Dynamic Mechanical Behavior and Microstructural Evolution of the Al-6Mg Alloy Subjected to Three Treatment Conditions

The mechanical properties of Al-6Mg alloy with three treatment states （H112, O and cold-extruded states） were investigated at room and high temperatures using an INSTRON machine and a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar （SHPB）. Stress-strain curves of the alloy with different processes were obtained at a quasi-static strain rate of 5×10-4 s-1and dynamic strain rates of 1 400-4 200 s-1, respectively. The results suggest that, at room temperature, the three processed Al-6Mg alloys are all low sensitive to strain rate. The O state Al-6Mg alloy （Al-6Mg-O） exhibits the most ductility, while the cold-extruded Al-6Mg alloy （Al-6Mg-C） displays the highest strength. At elevated temperatures, the yield stresses and the differences in yield stress of the three processed alloys all decrease with increasing temperature under the quasi-static strain rate of 5×10-4 s-1. Based on test results, modified Johnson-Cook （JC） constitutive models for the three processed Al-6Mg alloys were developed. The microstructures before and after deformation were examined by electron backscattered diffraction （EBSD） and further dynamic recrystallization （DRX） at the strain rate of 3 300 s-1 was discussed.

Two-stage dynamic recrystallization and texture evolution in Al-7Mg alloy during hot torsion

Hot torsion tests were performed on the Al-7Mg alloy at the temperature ranging from 300 to 500℃ and strain rates between 0.05 and 5 s^(-1) to explore the progressive dynamic recrystallization(DRX)and texture behaviors.The DRX behavior of the alloy manifested two distinct stages:Stage 1 at strain of≤2 and Stage 2 at strains of≥2.In Stage 1,there was a slight increase in the DRXed grain fraction(X_(DRX))with predominance of discontinuous DRX(DDRX),followed by a modest change in X_(DRX) until the transition to Stage 2.Stage 2 was marked by an accelerated rate of DRX,culminating in a substantial final X_(DRX) of~0.9.Electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD)analysis on a sample in Stage 2 revealed that continuous DRX(CDRX)predominantly occurred within the(121)[001]grains,whereas the(111)[110]grains underwent a geometric DRX(GDRX)evolution without a noticeable sub-grain structure.Furthermore,a modified Avrami’s DRX kinetics model was utilized to predict the microstructural refinement in the Al-7Mg alloy during the DRX evolution.Although this kinetics model did not accurately capture the DDRX behavior in Stage 1,it effectively simulated the DRX rate in Stage 2.The texture index was employed to assess the evolution of the texture isotropy during hot-torsion test,demonstrating significant improvement(>75%)in texture randomness before the commencement of Stage 2.This initial texture evolution is attributed to the rotation of parent grains and the substructure evolution,rather than to an increase in X_(DRX).

Electrochemical Hydrogen Charging on Corrosion Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in Artificial Seawater

This study employs advanced electrochemical and surface characterization techniques to investigate the impact of electrochemical hydrogen charging on the corrosion behavior and surface film of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy.The findings revealed the formation ofγ-TiH andδ-TiH_(2) hydrides in the alloy after hydrogen charging.Prolonging hydrogen charging resulted in more significant degradation of the alloy microstructure,leading to deteriorated protectiveness of the surface film.This trend was further confirmed by the electrochemical measurements,which showed that the corrosion resistance of the alloy progressively worsened as the hydrogen charging time was increased.Consequently,this work provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the corrosion of Ti-6Al-4V alloy under hydrogen charging conditions.

Al-1B变质处理对Zn-6Al-3Mg合金凝固组织与性能的影响

采用扫描电镜、万能电子试验机和HVS-5Z/LCD维氏硬度计分析测试了Al-1B变质处理前后Zn-6Al-3Mg合金的凝固组织与力学性能。研究表明:变质剂加入量和变质温度对Zn-6Al-3Mg合金的凝固组织中Al-fcc相、Mg Zn2相和Zn-hcp相以及二元Zn/Al和三元Zn/Al/Mg Zn2共晶体的形态和体积分数有明显影响。当Al-1B加入量为0.3 mass%时,Zn-6Al-3Mg合金的抗拉强度、硬度和伸长率都达到最大值。当变质剂加入量相同时,随着变质温度的升高,Zn-6Al-3Mg合金的抗拉强度和伸长率提高;在450℃变质处理时,Zn-6Al-3Mg合金的硬度最高,550℃变质处理后该合金的硬度最低。

