Interface characteristic of friction stir welding lap joints of Ti/Al dissimilar alloys

Lap joints of TC1 Ti alloy and LF6 A1 alloy dissimilar materials were fabricated by friction stir welding and corresponding interface characteristics were investigated. Using the selected welding parameters, excellent surface appearance forms, but the interface macrograph for each lap joint cross-section is different. With the increase of welding speed or the decrease of tool rotation rate, the amount of Ti alloy particles stirred into the stir zone by the force of tool pin decreases continuously. Moreover, the failure loads of the lap joints also decrease with increasing welding speed and the largest value is achieved at welding speed of 60 mm/min and tool rotation rate of 1500 r/min, where the interracial zone can be divided into 3 kinds of layers. The microhardness of the lap joint shows an uneven distribution and the maximum hardness of HV 502 is found in the middle of the stir zone.

Influence of welding parameters on interface evolution and mechanical properties of FSW Al/Ti lap joints

Friction stir welding(FSW)was performed to produce Al/Ti lap joints under various welding conditions.More heat was generated when rotational rate increased or traversing rate decreased.Two types of Al/Ti interfaces–mixed interface and diffusive interface–were formed under different welding conditions.The diffusive interface was formed with low heat input,and the mixed interface was formed more heat.The grains at the mixed interface were larger than those at the diffusive interface because of the higher heat input.Moreover,the microstructure of the mixed interface had a lower texture intensity compared with that of the diffusive interface,which was attributed to the enhanced continuous dynamic recrystallization(CDRX).TiAl3 was formed at the diffusive interface.When the interface varied to the mixed interface as heat input increased,TiAl was fomed within the Al/Ti mixture following the formation of TiAl3.In addition,TiAl3 precipitates were observed in the diffusion layer.The hardness value of the mixed interface was higher than 350 HV,due to the larger amount of intermetallic compounds(IMCs).The lap shear strength reached a maximum value of 147 MPa with medium heat input and an interface that exits in a critical state between diffusive and mixed interfaces.All the specimens fractured at the interface,which was attributed to the presence of IMCs.

Interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V/Al7050 joints fabricated using the insert molding method

Ti-6Al-4V/Al7050 joints were fabricated by a method of insert molding and corresponding interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. The interfacial thickness was sensitive to holding temperature during the first stage, and a good metallurgical bonding interface with a thickness of about 90 μm can be obtained at 750°C. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and thermodynamic analyses showed that the interface mainly contained intermetallic compound TiAl_3 and Al matrix. The joints featured good mechanical properties, i.e., shear strength of 154 MPa, tensile strength of 215 MPa, and compressive strength of 283 MPa, which are superior to those of joints fabricated by other methods. Coherent boundaries between Al/TiAl_3 and TiAl_3/Ti were confirmed to contribute to outstanding interfacial mechanical properties and also explained constant fracture occurrence in the Al matrix. Follow-up studies should focus on improving mechanical properties of the Al matrix by deformation and heat treatment.

Microstructure and Strength of Brazed Joints of Ti_(3)Al Base Alloy with Cu-P Filler Metal

Brazing of Ti3Al alloys with the filler metal Cu-P was carried out at 1173-1273 K for 60-1800 s. When products are brazed, the optimum brazing parameters are as follows： brazing temperature is 1215-1225 K; brazing time is 250-300 s. Four kinds of reaction products were observed during the brazing of Ti3Al alloys with the filler metal Cu-P, i.e., Ti3Al phase with a small quantity of Cu （Ti3Al（Cu）） formed close to the Ti3Al alloy; the TiCu intermetallic compounds layer and the Cu3P intermetallic compounds layer formed between Ti3Al（Cu） and the filler metal, and a Cu-base solid solution formed with the dispersed Cu3P in the middle of the joint. The interracial structure of brazed Ti3Al alloys joints with the filler metal Cu-P is Ti3Al/Ti3Al（Cu）/TiCu/Cu3P/Cu solid solution （Cu3P）/Cu3P/TiCu/Ti3Al（Cu）/Ti3Al, and this structure will not change with brazing time once it forms. The thickness of TiCu＋Cu3P intermetallic compounds increases with brazing time according to a parabolic law. The activation energy Q and the growth velocity/to of reaction layer TiCu＋Cu3P in the brazed joints of Ti3Al alloys with the filler metal Cu-P are 286 kJ/mol and 0.0821 m2/s, respectively, and growth formula was y2=O.O821exp（-34421.59/T）t.Careful control of the growth for the reaction layer TiCu＋Cu3P can influence the final joint strength. The formation of the intermetallic compounds TiCu＋Cu3P results in embrittlement of the joint and poor joint properties. The Cu-P filler metal is not fit for obtaining a high-quality joint of Ti3Al brazed.

