Interface characteristic of friction stir welding lap joints of Ti/Al dissimilar alloys

Lap joints of TC1 Ti alloy and LF6 A1 alloy dissimilar materials were fabricated by friction stir welding and corresponding interface characteristics were investigated. Using the selected welding parameters, excellent surface appearance forms, but the interface macrograph for each lap joint cross-section is different. With the increase of welding speed or the decrease of tool rotation rate, the amount of Ti alloy particles stirred into the stir zone by the force of tool pin decreases continuously. Moreover, the failure loads of the lap joints also decrease with increasing welding speed and the largest value is achieved at welding speed of 60 mm/min and tool rotation rate of 1500 r/min, where the interracial zone can be divided into 3 kinds of layers. The microhardness of the lap joint shows an uneven distribution and the maximum hardness of HV 502 is found in the middle of the stir zone.

Preparation of bimetallic nano-composite by dissimilar friction stir welding of copper to aluminum alloy

Butt friction stir welding between pure copper and AA5754 alloy was carried out.Reinforcing SiC nanoparticles were utilized in friction stir welded(FSW)joints to decline the harmful effects of intermetallic compounds.Tensile tests,micro-hardness experiments,scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis were applied to studying the properties of welded joints.The joints with a travel speed of 50 mm/min and a rotation speed of 1000 r/min showed the best results.The presence of nano-sized SiC particles reduced the grain size of aluminum and copper in the stir zone(SZ)from 38.3 and 12.4μm to 12.9 and 5.1μm,respectively.The tensile strength of the joint in the presence of reinforcing SiC nano-particles was~240 MPa,which is~90%of that for the aluminum base.Furthermore,the highest microhardness of the weld zone was significantly increased from HV 160 to HV 320 upon the addition of SiC nano-particles.The results also showed that raising the heat generation in FSW joints increased the amount of Al_(4)Cu_(9) and Al_(2)Cu intermetallic compounds.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir weld of dissimilar AZ31-O magnesium alloy to 6061-T6 aluminum alloy

Dissimilar friction stir welding between AZ31-O Mg and 6061-T6 Al alloys was investigated. 3 mm thick plates of aluminum and magnesium were used. Friction stir welding operations were performed at different rotation and travel speeds. The rotation speeds varied from 600 to 1400 r/min, and the travel speed varied from 20 to 60 mm/min. Defect-free weld was obtained with a rotation speed of 1000 r/min and travel speed of 40 mm/min. Metallographic studies showed that the grain size in the stir zone is much finer than that in the base metals. Complex flow pattern was formed in the stir zone. Microhardness measurement revealed an uneven distribution in the stir zone. Tensile test results indicated that the tensile strength of the welded specimen is about 76% of AZ31 Mg alloy and 60% of the 6061 Al alloy in tensile strength. SEM fracture surface image of the welded specimen indicated that the welded specimen failed through brittle-mode fracture.

Experimental and numerical investigations of interface properties of Ti6Al4V/CP-Ti/Copper composite plate prepared by explosive welding

Explosive welding technique is widely used in many industries.This technique is useful to weld different kinds of metal alloys that are not easily welded by any other welding methods.Interlayer plays an important role to improve the welding quality and control energy loss during the collision process.In this paper,the Ti6Al4V plate was welded with a copper plate in the presence of a commercially pure titanium interlayer.Microstructure details of welded composite plate were observed through optical and scanning electron microscope.Interlayer-base plate interface morphology showed a wavy structure with solid melted regions inside the vortices.Moreover,the energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis in the interlayer-base interface reveals that there are some identified regions of different kinds of chemical equilibrium phases of CueTi,i.e.CuTi,Cu_(2)Ti,CuTi_(2),Cu_(4)Ti,etc.To study the mechanical properties of composite plates,mechanical tests were conducted,including the tensile test,bending test,shear test and Vickers hardness test.Numerical simulation of explosive welding process was performed with coupled Smooth Particle Hydrodynamic method,Euler and Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method.The multi-physics process of explosive welding,including detonation,jetting and interface morphology,was observed with simulation.Moreover,simulated plastic strain,temperature and pressure profiles were analysed to understand the welding conditions.Simulated results show that the interlayer base plate interface was created due to the high plastic deformation and localized melting of the parent plates.At the collision point,both alloys behave like fluids,resulting in the formation of a wavy morphology with vortices,which is in good agreement with the experimental results.