Al-Mn-Mg合金均匀化热处理中“6-α”转化对化合物破碎的影响

通过热处理工艺的调整获取了具有不同‘6-α’转化(即(Fe,Mn)Al_6相转化为α-Al_(12)(Fe,Mn)_3Si相)特征的Al-Mn-Mg合金初始试样,采用高分辨扫描电镜(SEM)对初始试样中‘6-α’的转化现象以及转化后α相的微观形貌特征进行了表征分析,并对各组试样进行热轧以研究该转化对形变过程中化合物破碎的影响。结果表明,‘6-α’转化有助于合金中粗大化合物的分裂和破碎,化合物破碎后会在进一步的形变过程中随基体流动进而改善其自身的分布状态,相对含量的多少以及疏松多孔的内部结构是α相帮助化合物充分破碎的关键因素。

含微量Zr的Al-6%Mg合金再结晶行为及其超塑性

研究了含微量元素Zr的Al-6%Mg合金大的冷变形后的板材和旋压管材在不同条件下退火时的再结晶行为及其后续的超塑性变形行为。制备了Al-6%Mg和Al-6%Mg-Zr试验合金,合金1、2经过73%的冷变形后获得2mm厚板材;合金3采用Al-6%Mg-Zr合金锭坯,经50%旋压变形后获得2.4mm厚旋压管材。观察对比了3种合金试样经250～525℃退火1h后的显微组织。然后分别在480℃、500℃和520℃,以1×10-4～1.6×10-3s-1的应变速率进行拉伸试验。结果表明:Zr在合金中形成的Al3Zr化合物能明显细化Al-6%Mg合金的铸态组织,抑制合金退火过程中再结晶晶粒的长大,合金再结晶后的晶粒尺寸达1.62μm,轴比为1.04。含Zr的Al-Mg合金在520℃时以应变速率8×10-4s-1的速率拉伸,其伸长率可达到600%。Al3Zr质点还可在退火时和超塑拉伸时抑制晶粒长大,使合金获得细小等轴晶粒,这是Al-Mg-Zr合金获得超塑性的主要原因。

挤压态Mg-(6～9)Al-Zn的组织性能和断裂行为分析

通过金相观察、拉伸试验和SEM分析等方法,研究了挤压态Mg-(6～9)Al-Zn合金的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明,挤压工艺使铸态下粗大枝状晶变成均匀细小等轴晶,随着Al含量增加,合金抗拉强度、硬度和晶粒大小均呈升高趋势,而伸长率先上升后下降。AZ91综合性能最优,抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率分别达336.7MPa、245.3MPa和17.1%。Mg-(6～9)Al-Zn合金均表现为准解理断裂特征,适当的Al含量有利于改善合金的综合性能,但Al含量过高所形成的脆性β(Mg17Al12)相加剧了镁合金的断裂倾向。

热浸镀Zn-6Al-3Mg合金镀层组织结构与性能研究

对Zn-6Al-3Mg镀层的物相组成、组织结构及耐腐蚀性能进行研究。Zn-6Al-3Mg合金镀层组织为Zn/Mg Zn2二元共晶组织、块状富Al相和近似六边形单相Mg Zn2组织。Na Cl中性盐雾腐蚀试验结果表明,镀层的耐蚀性优于Zn-5Al和纯Zn镀层。主要原因是由于Mg的加入促进Zn(OH)2向结构更为致密、粘连性更好、导电性更低的腐蚀产物Zn5(OH)8Cl2·2H2O和Zn6Al(OH)16CO3·H2O转变,并且生成的腐蚀产物牢牢附着在镀层表面,从而形成了结构致密的保护膜,有效隔断镀层和外部环境物质的传输,降低腐蚀反应向镀层内部进行的速率。

Heat-treated microstructure and mechanical properties of laser solid forming Ti-6Al-4V alloy

The effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of laser solid forming （LSF） Ti-6Al-4V alloy were investigated The influences of the temperature and time of solution treatment and aging treatment were analyzed. The results show that the microstructure of LSFed samples consists of Widmanstatten α laths and a little acicular in columnar prior β grains with an average grain width of 300 μm, which grow epitaxiaUy from the substrate along the deposition direction （27）. Solution treatment had an important effect on the width, aspect ratio, and volmne fraction of primary and secondary a laths, and aging treatment mainly affects the aspect ratio and volume fraction of primary α laths and the width and volume fraction of secondary a laths. Globular a phase was first observed in LSFed samples when the samples were heat treated with solution treatment （950℃, 8 h/air cooling （AC）） or with solution treatment （950℃, 1 h/AC） and aging treatment （550℃, above 8 h/AC）, respectively. The coarsening and globularization mechanisms of a phase in LSFed Ti-6Al-4V alloy during heat treatment were presented. To obtain good integrated mechanical properties for LSFed Ti-6Al-4V alloys, an optimized heat treatment regimen was suggested.

