Association of smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary factors with esophageal cancer in high- and low-risk areas of Jiangsu Province, China

AIM： To study the main environmental and lifestyle factors that account for the regional differences in esophageal cancer （EC） risk in low- and high-risk areas of Jiangsu Province, China. METHODS： Since 2003, a population-based casecontrol study has been conducted simultaneously in lowrisk （Ganyu County） and high-risk （Dafeng County） areas of Jiangsu Province, China. Using identical protocols and pre-tested standardized questionnaire, following written informed consent, eligible subjects were inquired about their detail information on potential determinants of EC, including demographic information, socio-economic status, living conditions, disease history, family cancer history, smoking, alcohol drinking, dietary habits, frequency, amount of food intake, etc. Conditional logistic regression with maximum likelihood estimation was used to obtain Odds ratio （OR） and 95 % confidence interval （95% CI）, after adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS： In the preliminary analysis of the ongoing study, we recruited 291 pairs of cases and controls in Dafeng and 240 pairs of cases and controls in Ganyu, respectively. In both low-risk and high-risk areas, EC was inversely associated with socio-economic status, such as level of education, past economic status and body mass index. However, this disease was more frequent among those who had a family history of cancer or encountered misfortune in the past 10 years. EC was also more frequent among smokers, alcohol drinkers and fast eaters. Furthermore, there was a geographic variation of the associations between smoking, alcohol drinking and EC risk despite the similar prevalence of these risk factors in both low-risk and high-risk areas. The dose-response relationship of smoking and smoking related variables, such as age of the first smoking, duration and amount were apparent only in high-risk areas. On the contrary, a dose-response relationship on the effect of alcohol drinking on EC was observed only in low-risk areas. CONCLUSION： The environmental risk factors, together with genetic factors and gene-environmental interactions might be the main reason for this high-risk gradient in .liangsu Province, China.

CYP2E1 RsaⅠpolymorphism impacts on risk of colorectal cancer association with smoking and alcohol drinking

AIM： To investigate associations between the Rsa I polymorphism of CYP2E1 and risk of colorectal cancer. METHODS： A case-control study was conducted with 315 colorectal cancer cases （105 colon, 210 rectal） and 439 population-based controls in Jiangsu Province of China. Genomic DNA samples were assayed for restriction fragment length polymorphisms in CYP2E1 by PCR amplification followed by digestion with Rsa I. Information on smoking and alcohol drinking was collected using a questionnaire. Odds ratios （ORs） were estimated with an unconditional logistic model. RESULTS： The proportional distribution of the CYP2E1 Rsa I c1/c1, c1/c2 and c2/c2 genotypes were 61.4%, 35.6% and 3.0% in controls, 60.6%, 33.7% and 5.8% in colon cancer cases, and 58.4%, 34.0% and 7.7% in rectal cancer cases, respectively. A significant differencewas noted between controls and rectal cancer cases （P = 0.029）, the c2/c2 genotype being associated with elevated OR （adjusted age, sex and status of the smoking and alcohol drinking） for rectal cancer （1.64, 95% CI, 1.12-2.41, vs cl allele carriers）, but not for colon cancer. In interaction analysis between the CYP2E1 Rsa I genotype and smoking and drinking habits, we found a significant cooperative action between the c2/c2 genotype and alcohol drinking in the sex-, age-adjusted ORs for both colon （4.74, 95% CI, 1.10-20.40） and rectal （5.75, 95% CI, 1.65-20.05） cancers. Among nonsmokers, the CYP2E1 Rsa I c2/c2 genotype was also associated with elevated ORs in the two sites （1.95, 95% CI, 0.99-3.86 and 2.30, 95% CI, 1.32-3.99）. CONCLUSION： The results of the present study suggest that the CYP2E1 c2/c2 genotype increases susceptibility to rectal cancer and the gene-environmental interactions between the CYP2E1 polymorphism and smoking or alcohol drinking exist for colorectal neoplasia in general.

Cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking and esophageal cancer risk in Taiwan Residents women

AIM:To investigate the etiology of esophageal cancer among Taiwan Residents women.METHODS:This is a multi-center,hospital-based,case-control study.Case patients consisted of women who were newly diagnosed and pathology-proven to have esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC) from three large medical centers(one from Northern and two from Southern Taiwan,respectively)between August 2000 and December 2008.Each ESCC patient was matched with 4 healthy women based on age(within 3 years)and hospital of origin,from the Department of Preventive Medicine in each hospital.A total of 51 case patients and 204 controls,all women,were studied.RESULTS:Frequencies of smokers and drinkers among ESCC patients were 19.6%and 21.6%,respectively,which were significantly higher than smokers(4.4%) and drinkers(4.4%)among controls(OR=4.07,95%CI:1.36-12.16,P=0.01;OR=3.55,95%CI:1.03-12.27,P=0.04).Women who drank an amount of alcohol more than 158 g per week had a 20.58-fold greater risk(95%CI:1.72-245.62,P=0.02)of ESCC than those who never drank alcohol after adjusting for other covariates,although the sample size was small.CONCLUSION:Cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking,especially heavy drinking,are the major risks for developing ESCC in Taiwan Residents women.

Gastric cancer risk in relation to tobacco use and alcohol drinking in Kerala, India-Karunagappally cohort study

AIM: To assess the risk of gastric cancer(GC) in relation to tobacco use and alcohol drinking in the Karunagappally cohort in Kerala, South India.METHODS: This study examined the association of tobacco use and alcohol drinking with GC incidence among 65553 men aged 30-84 in the Karunagappally cohort. During the period from 1990-2009, 116 GC cases in the cohort were identified as incident cancers. These cases were identified from the populationbased cancer registry. Information regarding risk factors such as socioeconomic factors and tobacco and alcohol habits of cohort members were collected from the database of the baseline survey conducted during 1990-1997. The relative risks(RRs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals(95%CIs) fortobacco use were obtained from Poisson regression analysis of grouped survival data, considering age, follow-up period, occupation and education.RESULTS: Bidi smoking was associated with GC risk(P = 0.042). The RR comparing current versus never smokers was 1.6(95%CI: 1.0-2.5). GC risk was associated with the number of bidis smoked daily(P = 0.012) and with the duration of bidi smoking(P = 0.036). Those who started bidi smoking at younger ages were at an elevated GC risk; the RRs for those starting bidi smoking under the age of 18 and ages 18-22 were 2.0(95%CI: 1.0-3.9) and 1.8(95%CI: 1.1-2.9), respectively, when their risks were compared with lifetime non-smokers of bidis. Bidi smoking increased the risk of GC among never cigarette smokers more evidently(RR = 2.2; 95%CI: 1.3-4.0). GC risk increased with the cumulative amount of bidi smoking, which was calculated as the number of bidis smoked per day x years of smoking(bidi-year; P = 0.017). Cigarette smoking, tobacco chewing or alcohol drinking was not significantly associated with GC risk. CONCLUSION: Among a male cohort in South India, gastric cancer risk increased with the number and duration of bidi smoking.

Correlation between Non-Alcoholic Beverage Consumption and Alcohol Drinking Behavior among Japanese Youths

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between the consumption of non-alcoholic beverages (such as non-alcoholic beer, non-alcoholic cocktails, and non-alcoholic wine) and alcohol drinking behavior among Japanese youths. Data from the Japan Youth Risk Behavior Survey 2011 were analyzed. The study subjects were 9775 high school students (5026 males and 4749 females) randomly selected from the 10th to the 12th grade in 102 high schools throughout Japan. The results indicated that the percentage of youths who had consumed non-alcoholic beverages was 25.8% among males (11.5%: “one time”;14.3%: “two or more times”) and 26.1% among females (12.2%: “one time”;13.9%: “two or more times”), which suggested that at least one in four Japanese high school students had consumed non-alcoholic beverages. Those students that had consumed non-alcoholic beverages were at a significantly higher risk for alcohol-related behaviors, including “ever drank alcohol”, “current alcohol use”, “current frequent alcohol use”, and “chugging”, when compared with students who had never consumed non-alcoholic beverages. The risk for alcohol-related behaviors was higher for students who had consumed non-alcoholic beverages two or more times than for those who had consumed them one time. Specifically, the odds ratio for “ever drank alcohol” in the “one time” group was 5.16 (95% CI: 4.22 - 6.30) for males and 4.27 (95% CI: 3.53 - 5.16) for females, while it was markedly high for those in the “two or more times” group, with males at 9.78 (95% CI: 7.88 - 12.14) and females at 7.59 (95% CI: 6.20 - 9.29). The results of this study suggest that it is necessary to continuously ascertain the prevalence of non-alcoholic beverage consumption among Japanese youths. In addition, alcohol drinking prevention in youths requires attention be paid not only to their consumption of alcoholic beverages, but also to their consumption of non-alcoholic beverages.

