时效时间对Al-Mg-Si-Cu铝合金表面阳极氧化膜微观结构及光泽度的影响

采用硫酸阳极氧化对经过180℃下4 h、10 h、30 h时效处理的Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金表面进行阳极氧化处理,探究不同时效时间对Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金阳极氧化膜层微观结构及其光泽度的影响。研究结果表明:与基体材料相比,不同时效时间合金阳极氧化后的光泽度均出现明显降低,且光泽度随时效时间增加先变大后减小;随时效时间增加,合金晶界析出相分别呈现连续—离散—连续的分布状态,其在阳极氧化过程中优先氧化溶解,使阳极氧化膜呈现沿晶界分布的孔洞特征,连续分布的晶界析出相引起的孔洞更明显,同时造成孔洞及其周围区域粗糙度增加,这是不同时效时间合金阳极氧化后光泽度出现差异的主要原因;基体中粗大的AlFeMnSi相会出现阳极氧化膜层中微米级孔洞,从而降低阳极氧化样品的光泽度,但时效时间对其没有明显影响。

Strengthening mechanism of T8-aged Al-Cu-Li alloy with increased pre-deformation

The microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of a T8-aged Al-Cu-Li alloy with increased pre-deformation(0-15%) were investigated,revealing the microstructure-strength relationship and the intrinsic strengthening mechanism.The results show that increasing the pre-deformation levels remarkably improves the strength of the alloy but deteriorates its ductility.Dislocations introduced by pre-deformation effectively suppress the formation of Guinier-Preston(GP) zones and provide more nucleation sites for T1 precipitates.This leads to more intensive and finer T1 precipitates in the samples with higher pre-deformation levels.Simultaneously,the enhanced precipitation of T1 precipitates and inhibited formation of GP zones cause the decreases in number and sizes of θ′ precipitates.The quantitative descriptions of the strength contributions from different strengthening mechanisms reveal that strengthening contributions from T1 and θ′ precipitates decrease with increasing pre-deformation.The reduced diameters of T1 precipitates are primarily responsible for their weakened strengthening effects.Therefore,the improved strength of the T8-aged Al-Cu-Li alloy is mainly attributed to the stronger strain hardening from the increased pre-deformation levels.

Damage characteristics of Cu−Cr−Zr alloy rail of electromagnetic railgun after simulated launch

The damage characteristics of different speed sections of Cu−Cr−Zr alloy rail after simulated launch were studied.The microstructure,morphologies and properties of samples were investigated by using XRD,XPS,EBSD,SEM,hardness test,electrochemical test and DSC techniques.It was found that deposition layers were formed on the surfaces of the simulated launch samples.The thickness and surface roughness of these deposition layers increased with increasing the heat effect,suggesting a launch speed dependent damage degree of the arc ablation.The hardness variation of samples is attributed to the effects of the deposition layer and deformation hardening.The surface deposition layer affects corrosion resistance and crystalline characteristics,leading to changes in subsequent service performances.Additionally,the surface texture and plastic deformation ability of the samples are related to the recrystallization degree and deformation grain amount.

Synergistic effect of gradient Zn content and multiscale particles on the mechanical properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys with coupling distribution of coarse-fine grains

This study investigated the influence of graded Zn content on the evolution of precipitated and iron-rich phases and grain struc-ture of the alloys,designed and developed the Al–8.0Zn–1.5Mg–1.5Cu–0.2Fe(wt%)alloy with high strength and formability.With the increase of Zn content,forming the coupling distribution of multiscale precipitates and iron-rich phases with a reasonable matching ratio and dispersion distribution characteristics is easy.This phenomenon induces the formation of cell-like structures with alternate distribu-tion of coarse and fine grains,and the average plasticity–strain ratio(characterizing the formability)of the pre-aged alloy with a high strength is up to 0.708.Results reveal the evolution and influence mechanisms of multiscale second-phase particles and the corresponding high formability mechanism of the alloys.The developed coupling control process exhibits considerable potential,revealing remarkable improvements in the room temperature formability of high-strength Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys.