Ti/Al异种合金电弧熔钎焊接头界面断裂行为分析

采用TIG电弧的方法实现了钛合金与铝合金熔钎焊连接,分析了不同焊丝形成的熔钎焊接头的界面组织和断裂特征.结果表明,纯铝接头界面为单一的TiAl3相,裂纹主要沿着TiAl3反应层与焊缝之间的界面扩展.拉伸时首先从坡口拐角启裂,当裂纹扩展至接头反面时,断裂扩展形式转变为从焊缝金属撕裂,接头抗拉强度为139MPa.添加Al-Cu-La焊丝的接头界面结构为TiAl3+Ti2Al20La双化合物层,拉伸时沿TiAl3反应层与钛合金界面开裂,以界面内的微裂纹为裂纹源并向反应层内扩展,属于准解理断裂,接头抗拉强度达270 MPa.稀土La元素作用下形成的双化合物层是提高接头强度的关键.

激光功率对Al/Ti激光-GMAW复合熔钎焊接头组织及力学性能的影响

采用激光-GMAW复合熔钎焊方法进行了3 mm厚的6061铝合金与Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的平板对接焊接试验,结合宏观金相观察、扫描电镜分析、抗拉强度测试对比分析了激光功率对焊缝成形、接头组织及力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,当激光功率小于3.0 kW时,对接面下部无法产生有效的冶金结合,接头强度仅为80 MPa;界面化合物(IMC)层厚度随着激光功率的增大而增大,但在同一个接头中,界面层形态及厚度沿对接面存在差异;接头抗拉强度随着激光功率的增加呈现出先上升后降低的变化趋势,接头最高强度为230 MPa,达到铝合金母材强度的80%。

铸造Ti-Al-Mo-Zr钛合金电子束焊接接头组织与性能

选用电子束焊接方式对14 mm厚铸态Ti-Al-Mo-Zr钛合金进行焊接,在合适的工艺参数下获得成形良好、无内部缺陷的焊接接头。室温下测试与分析焊接接头的显微组织、显微硬度和力学性能,结果显示焊缝处主要由β相基体和粗大的针状α相组成,热影响区处受焊接热循环作用部分转变为网状片层组织。焊缝处硬度略高于母材处,接头整体硬度分布均匀,无明显弱化区域;接头焊缝处抗拉强度优于母材,焊缝处冲击值AKV达到75 J/cm^2,热影响区冲击值为73 J/cm^2,Ti-Al-Mo-Zr钛合金电子束焊接接头冲击韧性良好。

Al6061／TA2异种金属冷金属过渡焊接性分析

以AlSi5焊丝对6061铝合金和TA2纯钛进行CMT熔钎焊,采用SEM,EDS分析焊接接头的微观组织特征,并通过拉伸试验对接头进行力学性能评定.结果表明,焊接过程稳定,焊缝成形美观.所得到的焊接接头具有熔焊和钎焊两部分,其中局部熔化的铝母材与熔融的焊丝混合后形成焊缝,焊缝金属与微熔的钛母材形成三个钎焊界面.钎焊界面主要成分为TiAl3金属间化合物,其厚度较薄.此外,界面附近还有一些随机分布的棒状的TiAl3金属间化合物.焊接过程中,随着焊丝偏移量的增加,焊缝力学性能提高.参数优化后的接头抗拉强度较高,且断裂在铝热影响区.