Effect of welding parameters on Al/Ti joint property in electron beam welding-brazing

The electron beam welding-brazing being used to join 5A06 Al alloy to TC4 Ti alloy decreases the formation of brittle intermetallic compound.Experiments were carried out to study the influence of electron beam welding parameters on the tensile strength of welds,based on an orthogonal test and analysis method.The welding parameters include beam current,welding speed,scanning figure,scanning frequency,figure size,beam offset and focus current.The optimum parameters for3 mm 5A06 Al alloy and 2 mm TC4 alloy were as follows：acceleration voltage was 60 kV,beam current was 11 mA,welding speed was 600 mm/min,focus current was 0 mA,scan figure was O,scanning frequency was 1 000 Hz and beam offset was 0.5 mm.The results show that the joints were with good appearance and quality welded by the optimum parameters.The successful joints could be gained and the maximum tensile strength of Al/Ti dissimilar alloy joints could be up to 222.61 MPa using electron beam welding-brazing.

Effect of process parameters on interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of Al/Cu friction stir lap welding joints

In this study,friction stir lap welding(FSLW)was performed for the welding test of 6061 aluminium alloy and T2 pure copper.The effect of process parameters containing rotation rate and travel speed on interfacial microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Al/Cu dissimilar joints were explored.The experiments were carried out under the rotation rates of 600,900 and 1200 r/min and with the travel speeds of 30,70 and 100 mm/min.The characteristic of interface transition zones(ITZs)and the species of intermetallic compounds(IMCs)were investigated.The Al/Cu interface showed a layered structure composed of Al-Cu IMCs,which will affect the mechanical property.The layer consisting of Al2Cu was formed at lower heat input,and as heat input increased the Al4Cu9 phase started to form.Excessive heat input will increase the thickness of the interface and raise the brittleness of the joints.The thickness of the IMCs layers changed from0.89μm to 3.96μm as the heat input increased.The maximum value of tensile shear loading of 4.65 kN was obtained at the rotation rate of900 r/min and travel speed of 100 mm/min with the interface thickness of 2.89μm.The fracture mode of the joints was a mix of ductile and brittle fracture.

Optimization of Bead Geometry in CO₂Laser Welding of Ti 6Al 4V Using Response Surface Methodology

In the presented study, the laser butt-welding of Ti 6Al 4V is investigated using 2.2 kw CO2 laser. Ti 6Al 4V alloy has widespread application in various fields of industries including the medical, nuclear and aerospace. In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is employed to establish the design of experiments and to optimize the bead geometry. The relationships between the input laser-welding parameters (i.e. laser power, welding speed and focal point position) and the process responses (i.e. welded zone width, heat affected zone width, welded zone area, heat affected zone area and penetration depth) are investigated. The multi-response optimizations are used to optimize the welding process. The optimum welding conditions are identified in order to increase the productivity and minimize the total operating cost. The validation results demonstrate that the developed models are accurate with low percentages of error (less than 12.5%).

Welding of shape memory alloy to stainless steel for medical occluder

Dissimilar metal joining between NiTi shape memory alloy（SMA） and stainless steel was conducted.A cluster of NiTi SMA wires were first joined with tungsten inert gas（TIG） welding process,then the NiTi SMA TIG weld was welded to a stainless steel pipe with laser spot welding process.The microstructure of the welds was examined with an optical microscope and the elemental distribution in the welds was measured by electron probe microanalysis（EPMA）.The results show that TiC compounds dispersively distribute in the NiTi SMA TIG weld.However,the amount of TiC compounds greatly decreases around the fusion boundary of the laser spot weld between the NiTi SMA and stainless steel.Mutual diffusion between NiTi shape memory alloy and stainless steel happen within a short distance near the fusion boundary,and intermetallic compounds such as Ni3Ti＋（Fe,Ni）Ti appear around the fusion boundary.

激光粉末床熔融成形Ti6Al4V/AlSi10Mg合金电子束焊接工艺研究

针对激光粉末床熔融成形的Ti6Al4V合金和AlSi10Mg合金进行电子束对接试验,对比分析不同侧偏束条件下焊接接头的组织和性能。结果表明:钛侧偏束(-0.6 mm)相较于铝侧偏束(+0.6 mm)所获接头的成形更稳定、美观。铝侧偏束时,接头表面出现了大量的气孔及裂纹,接头内部也存在大量的气孔,主要聚集于铝侧熔合线上;钛侧偏束时,接头焊接缺陷的数量明显减少。两种工艺条件下的界面层均形成了一定数量的金属间化合物,铝侧偏束时以TiAl为主,钛侧偏束时形成了TiAl3、TiAl_(2)、Ti_(3)Al和TiAl等多种金属间化合物。铝侧偏束接头抗拉强度最高为81 MPa,钛侧偏束接头抗拉强度最高可达到128 MPa。两种接头均失效于反应界面层处,呈现出脆性断裂的特征。

