On the Relation of Grain Orientation and Opening Crack of an Al-Cu-Mg Sheet

In this paper, the orientation of grains which adjacent to a developed opening crack was investigated by EBSD. A definition of θ has been came up with which represents the angle between the principal stress plane and each plane of the grains. Smaller θ means easier to crack. It gave a good explanation of the crack propagation throughout the grains. It also revealed that propagation path is along with the plane. This finding will give a prediction of tear properties and help us understanding the cracking mechanism and the behavior of tearing.

热机械处理对Al-Cu-Mg合金显微组织和力学性能的调控机理

采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、拉伸力学性能测试以及疲劳裂纹扩展速率测试等手段探究热机械处理工艺对Al-Cu-Mg合金显微组织及宏观性能的影响。结果表明:热机械处理工艺可以使Al-Cu-Mg合金获得良好的强塑性配合,其中,采用25%变形量的固溶热轧+30%变形量的深冷非对称轧制(1.2异速比)+100℃、6 h的人工时效处理时,Al-Cu-Mg合金的伸长率可达10.1%;抗拉强度和屈服强度达到了517.2和448.3 MPa,分别比常规T6态的Al-Cu-Mg合金高74.8和98.6 MPa。热机械处理工艺使合金中出现大量位错缠结及细小S析出相,高强度的Goss织构和大量剪切织构通过影响疲劳裂纹的偏折提升合金的疲劳性能。

Evidence of guide field magnetic reconnection in flapping current sheets

Based on current sheet flapping motion on 27 August 2018 in the dusk flank magnetotail,as recorded by instruments aboard Magnetospheric Multiscale(MMS)spacecraft,we present the first study of guide field reconnection observed in the flux rope embedded in kink-like flapping current sheets near the dusk-side flank of the magnetotail.Unlike more common magnetotail reconnections,which are symmetric,these asymmetric small-scale(λ_(i)~650 km)reconnections were found in the highly twisted current sheet when the direction normal to the sheet changes from the Z direction into the Y direction.The unique feature of this unusual reconnection is that the reconnection jets are along the Z direction-different from outflow in the X direction,which is the more usual situation.This vertical reconnection jet is parallel or antiparallel to the up-and-down motion of the tail’s current sheet.The normalized reconnection rate R is estimated to be~0.1.Our results indicate that such asymmetric reconnections can significantly enlarge current sheet flapping,with large oscillation amplitudes.This letter presents direct evidence of guide field reconnection in a highly twisted current sheet,characterized by enlarged current sheet flapping as a consequence of the reconnection outflow.

Exact solutions for magnetohydrodynamic nanofluids flow and heat transfer over a permeable axisymmetric radially stretching/shrinking sheet

We report on the magnetohydrodynamic impact on the axisymmetric flow of Al_(2)O_(3)/Cu nanoparticles suspended in H_(2)O past a stretched/shrinked sheet.With the use of partial differential equations and the corresponding thermophysical characteristics of nanoparticles,the physical flow process is illustrated.The resultant nonlinear system of partial differential equations is converted into a system of ordinary differential equations using the suitable similarity transformations.The transformed differential equations are solved analytically.Impacts of the magnetic parameter,solid volume fraction and stretching/shrinking parameter on momentum and temperature distribution have been analyzed and interpreted graphically.The skin friction and Nusselt number were also evaluated.In addition,existence of dual solution was deduced for the shrinking sheet and unique solution for the stretching one.Further,Al_(2)O_(3)/H_(2)O nanofluid flow has better thermal conductivity on comparing with Cu/H_(2)O nanofluid.Furthermore,it was found that the first solutions of the stream are stable and physically realizable,whereas those of the second ones are unstable.

Numerical simulation on sand sedimentation and erosion characteristics around HDPE sheet sand barrier under different wind angles

For the safety of railroad operations,sand barriers are utilized to mitigate wind-sand disaster effects.These disasters,characterized by multi-directional wind patterns,result in diverse angles among the barriers.In this study,using numerical simulations,we examined the behavior of High Density Polyethylene(HDPE)sheet sand barriers under different wind angles,focusing on flow field distribution,windproof efficiency,and sedimentation erosion dynamics.This study discovered that at a steady wind speed,airflow velocity varies as the angle between the airflow and the HDPE barrier changes.Specifically,a 90°angle results in the widest low-speed airflow area on the barrier’s downwind side.If the airflow is not perpendicular to the barrier,it prompts a lateral airflow movement which decreases as the angle expands.The windproof efficiency correlates directly with this angle but inversely with the wind’s speed.Notably,with a wind angle of 90°,wind speed drops by 81%.The minimum wind speed is found at 5.1H(the sand barrier height)on the barrier’s downwind side.As the angle grows,the barrier’s windproof efficiency improves,extending its protective reach.Sedimentation is most prominent on the barrier’s downwind side,as the wind angle shifts from 30°to 90°,the sand sedimentation area on the barrier’s downwind side enlarges by 14.8H.As the angle grows,sedimentation intensifies,eventually overtakes the forward erosion and enlarges the sedimentation area.

