高压铸造参数对汽车用Al-Si-Cu铸造铝合金微观组织的影响

通过试验研究了合金元素含量、铸造温度和喷射压力对压铸铝合金微观组织的影响,对其组织特征和孔隙率进行了评价。对高压铸造零件进行取样与显微组织观察,研究了其微观组织的变化机制。结果表明,较低压力和较低的充型温度使高压铸造Al-Si-Cu合金孔隙率增加,促进粗大富铁金属间化合物的形成,改变α-Al相的形貌,合金元素含量的变化改变了在恒定铸造工艺参数下零件的微观组织。

Nano-scale Reinforcements and Properties of Al-Si-Cu Alloy Processed by High-Pressure Torsion

To improve the comprehensive mechanical properties of Al-Si-Cu alloy,it was treated by a high-pressure torsion process,and the effect of the deformation degree on the microstructure and properties of the Al-Si-Cu alloy was studied.The results show that the reinforcements(β-Si andθ-CuAl_(2)phases)of the Al-Si-Cu alloy are dispersed in theα-Al matrix phase with finer phase size after the treatment.The processed samples exhibit grain sizes in the submicron or even nanometer range,which effectively improves the mechanical properties of the material.The hardness and strength of the deformed alloy are both significantly raised to 268 HV and 390.04 MPa by 10 turns HPT process,and the fracture morphology shows that the material gradually transits from brittle to plastic before and after deformation.The elements interdiffusion at the interface between the phases has also been effectively enhanced.In addition,it is found that the severe plastic deformation at room temperature induces a ternary eutectic reaction,resulting in the formation of ternary Al+Si+CuAl_(2)eutectic.

Review of Sc microalloying effects in Al-Cu alloys

Artificially controlling the solid-state precipitation in aluminum (Al) alloys is an efficient way to achieve well-performed properties,and the microalloying strategy is the most frequently adopted method for such a purpose.In this paper,recent advances in lengthscale-dependent scandium (Sc) microalloying effects in Al-Cu model alloys are reviewed.In coarse-grained Al-Cu alloys,the Sc-aided Cu/Sc/vacancies complexes that act as heterogeneous nuclei and Sc segregation at the θ′-Al_(2)Cu/matrix interface that reduces interfacial energy contribute significantly to θ′precipitation.By grain size refinement to the fine/ultrafine-grained scale,the strongly bonded Cu/Sc/vacancies complexes inhibit Cu and vacancy diffusing toward grain boundaries,promoting the desired intragranular θ′precipitation.At nanocrystalline scale,the applied high strain producing high-density vacancies results in the formation of a large quantity of (Cu Sc,vacancy)-rich atomic complexes with high thermal stability,outstandingly improving the strength/ductility synergy and preventing the intractable low-temperature precipitation.This review recommends the use of microalloying technology to modify the precipitation behaviors toward better combined mechanical properties and thermal stability in Al alloys.

Development in oxide metallurgy for improving the weldability of high -strength low-alloy steel-Combined deoxidizers and microalloying elements

The mechanisms of oxide metallurgy include inducing the formation of intragranular acicular ferrite(IAF)using micron-sized inclusions and restricting the growth of prior austenite grains(PAGs)by nanosized particles during welding.The chaotically oriented IAF and refined PAGs inhibit crack initiation and propagation in the steel,resulting in high impact toughness.This work summarizes the com-bined effect of deoxidizers and alloying elements,with the aim to provide a new perspective for the research and practice related to im-proving the impact toughness of the heat affected zone(HAZ)during the high heat input welding.Ti complex deoxidation with other strong deoxidants,such as Mg,Ca,Zr,and rare earth metals(REMs),can improve the toughness of the heat-affected zone(HAZ)by re-fining PAGs or increasing IAF contents.However,it is difficult to identify the specific phase responsible for IAF nucleation because ef-fective inclusions formed by complex deoxidation are usually multiphase.Increasing alloying elements,such as C,Si,Al,Nb,or Cr,con-tents can impair HAZ toughness.A high C content typically increases the number of coarse carbides and decreases the potency of IAF formation.Si,Cr,or Al addition leads to the formation of undesirable microstructures.Nb reduces the high-temperature stability of the precipitates.Mo,V,and B can enhance HAZ toughness.Mo-containing precipitates present good thermal stability.VN or V(C,N)is ef-fective in promoting IAF nucleation due to its good coherent crystallographic relationship with ferrite.The formation of the B-depleted zone around the inclusion promotes IAF formation.The interactions between alloying elements are complex,and the effect of adding dif-ferent alloying elements remains to be evaluated.In the future,the interactions between various alloying elements and their effects on ox-ide metallurgy,as well as the calculation of the nucleation effects of effective inclusions using first principles calculations will become the focus of oxide metallurgy.