Constitutive Modeling for Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Machining Based on the SHPB Tests and Simulation

A constitutive model is critical for the prediction accuracy of a metal cutting simulation. The highest strain rate involved in the cutting process can be in the range of 104-106 s 1. Flow stresses at high strain rates are close to that of cutting are difficult to test via experiments. Split Hopkinson compression bar （SHPB） technology is used to study the deformation behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at strain rates of 10 -4-10 4s- 1. The Johnson Cook （JC） model was applied to characterize the flow stresses of the SHPB tests at various conditions. The parameters of the JC model are optimized by using a genetic algorithm technology. The JC plastic model and the energy density-based ductile failure criteria are adopted in the proposed SHPB finite element simulation model. The simulated flow stresses and the failure characteristics, such as the cracks along the adiabatic shear bands agree well with the experimental results. Afterwards, the SHPB simulation is used to simulate higher strain rate（approximately 3 × 10 4 s -1） conditions by minimizing the size of the specimen. The JC model parameters covering higher strain rate conditions which are close to the deformation condition in cutting were calculated based on the flow stresses obtained by using the SHPB tests （10 -4 - 10 4 s- 1） and simulation （up to 3 × 10 4 s - 1）. The cutting simulation using the constitutive parameters is validated by the measured forces and chip morphology. The constitutive model and parameters for high strain rate conditions that are identical to those of cutting were obtained based on the SHPB tests and simulation.

Thermal cycle and its influence on the microstructure of laser welded butt joint of 8 mm thick Ti-6Al-4V alloy

Ti-6Al-4V alloy is extensively used in the manufacture of components in aviation.In the current study,the laser welding process is adopted to joint the Ti-6Al-4V alloy plate which has the thick of 8 mm.A three-dimensional finite element model is established to simulate the temperature distribution of laser welding process.The thermal cycle curves are produced on the strength of the simulation results.Meanwhile,the microstructure characteristics of the welded joint are investigated combined with simulation results.The results show that weld zone,heat affected zone and based metal experience similar thermal cycles process and the cooling rate has an important influence on the formation of microstructure.Moreover,the simulation results are well matched with experiment results.

Dynamic recrystallization during hot torsion of Al-4Mg alloy

Binary Al-4Mg alloy have been deformed by hot torsion at 300-500 deg C andstrain rates of 0.006-1.587 s^(-1) to a true strain of 5.5. The specimens were annealed in vacuumfor 1.5 h at 500 deg C and then water quenched. The study indicates that the dynamicrecrystallization occurs during hot torsion of Al-4Mg alloy in a certain range of Z parameter(Zener-Hollmon Parameter), i.e. 19.3 <= lnZ <=24.8. Increasing the strain rate at higher deformationtemperature or reducing the strain rate at lower deformation temperature accelerates the occurrenceof dynamic recrystallization in the alloy.

Investigation on microstructures and mechanical properties of Mg-6Zn-0.5Ce-xMn(x=0 and 1)wrought magnesium alloys

The microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Mg–6Zn–0.5Ce–xMn(x=0 and 1 wt.%)wrought magnesium alloys were researched,and the morphologies and role of Mn element in the experimental alloys were analyzed.The research shows that all of Mn elements form theα-Mn pure phases,which do not participate in the formation of other phases,such as theτ-phases.The mechanical properties of Mn-containing alloys in as-extruded and aged states are superior to Mn-free alloys.During the hot extrusion process,the dispersed fineα-Mn particle phase hinders the migration of grain boundaries and inhibits dynamic recrystallization,which mainly takes effect of grain refining and dispersion hardening.During the aging treatments,the dispersed fineα-Mn particle phase not only hinders the growth of the solution-treated grains,but also becomes the nucleation cores ofβ1 rod-like precipitate phase,which is conducive to increasing the nucleation rate of the precipitate phase.For the aged alloy,the Mn addition mainly takes effect of grain refining and promoting aging strengthening.

Composition and structure of coatings on Ti-6Al-4V alloy by micro-plasma oxidation in NaAlO2 solution

Compound ceramic coatings on Ti-6Al-4V alloy were prepared for different time by pulsed bi-polar micro-plasma oxidation (MPO) in NaAlO2 solution. The phase composition was studied by XRD. And the electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) of the coatings were measured to study the structure of the coatings, combined with the surface morphology. Using the proper EIS interpreting software, the "equivalent circuit" of the coatings was established, and meanwhile fitting values of equivalent element were obtained. The results show that the coating is composed of Al2 TiO5, α-Al2O3 and rutile TiO2, of which Al2 TiO5 is the main crystalline. Increasing the MPO time, the contents of Al2TiO5, rutile TiO2 and α-Al2O3 in the surface of the coating increase. And the EIS analysis and the surface morphology of the coatings illustrates the double-layer structure of the coatings, and the outer layer is loosen and the inner layer is compact. With the increase of the oxidizing time, the surface coarse degree of the coatings and the porosity of the outer layer of the coating are increased while the compactness of the inner layer of the coating is improved.

