thin films are separately deposited on n-type InAlAs epitaxial layers by using atomic layer deposition(ALD).The interfacial properties are revealed by angle-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(AR-XPS).It is demonstrated that the Al2O3layer can reduce interfacial oxidation and trap charge formation.The gate leakage current densities are 1.37×106A/cm2and 3.22×106A/cm2at+1V for the Al2O3/InAlAs and HfO2/InAlAs MOS capacitors respectively.Compared with the HfO2/InAlAs metal-oxide-semiconductor(MOS) capacitor,the Al2O3/InAlAS MOS capacitor exhibits good electrical properties in reducing gate leakage current,narrowing down the hysteresis loop,shrinking stretch-out of the C-V characteristics,and significantly reducing the oxide trapped charge(Qot) value and the interface state density(Dit).

Preparation and Characterization of Mesoporous Al-MCM-41 Layers Deposited on FeCrAl Metallic Foils by an In-situ Hydrothermal Method

A new class of activated mesoporous Al-MCM-41 layers was deposited on Fe-CrAl metallic foils in the presence of cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide under basic conditions by an in-situ hydrothermal method. The characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption and transmission electron microscopy, as well as field-emission scanning electron microscopy were performed to investigate the pore structure and surface morphology of the Al-MCM-41 layers. The Al-MCM-41 materials are of amorphous structure but exhibit large BET surface area （up to 757.0 m2/g） and pore volume （up to 0.72 cm3/g）, as well as a mean pore diameter of 3 nm. The layers deposited on the FeCrAl foils are continuous despite with a few of holes on the surface.

Fabrication of ceramic layer on an Al-Si alloy by MAO process

The MAO (Micro-Arc Oxidation) process is applied to a eutectic Al-Si alloy(Al-12.0 percent Si-l.0 percent Cu-0.9 percent Mg (mass fraction)). The oxide ceramic layer wasfabricated with about 220 mum thickness and 3000 Hv micro-hardness. By XRD (X-ray diffractometry)and DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) analyses, the oxide layer consists of amorphous Al_2O_3,which is distinct from the results reported by the other researchers. The SEM photographs of suchlayer show that the layer is fixed tightly on the substrate alloy. So this alloy can he used in thehigh temperature and friction environment alter it is treated with such process.