Effect of Ti and Ce Microalloy on Microstructure and Properties of Al-Si-Cu-Zr-Sr Cast Aluminum Alloy

The effect of Ti and Ce microalloying on the mechanical properties of Al-9Si-3.5Cu-0.2Zr-0.1Sr cast aluminum alloy was investigated,and it was hoped that the cast aluminum alloy with excellent comprehensive properties could be obtained.On the basis of Zr-Sr microalloyed cast aluminum alloy(Al-9Si-3.5Cu-0.2Zr-0.1Sr),the effects of 0.2Zr-0.1Sr-0.16Ti ternary microalloying and 0.2Zr-0.1Sr-0.16Ti-0.1Ce quaternary microalloying on the microstructure and properties of the alloy were investigated.The experimental results show that compared with Zr-Sr microalloying,Zr-Sr-Ti microalloying and Zr-Sr-Ti-Ce microalloying can effectively refine the microstructure,improve the modification effect of Si phase,and promote the improvement of Al_(2)Cu phase,thus improving the properties.The higher the degree of microalloying,the hardness is gradually increasing,but the electrical conductivity is gradually decreasing.Zr-Sr-Ti microalloying can increase the tensile strength of the alloy to 400.07 MPa and the elongation to 9.5%.Zr-Sr-Ti-Ce microalloying do not continue to improve the properties of the alloy,and the tensile strength and elongation after fracture decrease to a certain extent due to the addition of Ce.Therefore,the best comprehensive properties can be obtained by ZrSr-Ti microalloying(Al-9Si-3.5Cu-0.2Zr-0.1Sr-0.16Ti).

微量Mg元素对Al-Si-Cu合金铸件组织及力学性能的影响

针对发动机气缸体因力学性能差引起热机异响故障问题,文章结合优化调整工艺参数、改进模具浇注及冷却系统方案、增加热处理工艺等有效降低铸件缩孔、缩松率、提高铸件气密性的措施,重点研究了微量Mg元素对铸态Al-Si-Cu合金组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明,Mg在含量0.05%~0.55%范围内,随着Mg含量的增加,组织中存在于共晶Si和基体Al交界处的强化相Mg2Si逐渐增加;当Mg含量大于0.3%时,铸件的抗拉强度和屈服强度分别达到230.6MPa和157.3MPa,提升了43.6%和69.9%,实际应用中可以确定Mg含量为0.3%~0.55%,以确保铸件具有稳定的力学性能,避免诱发其他机械故障。

Effects of Rare-earth and Microalloying Elements on the Microstructure Characteristics of Hypereutectoid Rails