Determination of critical parameters for dynamic recrystallization in Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V alloy

The true stress-strain curves of Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V alloy were achieved by a series of isothermal compression tests with height reduction of 60% under the deformation temperatures of 1073-1323 K and the strain rates of 0.01-10s 1.The critical conditions for the onset of DRX were attained when the value of d /d,where strain hardening rate d /d,reached the minimum which corresponds to an inflection of θ versus σ curve.Thus,two important potential parameters,critical strain and critical stress,were identified,and expressed as εc/εp=0.37-0.60,σc/σp=0.81-0.91.Furthermore,by the regression analysis for conventional hyperbolic sine equation,the main material parameters such as α,β,n,and DRX activation energy,Q,were calculated.In addition,the evolution of Q with strain rate and temperature was revealed as a 3D response surface.

RESEARCH ON LASER DIRECT DEPOSITION PROCESS OF Ti-6Al-4V ALLOY

Laser direct deposition （LDD） of metallic components is an advanced technology of combining CAD/CAM （computer aided design/computer aided manufacturing）, high power laser, and rapid prototyping. This technology uses laser beam to melt the powders fed coaxiaUy into the molten pool by the laser beam to fabricate fuUy dense metallic components. The present article mainly studies the LDD of Ti-6Al-4V alloy, which can be used to fabricate aircraft components. The mechanical properties of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy, fabricated by LDD, are obtained using the tension test, and the oxygen content of used powders and deposited specimens are measured. In the present article, it can be seen that the mechanical properties obtained using this method are higher than the ones obtained by casting, and equal to those got by wrought anneal. One aircraft part has been made using the LDD process. Because of this aircraft part, with sophisticated shape, the effect of the laser scanning track on the internal soundness of the deposited part was discussed.

DEVELOPMENT OF CONSTITUTE EQUATIONS FOR Ti-6Al-4V ALLOY UNDER HOT-WORKING CONDITION

The deformaton behavior of Ti - 6Al - 4V alloy under hot - working condition has been studied by compression testing in the temperature range 750 - 950℃ and strain rate range 0.05 - 15s -1. The flow stress decreases with the increase of temperature and with the decrease of strain rate. After a steep initial strain hardening, a flow softening occurs. This softening is mainly ascribed to the temperature rise and dynamic recmptallisation.By a simple extension, a classical sinushyperbolic constitutive equation can be used to describe the flow behavior of Ti - 6Al - 4V alloy. flow stress is described as a function of strain, strain rate and temperature. The parameters Q, n andaare the same at differ- ent deformation conditions, and A is a funciton of strain.

Influence of multiple laser shock peening treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy fabricated by electron beam melting

Laser shock peening(LSP)is an attractive post-processing method to tailor surface microstructure and enhance mechanical performances of additive manufactured(AM)components.The effects of multiple LSP treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V part produced by electron beam melting(EBM),as a mature AM process,were studied in this work.Microstructure,surface topography,residual stress,and tensile performance of EBM-manufactured Ti-6Al-4V specimens were systematically analyzed subjected to different LSP treatments.The distribution of porosities in EBM sample was assessed via X-ray computed tomography.The results showed that EBM samples with two LSP treatments possessed a lower porosity value of 0.05%compared to the value of 0.08%for the untreated samples.The strength of EBM samples with two LSP treatments was remarkably raised by 12%as compared with the as-built samples.The grains ofαphase were refined in near-surface layer,and a dramatic increase in the depth and magnitude of compressive residual stress(CRS)was achieved in EBM sample with multiple LSP treatments.The grain refinement ofαphase and CRS with larger depth were responsible for the strength enhancement of EBM samples with two LSP treatments.

Use of a Laser/TIG Combination for Surface Modification of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy

The surface modification of materials such as Ti-6Al-4V is necessary to improve their wear resistant properties for use in tribological applications. In this paper it is shown that a laser with low power and tungsten inert gas (TIG) can be combined together for surface modification of Ti-6Al-4V alloy, and when performed in a controlled atmosphere of pure nitrogen or a mixture of nitrogen and argon, can produce a wear-resistant surface alloy. Compared with laser processing, a cheaper surface modification process has been developed involving a shorter processing time, which is free of stringent requirements such as a vacuum system.