Corrosion behavior of 2A97 Al-Cu-Li alloys in different thermomechanical conditions by quasi-in-situ analysis

As a promising material in the aircraft industry,2A97 Al-Cu-Li alloy exhibits high corrosion susceptibility that may limit its application.In the present work,to illustrate the influences of precipitate and grain-stored energy on localized corrosion evolution in 2A97 Al-Cu-Li alloy,cold working and artificial aging were carried out to produce 2A97 Al-Cu-Li alloys under different thermomechanical conditions.Quasi-in-situ analysis,traditional immersion test and electrochemical measurement were then conducted to examine the corrosion behavior of 2A97 alloys.It is revealed that precipitate significantly affects Cu enrichment at corrosion fronts,which determines corrosion susceptibility of alloys,whereas grain-stored energy distribution is closely associated with localized corrosion propagation.It is also indicated that quasi-in-situ analysis exhibits a consistent corrosion evolution with traditional immersion tests,which is regarded as a proper method to explore localized corrosion mechanisms by providing local microstructural information with enhanced time and spatial resolutions.

Effect of cold rolling deformation on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of spray formed Al−Zn−Mg−Cu−Cr alloys

The impact of cold rolling deformation,which was introduced after solid solution and before aging treatment,on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the as-extruded spray formed Al−9.8Zn−2.3Mg−1.73Cu−0.13Cr(wt.%)alloy,was investigated.SEM,TEM,and EBSD were used to analyze the microstructures,and tensile tests were conducted to assess mechanical properties.The results indicate that the D1-T6 sample,subjected to 25%cold rolling deformation,exhibits finer grains(3.35μm)compared to the D0-T6 sample(grain size of 4.23μm)without cold rolling.Cold rolling refines the grains that grow in solution treatment.Due to the combined effects of finer and more dispersed precipitates,higher dislocation density and smaller grains,the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the D1-T6 sample can reach 663 and 737 MPa,respectively.In comparison to the as-extruded and D0-T6 samples,the yield strength of the D1-T6 sample increases by 415 and 92 MPa,respectively.

Influence of thermomechanical treatment on recrystallization and softening resistance of Cu-6.5Fe-0.3Mg alloy

The recrystallization and softening resistance of a Cu-6.5Fe-0.3Mg(mass fraction,%)alloy prepared by Process 1(cold rolling heat treatment)and Process 2(hot/cold rolling heat treatment)were studied using Vickers hardness tests,tensile tests,scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.The softening temperature,hardness and tensile strength of the alloy prepared by Process 2 were 110°C,HV 15 and 114 MPa higher,respectively,than those of the alloy prepared by Process 1 after aging at 300°C.The recrystallization activation energy of the alloys prepared by Process 1 and Process 2 were 72.83 and 98.11 kJ/mol,respectively.The pinning effects of the precipitates of the two alloys on grain boundaries and dislocations were basically the same.The softening mechanism was mainly attributed to the loss of dislocation strengthening.The higher Fe fiber density inhibited the average free migration path of dislocations and grain boundary migration in the alloy,which was the main reason for higher softening temperature of the alloy prepared by Process 2.

Microstructural characteristics and paint-bake response of Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy

The microstructural characteristics and paint-bake response of 6022 alloy with 0.3% Cu(mass fraction)were studied using optical microscope,scanning electron microscope(SEM),transmission electron microscope(TEM)and tensile tester.The results indicate that the phase constituents in the as-cast microstructure are Mg2Si,Si,Al5Cu2Mg8Si6,Al5FeSi,α-Al(MnCrFe)Si and CuAl2.During the following homogenization,CuAl2,Al5Cu2Mg8Si6 and Mg2Si phases are almost completely dissolved,and Al5FeSi transforms to α-Al(MnCrFe)Si particles.After rolling,the phase constituents in the alloy change less except the precipitation of Mg2Si particles,and the precipitation behavior of Mg2Si strongly depends on the thermomechanical conditions.Cu addition significantly increases the paint-bake response of 6022 alloy by facilitating the formation of β-" phase.Therefore,the tensile strength of 6022 alloy with 0.3% Cu is higher than that of 6022 alloy without Cu after paint-bake cycle.