Applications of Pueraria lobata in treating diabetics and reducing alcohol drinking

Pueraria lobata is one of the most important medicinal herbs used traditionally in China. According to Shanghan Lun(Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Disease), it has been used traditionally to relieve body heat,eye soring, dry mouth, headache associated with high blood pressure, and stiff neck problems. Modern studies in the 1970 s revealed that isoflavonoids extracted from P. lobata were the bioactive components of an herbal remedy namely Yufeng Ningxin Tablets for the treatment of patients after stroke. This article reviews recent application of P. lobota in the treatment of diabetics and in reducing alcohol drinking. In view of its low toxicity profile, P. lobota stands an excellent chance to be developed as a phytomedicine for treating human diseases.

Effect of Ethanol Deprivation and Re-Exposure on the Ethanol Drinking Behaviour of the High-Alcohol-Drinker (UChB) Rats

Alcohol addiction constitutes a major health problem in the general population, it is a complex pathology characterized by the development of tolerance, physical dependence and compulsive ethanol-seeking behaviour that often manifests as a chronic relapsing syndrome. 0ne of the major concerns in the treatment of alcohol-dependent patients is the prevention of relapse during periods of abstinence. The alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) is defined as a temporary increase in the voluntary intake of ethanol when it is reinstated after a period of alcohol deprivation and has been used as an animal model of relapse-like drinking. ADE can be used to evaluate the efficacy of possible pharmacological agents to prevent relapse drinking. The current study was undertaken to examine whether the high-alcohol-drinker UChB rats would display an ADE. Rats were given either continuous or periodic concurrent access to 10, 20% (vol/vol) of ethanol across deprivation cycles. UChB rats consuming ethanol voluntarily for two months, exhibit a robust ADE after a single deprivation period of two weeks. The increased alcohol intake during the early days of re-exposure, following a withdrawal phase, is attributed to a shift in preference towards the higher concentration of ethanol that might reflect an increase in craving for alcohol. Since an ADE is also observed in UChB rats, make this line of rats selectively bred for their high voluntary ethanol consumption, a useful model for study the efficacy of pharmacological agents for the treatment of relapse of alcohol consumption.

Habitual alcohol consumers’ understanding of “moderate drinking”: A cross-sectional study in Japan

The Healthy Japan 21 project launched in FY2000 advocated dissemination of the knowledge that intake of about 20 g of pure alcohol per day represents a “moderate” drinking level. The aim of the present study was to explore various points that have been debated with regard to “moderate drinking”. An Internet-based questionnaire survey was administered to normal adults who habitually drank alcohol one or more days a week, and we studied the amount of alcohol consumed by those who responded that they did moderately without fail. Gender-based logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between “non-moderate drinking” on the one hand and drinking frequency, marital status, and lifestyle habits on the other. Responses were obtained from 1088 persons (548 men and 540 women) (response rate: 57.6%), of whom 31.9% of the men and 53.6% of the women responded that they drank moderately without fail. Among these drinkers, 54.6% of the men and 78.2% of the women in reality drank moderately. For both men and women, the odds ratio (OR) for “non-moderate drinking” increased as drinking frequency increased. When “1 to 2 days a week” was taken as the reference, the OR values for “every day” were 8.69 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.98 - 15.14) for men and 7.35 (95% CI: 4.20 - 12.88) for women. Furthermore, significantly higher ORs were observed among both single men and single women, and among male smokers. The present study has clarified that dissemination of knowledge about “moderate drinking” has not been effective. Encouraging more awareness of the importance of drinking frequency is also considered necessary.

Violent and Risk-Taking Behaviors Associated with Intake of Energy Drinks Mixed with Alcohol and Perceptions of This Consumption among Children and Adolescents in Costa Rica

Introduction: The consumption of energy drinks and its mix with alcohol has been associated with negative and violent behaviors in youngsters. Objective: To determine the risk-taking behaviors associated with the consumption of energy drinks mixed with alcohol in Costa Rican adolescents. Methods: A mixed cross-sectional study was performed with a population of 2667 students of 64 educative centers in 2016. Descriptive statistics were performed with the program SPSS 20.0 and a value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The third part of the study population is usually a consumer of energy drinks (30%) and 3% make use of drinks mixed with alcohol. The children and adolescents, who consume energy-alcohol mixed drinks, are more likely to present risk-taking behaviors than those who do not consume these mixed beverages: combined use of medicines to get high;cocaine consumption, consumption of cement/glue, consumption of marijuana, physical violence (fighting), use of weapons, suicidal ideation, deliberate self-harm, low educational expectation, sexual intercourses, cyberbullying and school apathy. The students perceived the intake of energy beverages as of low risk for their health. They also agree that frequent consumption is because drinks have good flavors and nice logo designs and the ability to stay awake and with more energy for longer periods of time in order to improve in academic homework, sports performance and to endure more the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Conclusions: Public health policies should consider controlling the publicity aimed to children and adolescents regarding the marketing of energy and alcoholic drinks.