Effect of Ti-Al on microstructures and mechanical properties of plasma arc in-situ welded joint of SiC_p/Al MMCs

The effect of Ti-Al on microstructures and mechanical properties of SiCp/Al MMC joints produced by plasma arc in-situ weld-alloying was investigated, in which argon-nitrogen mixture was used as plasma gases and Ti-Al alloy as filling composite. The results show that the formation of needle-like harmful phase Al4C3 is effectively prevented in the weld by in-situ weld-alloying/plasma arc welding with Ti-Al alloy sheet filler whose titanium content is more than 20%. The fluidity of molten pool is improved, and stable molten pool is gained for the addition of the Ti-Al alloy. The mechanical properties of welded joint are effectively enhanced by the compact-grain structure and the new reinforced composites such as Al3Ti, TiN, AlN and TiC welded joint. The test results of mechanical property show that the maximum tensile strength of welded joint gained by adding Ti-60Al alloy is up to 235 MPa. The factors influencing the tensile strength were also investigated.

Metallurgical and Corrosion Properties of Explosively Welded Ti6A14V/Low Carbon Steel Clad

Titanium alloy （Ti6Al4V） and low carbon steel （LCS） were joined by explosive welding method using different ratios of explosive. Some metallurgical properties of joined samples were investigated. Joined samples were examined by means of optical microscope, scanning electron microscope （SEM） and tensile-shearing tests. Bending, tensile, hardness and corrosion behaviour of the samples were investigated. Separation was not occurred on the joining interface after tensile-shearing and bending tests. It is seen that hardness of both plates were increased with increasing explosive. It is found that increasing explosive ratio leads to an increase in corrosion. It is also found that corrosion rate was high at the beginning of the experiment but the rate of the corrosion decreased subsequently during the experiment.

Achieving High‑Quality Aluminum to Copper Dissimilar Metals Joint via Friction Stir Double‑Riveting Welding

In order to achieve a high-quality joining of aluminum(Al)and copper(Cu)dissimilar metals,a new friction stir doubleriveting welding(FSDRW)with a Cu rod as the rivet was proposed,and the rotating tool with a large concave angle shoulder was specially designed.The results showed that under the thermal–mechanical effect of rotating tool,the Cu rod was deformed to be a double riveting heads structure with a Cu anchor at the upper surface of Al plate and an Al anchor above the lap interface of joint,and these two anchors greatly enhanced the mechanical interlocking of Al/Cu joint.The effective bonding interfaces were formed among the double riveting heads structure,the upper Al plate and the lower Cu plate,which contained the Cu/Cu interface and the Al/Cu interface.The Cu/Cu interface without the kissing bond and the Al/Cu interface with the rationally thin AlCu and Al_(2)Cu intermetallic compounds(IMCs)layers were beneficial to heightening the joint tensile shear strength.The maximum tensile shear load of the FSDRW joint achieved 5.52 kN,and the joint under different plunging depths of rotating tool presented a mixed mode of ductile fracture and brittle fracture.This novel FSDRW technique owns the advantages of strong mechanical interlocking and superb metallurgical bonding,and provides a new approach to acquiring a high-quality Al/Cu dissimilar metals joint.

Ti/Al异种合金激光熔钎焊过程气孔形成机制

采用矩形光斑CO2激光为热源,以AlSi12作为填充焊丝进行钛/铝异种合金的激光熔钎焊试验,发现气孔是导致接头失效的一个主要因素。结果表明,钛/铝异种合金激光熔钎焊的气孔缺陷主要是由镁元素的气化所致。光束的偏移量及激光功率是影响气孔产生的主要因素。界面棒状的金属间化合物长度低于10μm时一般不产生气孔,而气孔的直径与焊缝内部的微观组织有关。

Ti/Al异种合金电弧熔钎焊接头温度场与界面微观组织

采用交流TIG焊电弧与AlSi12焊丝实现了TC4钛合金与LF6铝合金熔钎焊连接,通过有限元软件分析接头温度场,并利用扫描电镜观察接头钎焊界面的微观组织特征.结果表明,接头温度分布极不均匀,钛侧梯度大高温区窄,铝侧梯度小高温区范围广,冷却时高温区逐渐向钛侧偏移.当钨极正对钛钝边时,等温线平行于钎焊界面,温度分布均匀,有利于形成组织均匀的界面反应层.冷体熔钎焊加速了钎焊界面的冷却,降低了钛的溶解量,可抑制金属间化合物的生长.化合物层形貌由空冷时的锯齿状转变为胞状生长.