Microstructure, Texture, and Hardness Evolutions of Al-Mg-Si-Cu Alloy during Annealing Treatment

Microstructure, texture and hardness evolutions of Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy during annealing treatment were studied by microstructure, texture and hardness characterization in the present study. The experimental results show that microstructure, texture and hardness will change to some extent with the increase of annealing temperature. The microstructure transforms from the elongated bands to elongated grains first, and then the grains grow continuously. The texture transforms from the initial deformation texture b fiber to recrystallization texture mainly consisting of CubeND {001}<310> and P {011}<122> orientations first, and then the recrystallization texture may be enhanced continuously as a result of the grain growth. Hardness decreases slowly at first, and then decreases sharply and increases significantly finally. Besides, the particle distributions also have great changes. As the annealing temperature increases, they increase firstly as a result of precipitation, and then gradually disappear as a result of dissolution. Finally, the effect of annealing temperature on microstructure, texture and hardness evolutions is discussed.

Effects of magnesium content on phase constituents of Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloys

By means of scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive spectrum(EDS), X-ray diffractometry(XRD) and metallographic analysis, the effects of variation of magnesium content on phase constituents of Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloys were investigated. The results indicate that the constituents formed during casting alloys are main Al1.9CuMg4.1Si3.3,Al4(MnFe)3Si2 and Mg2Si, while pure Si is only present in the alloy containing lower magnesium content. Increasing Mg content leads to increasing the amount of Mg2Si, but decreasing the amount of Al1.9CuMg4.1Si3.3 and Al4(MnFe)3Si2. During the following homogenization process, Al1.9CuMg4.1Si3.3 is completely dissolved, Al4(MnFe)3Si2 and pure Si remain unchanged. After rolling and final heat treatment, the constituents in the alloys change no longer.

末道次冷轧变形量对Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金织构和力学性能的影响

通过X射线衍射、电子背散射衍射技术和拉伸测试等研究了末道次冷轧变形量对汽车车身板用Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金板材织构、晶粒形貌和力学性能的影响。结果表明:在成分和冷轧后固溶处理工艺相同的情况下,织构是决定Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金板材力学性能的主要因素。晶粒尺寸最大的33%试样反而获得了最高的抗拉强度和较低的屈强比。这是因为减小末道次冷轧变形量可以降低固溶及预时效处理状态下板材Cube和Cube+ND_(20)织构的含量,从而减少立方型织构对板材强度的损害。而末道次大变形量冷轧会促进再结晶时Copper、S和Brass织构向Cube和Cube+ND_(20)织构的转变,并抑制S织构转变成R织构,在实际生产中应当避免。

高强Al-Mg-Si-Cu铝合金的时效工艺研究

目的研究时效工艺参数对高强Al-Mg-Si-Cu铝合金微观组织和力学性能的影响规律,以得到Al-Mg-Si-Cu铝合金时效后最优的性能和微观组织。方法在不同时效处理工艺参数条件下,通过对Al-Mg-Si-Cu铝合金时效处理后的硬度、电导率、室温力学性能进行测试与对比分析,并结合微观组织观察实验,分析了不同时效温度及时效时间对Al-Mg-Si-Cu铝合金时效强化相及力学性能的影响规律。结果在不同时效温度条件下,经不同时效时间的时效处理后,Al-Mg-Si-Cu铝合金的电导率随时效温度的升高和时间的延长而增大,当时效温度为170、180、190℃时,硬度和力学性能在时效时间为16、12、8h时达到峰值。同时,当时效时间为8、12、16 h时,Al-Mg-Si-Cu铝合金的时效强化相分别是β''相、β'相和Q'相;在峰值时效和过时效工况下,Al-Mg-Si-Cu铝合金的析出相均存在Q'相,该相对合金的强度具有明显的贡献。在过时效阶段,Al-Mg-Si-Cu铝合金强化相明显初化,力学性能和硬度均有明显降低。结论经淬火处理+180℃/12 h时效处理后,高强Al-Mg-Si-Cu铝合金的力学性能最优,抗拉强度和屈服强度分别为404 MPa和388MPa,硬度为136HV。