Flow field, sedimentation, and erosion characteristics around folded linear HDPE sheet sand fence: Numerical simulation study

Wind and sand hazards are serious in the Milan Gobi area of the Xinjiang section of the Korla Railway. In order to ensure the safe operation of railroads, there is a need for wind and sand protection in heavily sandy areas. The wind and sand flow in the region is notably bi-directional. To shield railroads from sand, a unique sand fence made of folded linear high-density polyethylene(HDPE) is used, aligning with the principle that the dominant wind direction is perpendicular to the fence. This study employed field observations and numerical simulations to investigate the effectiveness of these HDPE sand fences in altering flow field distribution and offering protection. It also explored how these fences affect the deposition and erosion of sand particles. Findings revealed a significant reduction in wind speed near the fence corner;the minimum horizontal wind speed on the leeward side of the first sand fence(LSF) decreased dramatically from 3 m/s to 0.64 m/s. The vortex area on the LSF markedly impacted horizontal wind speeds. Within the LSF, sand deposition was a primary occurrence. As wind speeds increased, the deposition zone shrank, whereas the positive erosion zone expanded. Close to the folded corners of the HDPE sand fence, there was a notable shift from the positive erosion zone to a deposition zone. Field tests and numerical simulations confirmed the high windproof efficiency(WE) and sand resistance efficiency(SE) in the HDPE sand fence. Folded linear HDPE sheet sand fence can effectively slow down the incoming flow and reduce the sand content, thus achieving good wind and sand protection. This study provides essential theoretical guidance for the design and improvement of wind and sand protection systems in railroad engineering.

Carbon Fiber Breakage Mechanism in Aluminum(Al)/Carbon Fibers(CFs) Composite Sheet during Accumulative Roll Bonding(ARB) Process

We put forward a method of fabricating Aluminum(Al)/carbon fibers(CFs) composite sheets by the accumulative roll bonding(ARB) method. The finished Al/CFs composite sheet has CFs and pure Al sheets as sandwich and surface layers. After cross-section observation of the Al/CFs composite sheet, we found that the CFs discretely distributed within the sandwich layer. Besides, the tensile test showed that the contribution of the sandwich CFs layer to tensile strength was less than 11% compared with annealed pure Al sheet. With ex-situ observation of the CFs breakage evolution with-16%,-32%, and-45% rolling reduction during the ARB process, the plastic instability of the Al layer was found to bring shear damages to the CFs. At last, the bridging strengthening mechanism introduced by CFs was sacrificed. We provide new insight into and instruction on Al/CFs composite sheet preparation method and processing parameters.

Migration and role of zinc in biogeochemical cycles in the Antarctic Ice Sheet and the Southern Ocean

Zinc(Zn),a widespread metal in the Earth’s crust,serves as a crucial nutrient in the Southern Ocean’s primary production.Studies on Zn in Antarctic snow and ice offer insights into the origins of this metal and its transport routes,as well as its impact on the biogeochemical processes within the Antarctic atmosphere–land–ocean system.This review examines research on the spatial and temporal distribution of Zn in Antarctic snow and ice,as well as in Southern Ocean waters.It includes an overview of advanced methods for sampling and analyzing Zn,along with explanations for the observed variations.The review also discusses various sources of Zn as a nutrient to the Southern Ocean.Finally,it addresses prospective issues related to the use of Zn isotopes in identifying atmospheric sources and their biogeochemical effects on the development of the Southern Ocean ecosystem.

Chemically Radiative MHD Flow of a Micropolar Nanofluid over a Stretching/ Shrinking Sheet with a Heat Source or Sink

This study examines the behavior of a micropolar nanofluidflowing over a sheet in the presence of a transverse magneticfield and thermal effects.In addition,chemical(first-order homogeneous)reactions are taken into account.A similarity transformation is used to reduce the system of governing coupled non-linear partial differ-ential equations(PDEs),which account for the transport of mass,momentum,angular momentum,energy and species,to a set of non-linear ordinary differential equations(ODEs).The Runge-Kutta method along with shoot-ing method is used to solve them.The impact of several parameters is evaluated.It is shown that the micro-rota-tional velocity of thefluid rises with the micropolar factor.Moreover,the radiation parameter can have a remarkable influence on theflow and temperature profiles and on the angular momentum distribution.