We performed thermal simulation experiments of double-pass deformation of hypereutectoid rails with different microalloying elements at a cooling rate of 1℃/s and deformation of 80%to explore the influence of rare-earth and microalloying elements on the structure of hypereutectoid rails and optimize the composition design of hypereutectoid rails.Scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,and other characterization techniques were employed to quantitatively analyzed the effects of different microalloying elements,including rare-earth elements,on pearlite lamellar spacing,cementite characteristics,and dislocation density.It was found that the lamellar spacing was reduced by adding various microalloying elements.Cementite lamellar thickness decreased with the refinement of pearlite lamellar spacing while the cementite content per unit volume increased.Local cementite spheroidization,dispersed in the ferrite matrix in granular form and thus playing the role of dispersion strengthening,was observed upon adding cerium(Ce).The contributions of dislocation density to the alloy strength of four steel sheet samples with and without the addition of nickel,Ce,and Ce–copper(Cu)composite were 26,27,32,and 37 MPa,respectively,indicating that the Ce–Cu composite had the highest dislocation strengthening effect.The Ce–Cu composite has played a meaningful role in the cementite characteristics and dislocation strengthening,which provides a theoretical basis for optimizing the composition design of hypereutectoid rails in actual production conditions.

Enhancing corrosion resistance of ZK60 magnesium alloys via Ca microalloying: The impact of nanoscale precipitates

Enhancing corrosion resistance of Mg-Zn alloys with high strength and low cost was critical for broadening their large-scale practical applications. Here we prepared solutionized, peak-and over-aged ZK60 alloys with and without microalloying Ca(0.26 wt.%) to explore the effects of nanoscale precipitates on their corrosion behavior in detail via experimental analyses and theoretical calculations. The results suggested the peak-aged ZK60 alloy with Ca addition showed improved corrosion resistance in comparison with the alloys without Ca,owing to the contribution of Ca on the refinement of precipitates and increase in their number density. Although the precipitates and Mg matrix formed micro-galvanic couples leading to dissolution, the fine and dense precipitates could generate “in-situ pinning” effect on the corrosion products, forming a spider-web-like structure and improving the corrosion inhibition ability accordingly. The pinning effect was closely related to the size and number density of precipitates. This study provided important insight into the design and development of advanced corrosion resistant Mg alloys.

不同孕育剂随流孕育对微合金化球墨铸铁组织和性能的影响

为探究硫氧孕育剂随流孕育对微合金化球墨铸铁组织和性能的影响,在相同铸造条件下,用树脂砂型分别浇注75Si Fe孕育剂和硫氧孕育剂随流孕育处理的球墨铸铁试样。通过组织观察、室温拉伸试验、布氏硬度试验等分析了两种不同孕育剂随流孕育对微合金化球墨铸铁的显微组织、力学性能和拉伸断口的影响,探寻硫氧孕育剂随流孕育与球墨铸铁组织和性能的联系。结果表明:两种试样均由大量的珠光体、少量的铁素体、大量的石墨球组成,其中用75Si Fe孕育剂进行随流孕育,石墨球易畸变,圆整度不好,石墨球数量少,尺寸较大,平均球化率为84%,平均石墨球数为137个/mm^(2);而用硫氧孕育剂进行随流孕育,石墨形态改善明显,石墨球径更细小,分布更均匀,石墨球数量大幅增加,平均球化率为91%,平均石墨球数为297个/mm^(2)。硫氧孕育剂试样的抗拉强度和断后伸长率均高于75Si Fe孕育剂,分别为874 MPa和6.4%。硫氧孕育剂随流孕育球墨铸铁试样断裂模式为伴有少量塑性变形的准解理断裂。综合认为,用硫氧孕育剂随流孕育可获得较高的综合力学性能。

白云鄂博矿稀土在钢中的传承与作用

白云鄂博矿是世界上最大的稀土资源储量共生矿,搞清稀土在钢中的传承规律,清晰认识稀土在钢中的作用及机理,是有效利用稀土资源的关键。文章总结作者团队多年的研究成果,围绕白云鄂博矿稀土在钢中的传承、稀土对钢冶金质量的影响和稀土在钢中的微合金化作用进行了综述。相关基础研究工作,能够丰富稀土在钢中作用的认识,也能够为白云鄂博矿稀土资源在钢中的高质高效利用提供理论和技术支撑。