航空用Al-Li合金阳极氧化对粘接性能的影响

为研究Al-Li合金不同粘接工艺对粘接性能的影响,对其进行了磷酸阳极化处理,并选用不同的胶黏剂来考察Al-Li合金粘接副的拉剪强度。结果表明,阳极化处理使Al-Li合金试片表面产生了微观粗糙的多孔膜,实现了粘接界面上良好的机械啮合。经阳极化处理后,Al-Li合金粘接性能显著提高,当粘接副采用Lord 320/322胶粘接时拉剪强度提高了49%,当粘接副采用FM94胶粘接时拉剪强度提高了167%,破坏模式多为内聚破坏。

钛/铝异种金属扩散连接及其界面调控的研究进展

钛/铝复合构件具有轻量化、高强度、耐腐蚀等优势,使其广泛应用于新能源汽车、航空航天等领域。但是钛/铝之间的物理性能差异较大,且冶金反应容易生成如TiAl_(3),TiAl等脆性的金属间化合物,导致钛/铝异种金属接头性能下降。为了解决上述问题,基于扩散连接技术在异种金属连接方面变形小、无污染、冶金结合致密等优势,文中详细讨论了扩散连接技术在钛/铝异种金属连接上的应用,以及连接温度、保温时间、压力等焊接工艺参数、焊后热处理工艺、中间层对接头的影响。重点总结了工艺调控和添加中间层调控钛/铝接头的组织和性能。结果表明,工艺调控和添加中间层调控相结合可以最大限度的调控脆性金属间化合物的类型和降低金属间化合物的厚度。在此基础上,讨论了钛/铝异种金属扩散连接的发展趋势。

Dissimilar titanium/aluminum friction stir welding lap joints by experiments and numerical simulation

Dissimilar stir welding （FSW） lap joints were produced by friction out of Ti6A14V titanium alloy and AA2024 aluminum alloy sheets. The joints, welded with varying tool rotation and feed rate, were studied by ana- lyzing the maximum shear strength, Vickers microhardness and optical observations. A dedicated numerical model, able to take into account the presence of the two different alloys, was used to highlight the effects of the process parameters on temperature distribution, strain distribution, and material flow. The combined analysis of experimental measurements and numerical predictions allowed explaining the effects of tool rotation and feed rate on the material flow. It was found that tool rotation had a larger impact on the joint effectiveness with respect to feed rate. A competition between material mixing and heat input occurs with increasing tool rotation, resulting in higher joint strength when lower values of tool rotation are used.

中间层Ni对TC4/2A14异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和性能的影响

目的添加0.05mm厚的Ni箔作为中间层,对3mm厚的TC4钛合金和2A14铝合金进行搅拌摩擦焊,分析Ni对接头力学性能的影响。方法采用扫描电镜、EDS能谱及XRD衍射等微观表征分析方法,对焊接接头的断口形貌、成分进行分析,探究Ni箔对焊接接头力学性能的影响。结果由于钛合金和铝合金存在较大的物理化学性能差异,Ti/Al异种金属焊接性较差,界面容易产生TiAl_(3)、TiAl、Ti_(3)Al等金属间化合物,其中脆性相TiAl_(3)对接头性能的影响最大,会导致综合力学性能下降。当加入中间层材料Ni后,由于Ni与Al晶体结构均属于面心立方,因此Ni与Al的扩散系数大于Ti与Al的扩散系数,Ni和Al之间优先形成金属间化合物且弥散分布于焊缝中,从而缩短了Ti与Al之间的相互扩散时间,减少了TiAl_(3)相的生成。结论在未添加中间层材料时,接头平均抗拉强度为237.3 MPa,约为2A14铝合金母材抗拉强度的56.7%;当添加中间层Ni后,对焊缝中金属间化合物的种类和数量进行了调控,减少了对性能影响最大的TiAl_(3)相的生成,接头平均抗拉强度达到285.3MPa,为2A14铝合金母材抗拉强度的68%。