Some recent advances in remote sensing-based monitoring of changes in the Greenland Ice Sheet

The mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet(GrIS)plays a crucial role in global sea level change.Since the 1960s,remote sensing missions have been providing extensive and continuous observation data for change monitoring of the GrIS.In this paper,we present our recent research results from remote sensing-based GrIS change monitoring.First,historical satellite data are processed and used to fill data gaps and are combined with existing partial maps,completing an ice velocity map of the GrIS from the 1960s to 1980s.This map provides valuable data for estimating the historical mass balance of Greenland.Second,the monthly gravimetry-based mass balance of the GrIS from 2002 to 2020 is estimated by combining Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE)and GRACE Follow On(GRACE-FO)data.It is found that the GrIS has lost a total mass of approximately 4443±75 Gt during this period.Third,based on Global Land Ice Measurements from Space(GLIMS),an updated Greenland glacier inventory is achieved utilizing data collected between 2006 and 2020.This inventory provides more detailed and up-to-data glacier boundaries of Greenland.Overall,these advances provide essential data support for estimating the mass balance of the GrIS,contributing to the advancement of research on global sea level change.

A Physical Core-Loss Model for Laminated Magnetic Sheet Steels

A full-frequency instant core-loss equation built from the induction physical model of magnetic materials, where the iron loss, eddy loss, and hysteresis loss no longer have an integral term, and this new equation provides high simulation accuracy and performs dynamic core loss analysis on non-sinusoidal or pulse magnetic fields. The simulation examples use a high-grade electrical steel sheet 65CS400 by Epstein experimental data covering magnetic field 0.1 - 1.8 T and frequency 50 - 5000 Hz, and the average error of the simulated core loss is less than 4%. Since the simulation is converged by magnetic physical parameters, so the physical relevance of the similar laminated materials can be compared with the coefficient results. .

Innovative Techniques Unveiled in Advanced Sheet Pile Curtain Design

This thorough review explores the complexities of geotechnical engineering, emphasizing soil-structure interaction (SSI). The investigation centers on sheet pile design, examining two primary methodologies: Limit Equilibrium Methods (LEM) and Soil-Structure Interaction Methods (SSIM). While LEM methods, grounded in classical principles, provide valuable insights for preliminary design considerations, they may encounter limitations in addressing real-world complexities. In contrast, SSIM methods, including the SSI-SR approach, introduce precision and depth to the field. By employing numerical techniques such as Finite Element (FE) and Finite Difference (FD) analyses, these methods enable engineers to navigate the dynamics of soil-structure interaction. The exploration extends to SSI-FE, highlighting its essential role in civil engineering. By integrating Finite Element analysis with considerations for soil-structure interaction, the SSI-FE method offers a holistic understanding of how structures dynamically interact with their geotechnical environment. Throughout this exploration, the study dissects critical components governing SSIM methods, providing engineers with tools to navigate the intricate landscape of geotechnical design. The study acknowledges the significance of the Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model while recognizing its limitations, and guiding practitioners toward informed decision-making in geotechnical analyses. As the article concludes, it underscores the importance of continuous learning and innovation for the future of geotechnical engineering. With advancing technology and an evolving understanding of soil-structure interaction, the study remains committed to ensuring the safety, stability, and efficiency of geotechnical structures through cutting-edge design and analysis techniques.

Advanced Sheet Pile Curtain Design: Case Study of Cotonou East Corniche

This paper delves into the critical aspects of sheet pile walls in civil engineering, highlighting their versatility in soil protection, retention, and waterproofing, all while emphasizing sustainability and efficient construction practices. The paper explores two fundamental approaches to sheet pile design: limit equilibrium methods and numerical techniques, with a particular focus on finite element analysis. Utilizing the robust PLAXIS 2016 calculation code based on the finite element method and employing a simplified elastoplastic model (Mohr-Coulomb), this study meticulously models the interaction between sheet pile walls and surrounding soil. The research offers valuable insights into settlement and deformation patterns that adjacent buildings may experience during various construction phases. The central objective of this paper is to present the study’s findings and recommend potential mitigation measures for settlement effects on nearby structures. By unraveling the intricate interplay between sheet pile wall construction and neighboring buildings, the paper equips engineers and practitioners to make informed decisions that ensure the safety and integrity of the built environment. In the context of the Cotonou East Corniche development, the study addresses the limitations of existing software, such as RIDO, in predicting settlements and deformations affecting nearby buildings due to the substantial load supported by sheet pile walls. This information gap necessitates a comprehensive study to assess potential impacts on adjacent structures and propose suitable mitigation measures. The research underscores the intricate dynamics between sheet pile wall construction and its influence on the local environment. It emphasizes the critical importance of proactive engineering and vigilant monitoring in managing and mitigating potential hazards to nearby buildings. To mitigate these risks, the paper recommends measures such as deep foundations, ground improvement techniques, and retrofitting. The findings presented in this study contribute significantly to the field of civil engineering and offer invaluable insights into the multifaceted dynamics of construction-induced settlement. The study underscores the importance of continuous evaluation and coordination between construction teams and building owners to effectively manage the impacts of sheet pile wall construction on adjacent structures.