Ti和Nb微合金化对CuZr基相变增韧非晶复合材料组织性能的影响

以典型B2相增韧非晶复合材料形成合金Zr_(48)Cu_(48)Al_(4)为基础,分别研究了Ti、Nb微合金化添加对其凝固组织和性能的影响规律。研究发现,与基础合金相比,微合金化显著改变了B2相的组织形貌(包括大小、数量、形状),其中Ti微合金化降低了B2晶体相的形核能力,提高了非晶和非晶复合材料的形成能力;而Nb微合金化则提高了B2相的稳定性,并大幅提高了非晶相与B2相的硬度以及非晶复合材料的强度和压缩塑性(分别达到了1470 MPa和21.5%)。本研究为非晶复合材料的成分设计与制备提供了实验依据,对开发高性能相变增韧非晶复合材料具有参考价值。

Ti微合金化热轧高强钢带性能试验研究

针对Ti微合金化高强钢带力学性能波动的问题,进行炼钢生产工艺优化,开展不同工艺对低合金高强钢热轧钢带力学性能影响的研究。原炼钢工艺为先将钢水在氩站进行钛合金化,然后直接送连铸机浇铸。为了进一步提高钢水洁净度、改善产品质量、增强力学性能稳定性,在原炼钢工艺中增加LF精炼工序,并进行新工艺试验。结果表明:钢水经过LF精炼处理,钢中硫含量从0.010%左右降低到0.005%左右,TiN夹杂物颗粒尺寸减小到10μm以内,能够使Ti微合金化高强钢热轧钢带的纵向冲击功提高43 J、横向冲击功提高38.9 J,并且具有良好的0℃低温冲击性能,保持产品力学性能稳定。

钛微合金化螺纹钢筋的生产试验

介绍了钛微合金化螺纹钢筋的生产工艺,以及不同的钛含量对螺纹钢组织性能的影响。试验表明:随着钛含量的增加,螺纹钢筋的强度得到显著提高,但是钛含量过高时,拉伸曲线会出现无屈服平台的现象,其原因是钛的加入降低了贝氏体临界转变速度,发生贝氏体转变,组织中的贝氏体比例较高,导致拉伸曲线无屈服平台。

压力铸造对Al-Si-Cu合金组织的影响

本文研究了压力铸造条件下Al Si Cu多元合金的显微组织 ,通过与重力铸造条件下的比较发现 :压力铸造不仅能明显细化Al Si Cu合金中的共晶组织和初生相 (初生α Al或初生硅 ) ,而且可以改善Al Si Cu多元合金中金属间化合物的形态和分布 ,甚至改变析出相的构成。

钎焊过程原位合成Al-Si-Cu合金及接头性能

Al-Si-Cu基钎料熔点低、强度高,非常适用于铝合金的钎焊。但位于三元共晶成分点附近的Al-Si-Cu合金由于含有大量的CuAl2脆性金属间化合物,无法采用常规塑性加工方法成形,因此限制了其使用范围。为克服上述不足,设计一种使用AlSi-CuAl复合焊丝在钎焊过程中原位合成Al-Si-Cu钎料的方法,并对其钎焊接头组织与性能进行研究。结果表明:采用的复合焊丝外层为AlSi合金,内层为CuAl合金粉,两者熔点接近。复合钎料的加工性能远优于同成分的Al-Si-Cu钎料。使用复合焊丝感应钎焊3A21铝合金,钎焊过程中两种合金几乎同时熔化,经瞬间保温后可充分熔合并形成Al-Si-Cu钎料,获得成分均匀、界面结合良好的钎缝,钎焊接头抗剪强度高于采用常规Al-Si-Cu钎料钎焊的接头抗剪强度。

快速凝固Al-Si-Cu基钎料的性能

利用单辊急冷设备,制得了厚度为70～100μm的三种Al-Si-Cu薄带钎料。根据DTA测定结果,该快冷钎料液相线降低3～5℃。快冷钎料与普通钎料的润湿性和接头抗拉强度测定结果表明,快冷钎料润湿系数提高20%,抗拉强度提高30%。分析钎料和钎焊接头的微观组织可以发现,快冷钎料晶粒尺寸在0.6μm以下,元素分布均匀,在钎焊过程中与母材扩散性能好,有利于提高润湿性和接头抗拉强度。采用快速凝固制备薄带钎料,不仅工艺简单,且可获得性能更优良的钎料,并可用于开发新颖钎料。