基于损伤模型的2024-O-T42搭接件动态拉伸失效分析

针对高锁螺栓单搭接件所采用的2024-O-T42铝合金,设计狗骨试验件进行准静态与动态拉伸试验,设计六种不同的缺口试验件进行准静态拉伸试验。通过开展拉伸失效仿真,对比Hartley-Srinivasan与Johnson-Cook两种本构模型,以及最大塑性应变失效准则、Johnson-Cook失效模型与GISSMO损伤模型三种失效模型。结果表明,在试验的100 s^(-1)应变率范围内,2024-O-T42铝合金材料流动应力应变率效应不明显,其最大相差约为5%;在不考虑应变率及温度的情况下,Hartley-Srinivasan本构模型比Johnson-Cook本构模型更能准确表征材料塑性段的力学行为;采用Hartley-Srinivasan本构模型和GISSMO损伤模型,高锁螺栓单搭接件在1 m/s、3 m/s、5 m/s拉伸速度下的仿真结果与试验结果吻合更好,且仿真获得的失效位移相对试验失效位移平均值分别偏大4.7%、偏大4.3%和偏小7.4%。

预置焊丝对Al/Cu异种FSW T-搭接接头组织和性能影响

在FSW过程中,T型接头的内角热输入低、塑性流动差导致其易出现虫洞、隧道、交界线等缺陷,造成应力集中,很难实现具有良好力学性能的Al/Cu异种焊缝。创新性地将圆角处预置焊丝应用于4 mm厚的6061-T6铝合金和纯铜异种FSW T-搭接接头的连接,以期改善T型接头的内角材料塑性流动,获得具有良好力学性能的接头。分析了3种预置焊丝对Al/Cu异种FSW T-搭接接头显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,保持焊接速度35 mm/min不变,旋转速度在700~800 r/min条件下,3种预置焊丝接头大针搅拌区都表现出“洋葱环”。阶梯状搅拌头有效抑制了大量筋板材料向壁板的迁移,减少了Al/Cu互混。大针搅拌区由于少量Cu颗粒被搅拌,流动路径长,不易形成金属间化合物。Al/Cu形成了有效的冶金结合,其交界面处金属间化合物厚度小于1μm。预置Cu的Al/Cu T-接头沿壁板方向像同种材料对接接头,呈韧性断裂;预置Al的Al/Cu T-接头改变交界线缺陷走向,筋板方向获得一定高度的Al/Cu混合区,机械互锁结合效果达到最优,断裂多在交界面处,抗拉伸强度达157 MPa,呈混合断裂。预置焊丝是一种适用于Al/Cu异种FSW T-搭接接头焊接的良好方法。

Bending Properties and Fracture Behavior of Ti-23Al-17Nb Alloy Laser Beam Welding Joints

Ti-23Al-17Nb alloy is an important high temperature structural material used in the space and aerospace fields. Welding of this alloy is an indispensable processing method, so the microstructures and mechanical properties of these welded joints must be studied to improve the welds. Longitudinal three-point bending tests were conducted to measure the bending ductility of laser beam welded joints. The crack distribution and fracture surface were investigated to further analyze the fracture behavior. The results indicate that the bending ductility decreases as the heat input by the laser beam welding increases. The crack inducing strain reaches 4.24%, while the fracturing strain exceeds 5% when the heat input is below 316 J/cm. If the columnar crystal grain of the weld metal exhibits a uniform orientation, the bending ductility is worse. The fractography analysis shows that the cracking propagates transgranularly and the fracture surface has a cleavage mode.