Effect of Mg on microstructures and properties of Al-Mg-Si-Cu aluminium alloys for automotive body sheets

The effects of variation of Mg content on microstructures, the tensile properties and the formability of Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloys for automotive body sheets were investigated by means of scan electron microscopy, optical metallographic analysis, tensile and Ericsson tests. The results show that for Al-Mg-Si-Cu aluminium alloys with excessive Si, with an increment of Mg content, the strength enhances, the specific elongation and Erisson values of alloys decrease, and the number of Mg2Si constituent increases and that of Al（MnFe）Si type constituents reduces. Al-Mg-Si-Cu aluminium alloys with excessive Si for automotive body sheets can present obviously the paint bake hardenability during the paint bake cycle （i.e. artificial aging at 170 ℃ for 30 min immediately after the solution treatment and quenching）. Suitable Mg content should be controlled in the range of 0.8% and 1.2%（mass fraction）.

Influence of Si Contents on the Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Al-Mg-Si-Cu-Zn Alloys

The influence of different Si contents on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Al⁃Mg⁃Si⁃Cu⁃Zn alloys was systematically studied using tensile testing,OM,SEM,EDS,and EBSD.The results indicate that the grain size of as⁃cast alloys was gradually reduced with the increase of the Si content,which mainly resulted from the formation of many iron⁃rich phases and precipitates during the casting process.During homogenization treatment,the plate⁃likeβ⁃AlFeSi phases in the alloy with a higher Si content easily transformed to the sphericalα⁃Al(FeMn)Si phases,which is helpful for improving the formability of alloys.The microstructure evolution of the alloys was also greatly dependent on the content of Si that the number density and homogeneous distribution level of precipitates in the final cold rolled alloys both increased with the increase of the Si content,which further provided a positive effect on the formation of fine recrystallization grains during the subsequent solution treatment.As a result,the yield strength,ultimate tensile strength,and elongation of the pre⁃aged alloys in the direction of 45°with respect to the rolling direction were all increased with increasing Si content.

Cu-Fe合金凝固过程中结构变化研究

采用分子动力学模拟方法研究了Cu_(100-X)Fe_(X)(X=1%、3%、5%)合金在冷却速率为2×10^(10)K/s条件下合金凝固过程.研究表明,Fe含量为1%时,随着合金温度的降低Fe原子始终保持均匀分布的状态,未出现Fe原子聚集现象,晶体结构是以FCC为主的Cu基体,Fe原子以固溶形式存在于基体中.Fe含量为3%时,随着合金温度的降低Fe原子有聚集趋势,但BCC晶体结构占比较小,晶体结构仍是以FCC为主的Cu基体.Fe含量为5%,随着合金温度的降低Fe原子发生明显聚集,最终形成以FCC、HCP晶体类型为主镶嵌Fe原子的Cu基体.研究了Fe团簇的形成过程,结果表明,Fe团簇的形成、长大是一个连续的过程,该过程受形核生长机制控制,不同阶段形成Fe团簇的大小和数量受Fe-Fe原子相互作用力、Fe原子的扩散能力以及Fe团簇与Cu基体间的界面能三个因素共同影响.

Al-Mg-Si-(Cu)铝合金在连续升温中的析出行为

采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了Al-Mg-Si和Al-Mg-Si-Cu铝合金的连续升温时效析出行为,并结合JMA方程分析Cu对该合金时效析出动力学的影响,计算出各种亚稳相析出动力学参数,进而得出各相析出的相关动力学表达式及TTT曲线。结果表明:Cu显著地提高了Al-Mg-Si合金的时效硬化效果和速率,这与Cu的添加降低了析出激活能密切相关;Al-Mg-Si合金原子团簇、GP区、β〞和β'的激活能分别为(67.3±1.5)、(96.9±3.5)、(106.6±3.1)和(158.9±3.9)kJ/mol;而Al-Mg-Si-Cu铝合金原子团簇、GP区、β〞、β'、Q'和Q相的激活能分别为(62.0±1.8)、(87.8±3.2)、(97.7±3.1)、(137.0±4.2)、(125.5±4.3)和(266.7±5.4)kJ/mol。