光斑形式对Ti/Al异种合金激光熔钎焊特性的影响

采用椭圆形和矩形两种光斑形式对Ti/Al异种合金进行了激光填丝熔钎焊的试验研究,分析了不同工艺参数对焊缝成形的影响规律,获得不同热源作用方式下的界面形态规律及其对界面强度的影响。结果表明,采用椭圆形光斑和矩形光斑进行激光填丝熔钎焊均可获得较满意的焊缝成形。其中矩形光斑具有更好的焊接适应性,更容易控制焊缝成形。抗拉强度测试结果表明,椭圆形和矩形光斑接头的最高抗拉强度分别达到铝母材的75%和80%。

Mg/Al异种材料脉冲TIG焊接头的组织结构

采用扫描电镜(SEM)、电子探针(EPMA)和X射线衍射(XRD)等测试方法,对用脉冲钨极氩弧焊(EMP-TIG)获得的Mg/Al异种材料焊接接头区的组织结构进行了研究。试验结果表明,用脉冲钨极氩弧焊焊接的Mg/Al接头组织性能良好,焊缝组织形态为细小的树枝状晶,熔合区存在柱状树枝晶、等轴树枝状晶和柱状晶三个明显的结晶过渡区。Mg/Al熔合区附近的显微硬度变化不大,通过控制工艺参数可以获得无明显高硬度脆性相的焊接接头。

工艺参数对Ti/Al异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接头抗拉强度的影响

采用搅拌摩擦焊对3 mm厚TC4钛合金和2A14铝合金进行对接焊接,研究了搅拌头旋转速度、焊接速度和搅拌针偏移量(搅拌针中心线偏向铝合金母材后离母材对接面的距离)对焊接接头抗拉强度的影响规律。偏移量为1mm时,焊接接头容易产生裂纹、强度极低,增加偏移量有利于提高接头抗拉强度,偏移量为2.5 mm时,接头强度最高可达348 MPa。搅拌头旋转速度固定为800 r/min、偏移量固定为2.5 mm时,接头抗拉强度随焊接速度的增大先增大后减小,当焊接速度为40 mm/min时,接头的最高抗拉强度为335 MPa。当焊接速度固定为60 mm/min、偏移量为2.5 mm时,接头抗拉强度随旋转速度的增大先增大后减小,旋转速度为700 r/min时,接头的最高抗拉强度为348 MPa,达到铝合金母材强度的82.5%。

Ti-Al合金对SiC_p/6061Al复合材料等离子弧焊焊缝组织的影响

以不同Ti含量的Ti-Al合金作为合金化填加材料,采用氮氩混合等离子气体对SiCp/6061Al复合材料进行等离子弧原位焊接,研究填加材料Ti-Al中Ti质量分数的变化对焊缝组织的影响。结果表明:在熔池凝固过程中,填加材料中Ti质量分数为10%时,可有效抑制有害针状相Al4C3的生成;随填加材料中Ti质量分数的降低,焊缝中未出现脆性相Al4C3,组织中颗粒相的形貌发生较大变化,Al3Ti相的形状由粗大块状变为细长针状,并且数量大为减少;焊缝中其余增强相的尺寸均变得较为细小。

Al/Ti/Steel覆板爆炸焊接界面的显微组织特征

利用电子显微技术研究了Al／Ti／Steel覆板爆炸焊接中两个异种焊接界面的显微组织变化特征透射电镜直接取样观察到在界面处有组织过渡区，并且过渡区之间及过渡区与母材之间存在明显的边界Al／Ti界面过渡区为Al＋Ti混合组织；Ti／Steel界面由FeTi金属间化合物区和非晶区组成过渡区的形态和宽度与焊接过程中的合金元素扩散及冷却速度有关。

Ti—Al—Si对SiCp/Al基复合材料等离子弧焊焊缝的组织与性能的影响

以Ti-Al-Si合金作为合金化填充材料,用氮氩混合等离子气体对SiCp/Al基复合材料进行等离子弧原位焊接,研究了Ti-Al-Si对焊缝的组织和性能的影响.结果表明:填加Ti-75Al-5Si合金时,熔池中Si和Ti的联合作用有效抑地制了针状脆生相Al_4C_3的生成,形成了稳定的熔池,得到了以TiN、AlN、TiC和Ti_5Si_3等为二次增强相的焊缝.焊缝的组织致密,结合良好,其最大拉伸强度为225 MPa.