钛/铝异种金属搅拌摩擦焊搭接接头的组织结构

采用搅拌摩擦焊对TC1钛合金和LF6铝合金异种金属进行了搭接连接,研究了接头的微观组织结构.结果表明,当搅拌头旋转频率为1 500 r/min、焊接速度为60mm/min时,能获得焊缝成形良好、无孔洞和裂纹等缺陷的搭接接头,搭接处铝合金和钛合金充分混合,形成焊核区.焊核两侧进入铝合金中的钛合金在搅拌针的挤压下发生了弯曲,使得钛/铝紧密结合.搭接接头中心部位的搭接界面区呈层状组织,可分为三层,靠近焊核和靠近钛合金母材一侧的均为黑白相间的条带状组织,含有焊接过程中生成的Ti-Al金属间化合物;夹在中间的为黑色片状组织和灰色基体上分布黑色颗粒的条带状组织,分别是被搅入界面区的钛合金母材和钛合金母材与铝合金母材的机械混合物.

LY12CZ铝合金铆接联接件在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀疲劳失效行为研究

在应力控制下分别研究了温度、 ＰＨ值和预浸泡时间对 ＬＹ１２ＣＺ铝合金带有涂层的铆接联接件在 ３．５％ＮａＣ１溶液中腐蚀疲劳（ＣＦ）性能的影响规律结果表明，提高温度、降低 ｐＨ值和延长预浸泡时间均会缩短铆接件的腐蚀疲劳寿命；在无预浸泡的条件（２０℃， ｐＨ＝６）下。

铝钢异种金属搅拌摩擦焊搭接接头组织与性能研究

通过对5052铝合金和Q235钢板搅拌摩擦搭接焊进行试验研究,获得质量良好的接头,通过剪切试验、断口形貌扫描电子显微镜和能谱分析对搭接接头组织和性能进行测试研究。结果表明:采用搅拌摩擦焊可以获得焊缝成形良好、无孔洞和裂纹等缺陷的搭接接头,强度可达到225 MPa,基本接近铝合金侧母材的强度,焊缝接头获得良好的机械连接和冶金连接。针对铝钢搭接的接头形式构建了组织模型,将接头分为搅拌扩散区、机械结合区和冶金结合区,揭示了铝钢搅拌摩擦搭接焊的连接机理。

金属/陶瓷发热体直接钎焊接头的应力分析

采用热弹塑性有限元方法,在考虑了材料性能参数随温度变化的情况下,分析了采用Ag-Cu-Ti钎料钎焊A l2O3陶瓷与镍金属丝的钎焊接头,在钎焊和随后再次加热过程中产生的应力大小和分布情况,计算中着重考虑了钎料对接头残余应力的影响。结果表明,在钎料与陶瓷的界面处存在着较大的残余拉应力,影响了钎焊接头的连接强度,并可能在界面的陶瓷侧产生裂纹。通过试验对比,认为在此类连接结构中,钎料是造成接头形成较大残余应力的主要因素。并指出钎料性能参数是决定有限元计算精度的主要因素,要使计算结果与实际情况尽量符合,钎料性能参数的正确选择是关键。

工艺参数对Ti/Zn/Al异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接头力学性能的影响

以3 mm厚2A14铝合金和TC4钛合金为对接材料,0.05 mm厚Zn薄片为中间层材料进行搅拌摩擦焊对接。研究了不同焊接参数对钛/铝异种金属搅拌摩擦焊对接接头宏观形貌、微观组织、力学性能的影响。结果表明:当焊接速度为75 mm/min,旋转速度为375~950 r/min,偏移量2.5 mm时,均可获得表面成形良好的焊接接头。但随着旋转速度的增加,焊缝表面粗糙度先减小后增大,而对接接头抗拉强度逐渐降低;当旋转速度为600 r/min,焊接速度从60mm/min增大到95 mm/min时,焊缝的飞边逐渐减少。当旋转速度为375 r/min,焊接速度为75 mm/min,偏移量2.5 mm时,抗拉强度达到最大值237.3 MPa,达铝合金母材抗拉强度的56.7%。