硅相对铜在Al-Si-Cu合金中扩散速度影响的研究

测定了铜在单相α合金（Al-1．5wt％Cu-0．4wt％Si）和α＋Si两相合金（Al-1．5wt％Cu．12．5wt％Si）中的扩散系数。单相α合金扩散偶（Al-3．0wt％Cu-0．4wt％Si／Al-0．4wt％Si）和α＋si两相合金扩散偶（Al-3．0wt％Cu．12．5wt％Si／Al-12．5wt％Si）在450—540℃条件下保温72—144h后，用电子探针测定铜原子的浓度分布，并由此计算铜原子在这两种基体中的扩散系数。测定结果表明，硅相的存在能够显著提高铜在该合金中的扩散速度，提高的幅度取决于硅相的体积分数和形貌。

铌微合金化和淬火速率对热成形钢组织与力学性能的影响

基于传统22MnB5钢设计了一种新型含Nb热成形钢,研究在不同淬火速率下Nb对热成形钢显微组织与力学性能的影响。新型Nb微合金化热成形钢与广泛应用的22MnB5商业钢种均经900℃保温3 min的固溶处理后分别水淬和油淬至室温,检测两种钢在两个淬火条件下的力学性能,并通过扫描电镜、背散射电子衍射仪、X射线衍射仪和透射电镜等分析合金组织。结果表明:油淬时Nb微合金化热成形钢与22MnB5钢能发生较明显的自回火,但前者的屈服强度高于后者约130 MPa,且伸长率也略有改善,对强化机制的定量计算表明这是由于含Nb钢晶粒细化形成的细晶强化以及位错强化和沉淀强化的共同作用;而在水淬条件下,两种钢的屈服强度与伸长率均相似,推测是由于冷却速率高抑制了自回火,使得马氏体相变产生的残余应力成为影响屈服强度的主导因素,而当水淬样品在170℃回火减轻内应力后,此时含Nb钢屈服强度再次高于22MnB5钢。

稀土Er对Al-Si-Cu钎料显微组织与性能的影响

为了研究微量稀土元素Er对Al-7Si-20Cu钎料合金性能的影响，进行了不同wE4对Al-7Si-20Cu合金熔化温度、润湿性能及力学性能的试验研究．结果表明，添加微量Er对Al-Si-Cu钎料合金的熔化温度无显著影响，但显著提高Al-Si-Cu钎料合金对被焊基体铝合金（LF21）的润湿能力。尤其是当wEr为0．05％～0．1％时最为显著．显微组织分析表明，随着wE4的增加，钎料显微组织细化，特别是针状共晶Si的长度逐渐减小．

热处理对Al-Si-Cu合金力学性能、显微组织与磨损性能的影响

研究了不同热处理条件下Al-Si-Cu合金的力学性能、显微组织及磨损性能.结果表明:与铸态合金相比,T6态合金的晶粒最为细小,Si、Al2Cu和Al Fe Mn Si第二相尺寸变小、变圆整且分布均匀,其力学性能和耐磨性能最好.当载荷小于500 N时,T6态和铸淬态合金的耐磨性能相当,二者表现为磨粒磨损;载荷为500~1 000 N时,Si相受水平方向塑性流变应力作用均匀分布在磨面表面,改善了润滑效果使摩擦系数降低,虽然开始向黏着磨损机制转变,但合金仍保持了较好的耐磨性能;载荷大于1 000 N时,Si相和Al2Cu相周围出现了微裂纹和严重的撕裂状的塑性变形,摩擦系数增大,逐步向剥层磨损转变,合金耐磨性能显著下降.