Mixed convectional and chemical reactive flow of nanofluid with slanted MHD on moving permeable stretching/shrinking sheet through nonlinear radiation,energy omission

Hybrid nanofluids are remarkable functioning liquids that are intended to reduce the energy loss while maximizing the heat transmission.In the involvement of suction and nonlinear thermal radiation effects,this study attempted to explore the energy transmission features of the inclined magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)stagnation flow of CNTs-hybrid nanofluid across the nonlinear permeable stretching or shrinking sheet.This work also included some noteworthy features like chemical reactions,variable molecular diffusivity,quadratic convection,viscous dissipation,velocity slip and heat omission assessment.Employing appropriate similarity components,the model equations were modified to ODEs and computed by using the HAM technique.The impact of various relevant flow characteristics on movement,heat and concentration profiles was investigated and plotted on a graph.Considering various model factors,the significance of drag friction,heat and mass transfer rate were also computed in tabular and graphical form.This leads to the conclusion that such factors have a considerable impact on the dynamics of fluid as well as other engineering measurements of interest.Furthermore,viscous forces are dominated by increasing the values ofλ_(p),δ_(m)andδ_(q),and as a result,F(ξ)accelerates while the opposite trend is observed for M andφ.The drag friction is boosted by the augmentation M,λ_(p)andφ,but the rate of heat transfer declined.According to our findings,hybrid nanoliquid effects dominate that of ordinary nanofluid in terms of F(ξ),Θ(ξ)andφ(ξ)profiles.The HAM and the numerical technique(shooting method)were found to be in good agreement.

同质异构Al-Cu-Mg系混晶粉末冶金制备新方法

为突破传统同质粉末材料均以颗粒尺寸细化作为改性的单一途径禁锢,提出同质异构思想,即通过低能球磨将不同粒径的AA2024合金粉末按照一定比例混合,经热压烧结制备混晶坯料。研究结果表明,传统单一粒径粉末烧结后晶粒形貌趋向于不规则多边形状,而不同粒径粉末混合烧结后晶粒形貌为小颗粒包覆大颗粒的结构形式;与前者相比,当粗粉占比为20%(质量分数)时,抗拉强度增加了38.8%;当粗粉占比为50%时,伸长率提高了14%。粉末混合后的烧结样品呈沿晶断裂和穿晶断裂的混合断裂机制,第二相对位错的钉扎效应更加明显,因此,合金性能得到显著提高。此研究工作为高性能同质异构混晶材料的制备提供了一种新思路。

原子团簇尺寸对Al-Cu-Mg合金疲劳过程中滑移带形成及裂纹扩展行为的影响

通过透射电镜(TEM)、原子探针(APT)等分析手段,研究了不同时效态Al-Cu-Mg合金中原子团簇对疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响。结果表明:自然时效态试样只含有小尺寸原子团簇(<100个原子),而170℃人工时效态试样出现大尺寸原子团簇(>100个原子),且随着时效时间的延长,大尺寸原子团簇逐渐增多,并在170℃/8 h态开始析出少量S′相。小尺寸原子团簇对位错滑移的阻碍作用较小,在裂纹扩展过程中形成了较多的滑移带,裂纹沿滑移带扩展,表现出较高的裂纹扩展速率;随着团簇尺寸的增大,延缓了Al-Cu-Mg合金在疲劳过程中的溶解和强化效应的衰减,限制了裂纹前端滑移带的形成,显著降低了裂纹扩展速率;S′相的析出阻止了位错往复滑移并减少了裂纹闭合效应,表现出较高的疲劳裂纹扩展速率。170℃/1 h态合金中大尺寸原子团簇数量密度较高,且没有析出S’相,因此具有较优的抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能。