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg,Ag and Zn multi-microalloyed Al-(3.2-3.8)Cu-(1.0-1.4)Li alloys

To develop super-high strength Al-Li alloy,the microstructures and mechanical properties of Mg,Ag and Zn microalloyed Al-（3.2-3.8）Cu-（1.0-1.4）Li alloys（mass fraction） with T8 temper were studied.The results showed that 1%of lower Li content restricted the strengthening effect of increasing Cu content,while simultaneous increase in Cu and Li contents contributed effectively to the enhancement of strength.The alloys were mainly strengthened by plenty of fine and well dispersed TI（Al2CuLi）precipitates.There were also some minor precipitates of θ＇（Al2Cu） and δ＇（Al3Li）,which became less in number density,even disappeared during the aging process.Meanwhile,higher Li content favored the formation θ＇ and δ＇ and a small amount of S＂（Al2CuMg） phases.In addition,strengthening effect and microstructure variation were analyzed through total non-solution mole fraction of Cu and Li and their mole ratio.To obtain Al-Li alloy with super-high strength,the total mole fractions of Cu and Li should be increased,and their mole ratios should also be kept at a certain high level.

Microstructure of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr-0.5Er alloy under as-cast and homogenization conditions

The billets of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr and Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr-0.5Er alloys were prepared by semi-continuous direct chill casting （DCC）.The effects of trace Er on microstructure of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr alloy under as-cast and homogenization conditions were studied.The results show that the grain morphology is large dendritic structure and the grain size increases obviously by the addition of 0.5% Er.Moreover,most of Er element in the alloy segregates at grain boundary during solidification,resulting in ternary Al8Cu4Er phase.After homogenization,most of the MgZn2 phase at grain boundary has dissolved back to Al matrix in the two alloys.In the Er-containing alloy,the dissolution temperature of Al8Cu4Er phase is about 575 °C.Therefore,the homogenization treatment cannot eliminate Al8Cu4Er phase validity.

Effect of stacking fault energy on mechanical properties of ultrafine-grain Cu and Cu-Al alloy processed by cold-rolling

Cu,Cu-2.2%Al and Cu-4.5%Al with stacking fault energies（SFE） of 78,35 and 7 mJ/m2 respectively were processed by cold-rolling（CR） at liquid nitrogen temperature（77 K） after hot-rolling.X-ray diffraction measurements indicate that a decrease in SFE leads to a decrease in crystallite size but increase in microstrain,dislocation and twin densities of the CR processed samples.Tensile tests at room temperature indicate that as the stacking fault energy decreases,the strength and ductility increase.The results indicate that decreasing stacking fault energy is an optimum method to improve the ductility without loss of strength.

Influence of technical parameters on strength and ductility of AlSi9Cu3 alloys in squeeze casting

An orthogonal test was conducted to investigate the influence of technical parameters of squeeze casting on the strength and ductility of AISigCu3 alloys. The experimental results showed that when the forming pressure was higher than 65 MPa, the strength （ab） of A1Si9Cu3 alloys decreased with the forming pressure and pouring temperature increasing, whereas ab increased with the increase of filling velocity and mould preheating temperature. The ductility （6） by alloy was improved by increasing the forming pressure and filling velocity, but decreased with pouring temperature increasing. When the mould preheating temperature increased, the ductility increased first, and then decreased. Under the optimized parameters of pouring temperature 730 ℃, forming pressure 75 MPa, filling velocity 0.50 m/s, and mould preheating temperature 220 ℃, the tensile strength, elongation, and hardness of A1Si9Cu3 alloys obtained in squeeze casting were improved by 16.7%, 9.1%, and 10.1%, respectively, as compared with those of sand castings.