Influence of Drinking Conditions on Alcohol Metabolism in Healthy Men with <i>ALDH</i>2*1/*1 Genotype: Comparison between Different Alcoholic Drinks with or without Meal

The influence of drinking conditions on alcohol metabolism and drunkenness was investigated in healthy men with ALDH2*1/*1 genotype aged from 40 to 60 who were occasional or habitual drinkers. The investigation was performed by open intersection competitive drinking tests at an ethanol dose of 0.32 g/kg under 4 different drinking conditions: beer without a meal [B(–)], shochu (a distilled spirit) without a meal [S(–)], beer with a meal [B(+)] and shochu with a meal [S(+)]. The blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and BAC-AUC (area under the curve) were lower in the B(–) than in the S(–). The blood acetaldehyde concentration (BAcH) and the serum acetate concentration (SAce) were also lower in the B(–) than in the S(–). The meal markedly decreased BAC, BAC-AUC and BAcH-AUC for both alcoholic beverages. Subjective drunkenness was stronger in order of B(+) + in liver cells, was higher in the S(–) than in the B(–), and was decreased by the meal for both alcoholic beverages. These results suggested that glucide increase the rate of alcohol metabolism by supplying pyruvic acid to decrease the ratio of NADH/NAD+, which lowers BAC and relieves drunkenness. Thus, the intake of glucide calories while drinking is important to reduce the pharmacological and toxicological actions of alcohol.

Polymorphisms of alcohol dehydrogenase-2 and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 and esophageal cancer risk in Southeast Chinese males

AIM： To evaluate the impact of alcohol dehydrogenase-2 （ADH2） and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 （ALDH2） polymorphisms on esophageal cancer susceptibility in Southeast Chinese males.METHODS： Two hundred and twenty-one esophageal cancer patients and 292 healthy controls from Taixing city in Jiangsu Province were enrolled in this study. ADH2 and ALDH2 genotypes were examined by polymerase chain reaction and denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios （OR） and 95% confidence interval （CI）.RESULTS： The ADH G allele carriers were more susceptible to esophageal cancer, but no association was found between ADH2 genotypes and risk of esophageal cancer when disregarding alcohol drinking status. Regardless of ADH2 genotype, ALDH2G/A or A/A carriers had significantly increased risk of developing esophageal cancer, with homozygous individuals showing higher esophageal cancer risk than those who were heterozygous. A significant interaction between ALDH2 and drinking was detected regarding esophageal cancer risk; the OR was 3.05 （95% CI： 2.49-6.25）. Compared with non-drinkers carrying both ALDH2 G/G and ADH2 A/A, drinkers carrying both ALDH2 A allele and ADH2 G allele showed a significantly higher risk of developing esophageal cancer （OR = 8.36, 95% CI： 2.98-23.46）.CONCLUSION： Both ADH2 G allele and ALDH2 A allele significantly increase the risk of esophageal cancer development in Southeast Chinese males. ALDH2 A allele significantly increases the risk of esophageal cancer development especially in alcohol drinkers. Alcohol drinkers carrying both ADH2 G allele and ALDH2 A allele have a higher risk of developing esophageal cancer.

Polymorphisms of alcohol dehydrogenase 2 and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 and colorectal cancer risk in Chinese males