Al-Cu-Mg合金组织与力学性能的新型热机械处理调控

采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、拉伸力学性能测试、疲劳裂纹扩展速率测试等研究了新型热机械处理对Al-Cu-Mg合金组织与性能的影响及调控机理。结果表明:新型热机械处理可以使Al-Cu-Mg合金实现良好的强塑性配合,在高伸长率(11.3%)条件下抗拉强度和屈服强度分别达到516.7MPa和475.3 MPa。热机械处理中的大倾转角、大扭转角晶界的Goss晶粒和剪切织构的引入显著提高了合金的抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能,裂纹闭合效应可降低有效裂纹尖端应力强度因子范围,延缓疲劳裂纹扩展速率。新型热机械处理通过对析出相、位错与织构组态的协同调控以显著改善合金的力学性能。本工艺的织构演变包括Cube织构和Goss织构的形成与转变,Brass织构、Copper织构和S织构等轧制织构以及剪切织构的形成。

微量Sn添加对Al-Cu-Mg合金均匀化过程中组织演变的影响

采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、电子探针显微分析(EPMA)和X射线衍射(XRD)等研究了微量Sn添加对Al-Cu-Mg合金均匀化前后微观组织演变的影响,同时对合金拉伸性能进行了测试。结果表明:Al-Cu-Mg-Sn合金中初生Mg_(2) Sn相的形成为剩余α(Al)液相的凝固提供了异质形核点,细化了Al-Cu-Mg合金的晶粒尺寸,由约300μm减少至约150μm。一级均匀化热处理(490℃保温22 h)后,含Sn合金中虽然具有更多的Al_(2) Cu相残留,但可通过更高温的二级均匀化热处理(510℃保温3 h)得到有效消除,且合金中的Al_(7)Cu_(2) Fe相也得到了较大幅度的细化和球化。添加微量Sn后,合金的抗拉强度由209 MPa提升至256 MPa,断后伸长率由3%提升至5.5%。断裂方式由解理断裂为主转变为出现大量韧窝的塑性断裂。

冷轧变形对Al-Cu-Mg合金的显微组织与力学性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、EBSD技术、透射电子显微镜和万能拉伸试验机等研究了冷轧变形对热轧态Al-Cu-Mg合金显微组织和性能的影响。显微组织观察结果表明,随着冷轧变形量的增加,合金中未溶的Al_(2)CuMg[Fe,Mn]相和Al_(2)Cu[Fe,Mn]相发生了破碎。基体中存在较多的棒状Al_(2)0 Cu_(2)Mn_(3)相,该相附近存在大量缠结位错,对合金产生显著强化效果。在冷轧变形量为19%时,位错密度达到最大值。同时,随着冷轧变形量的增加,S、R、Cube、Goss、Brass织构的含量也增加,〈111〉、〈110〉织构的含量降低。力学性能测试结果表明,随着冷轧变形量的增加,合金强度提高,延伸率仍保持较高水平。当冷轧变形量为11%时,合金轧向综合力学性能最佳,抗拉强度为465.0 MPa,屈服强度为291.6 MPa,延伸率为19.0%。此时,合金横向抗拉强度为469.9 MPa,屈服强度为318.0 MPa,延伸率为16.9%。

Mechanism of plasticity enhancement of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet by accumulative alternating back extrusion

Accumulative alternating back extrusion was a potential fine-grain modification method.In this paper,it was an innovative attempt to develop high-performance magnesium alloy sheet by this process.Under the condition of 350 K,commercial AZ31 magnesium alloy was made into billet by accumulative alternating back extrusion,and then extruded into fine-grain magnesium alloy sheet.Through a systematic study of its microstructure and mechanical properties,the results showed that the initial state had an important influence on the evolution of the structure during extrusion.After accumulative alternating back extrusion to produce the billet,the grain size of the sheet obtained by extrusion was significantly refined,which was related to the accumulation of deformation and grain refinement during the alternating loading process.Grain refinement caused the proportion of dynamic recrystallization inside the sheet with 2 cycles of accumulative alternating back extrusion to drop to 27%.With the increase of extrusion cycles from 2 to 4,the high density of dislocations led to an increase in the proportion of dynamic recrystallization and finer grains.The texture changed from strong basal texture to weak bimodal texture.The results of uniaxial tensile test show that due to grain refinement and texture change,the yield strength was significantly reduced,and the plasticity was significantly improved.It was verified that accumulative alternating back extrusion was meaningful for subsequent processing,and it also provided scientific guidance for the development of fine-grained magnesium alloy sheet.