AIM: To evaluate the relationship between drinking and polymorphisms of alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (ADH2) and/or aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) for risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Chinese males. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted in 190 cases and 223 population-based controls. ADH2 Arg47His (G-A) and ALDH2 Glu487Lys (G-A)genotypes were identified by PCR and denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). Information on smoking and drinking was collected and odds ratio (OR) was estimated. RESULTS: The ADH2 A/A and ALDH2 G/G genotypes showed moderately increased CRC risk. The age- and smoking-adjusted OR for ADH2 A/A relative to G/A and G/G was 1.60 (95% CI=1.08-2.36), and the adjusted OR for ALDH2 G/G relative to G/A and A/A was 1.79 (95% CI=1.19-2.69). Signif icant interactions between ADH2, ALDH2 and drinking were observed. As compared to the subjects with ADH2 G and ALDH2 A alleles, those with ADH2 A/A and ALDH2 G/G genotypes had a signif icantly increased OR (3.05, 95% CI= 1.67-5.57). The OR for CRC among drinkers with the ADH2 A/A genotype was increased to 3.44 (95% CI= 1.84-6.42) compared with non-drinkers with the ADH2 G allele. The OR for CRC among drinkers with the ALDH2 G/G genotype was also increased to 2.70 (95% CI= 1.57-4.66) compared with non-drinkers with the ALDH2 A allele. CONCLUSION: Polymorphisms of the ADH2 and ALDH2 genes are significantly associated with CRC risk. There are also signifi cant gene-gene and gene- environment interactions between drinking and ADH2 and ALDH2 polymorphisms regarding CRC risk in Chinese males.

Phosphodiesterases:novel targets for treatment of alcoholism

OBJECTIVE Alcoholism is one of the most damaging psychiatric disorders and causes serious social and health problems in the world. However,there are no ideal treatments for this disease in clinic.Phosphodiesterases(PDEs) are a superfamily of enzymes consisting of 11 PDE families that hydrolyze cyclicAMP(cA MP) and/or cyclicGMP(cGMP). Among them,PDE4 is critical in the control of intracellular cAMP levels and has been shown to play an important role in the regulation of ethanol consumption.However,the functional role of PDE4 in mediating alcoholism remains unclear. METHODS Ethanol drinking and preference were examined using the two-bottle choice and/or drinking-in-dark(DID) test in high alcohol preferring(HAP) animals,including C57,HAP,and PDE4-subtype knockout mice,and Fawn-Hooded(FH/Wjd) rats,treated with or without the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram or roflumilast. Ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety-and depressive-like behaviors were examined using the elevated plusmaze,holeboard,forced-swim,and tail-suspension tests in C57 mice or FH rats in the presence of PDE4 inhibition. Levels of cAMP,CREB were determined in brain regions. RESULTS Treatment with rolipram or roflumilast decreased ethanol intake and preference in two-bottle choice and DID tests in C57 and HAP mice as well as FH rats. Mice deficient in PDE4 B,but not PDE4 D,displayed similar effects to general PDE4 inhibition. In addition,rolipram reversed ethanol withdrawal-induced anxietyand depressive-like behaviors 1 d and 14 d,respectively,following withdrawal from ethanol drinking in the two-bottle choice in C57 mice or FH rats. Locomotor activity was not changed in either mice or rats treated with the PDE4 inhibitors. Levels of cAMP,p CREB in the brain were increased by rolipram.CONCLUSION The results provide solid evidence for the important role of PDE4 in ethanol consumptionand ethanol withdrawal-induced symptoms. Inhibitors of PDE4,in particular the PDE4 B isoform,can be a novel class of treatment for alcoholism.

Acute esophageal necrosis caused by alcohol abuse

Acute esophageal necrosis (AEN) is extremely rare and the pathogenesis of this is still unknown. We report a case of AEN caused by alcohol abuse. In our case, the main pathogenesis could be accounted for low systemic perfusion caused by severe alcoholic lactic acidosis. After the healing of AEN, balloon dilatation was effective to manage the stricture.

Age, alcohol, sex, and metabolic factors as risk factors for colonic diverticulosis

BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of colonic diverticulosis is not well understood.Moreover,only a few studies on colonic diverticulosis have been reported in China's Mainland.AIM To evaluate the prevalence of and risk factors for asymptomatic colorectal diverticulosis in Eastern China.METHODS From August 2016 to July 2020,6180 asymptomatic individuals were enrolled in this cross-sectional study.These individuals had undergone physical examinations,laboratory testing,and colonoscopy.Data regarding the baseline characteristics and their general health status were obtained through interviews.RESULTS The prevalence of colonic diverticulosis was 7.3%(449/6180).Colonic diverticulosis was detected predominantly on the right side of the colon(88.4%).Logistic regression analysis revealed that an age≥60 years(adjusted odds ratio[OR]2.149,95%confidence interval[CI]1.511-3.057,P<0.001),male sex(adjusted OR:1.878,95%CI:1.373-2.568,P<0.001),obesity(adjusted OR:1.446,95%CI:1.100-1.902,P=0.008),alcohol intake(adjusted OR:1.518,95%CI:1.213-1.901,P<0.001),hypertension(adjusted OR:1.454,95%CI:1.181-1.789,P<0.001),hypertriglyceridemia(adjusted OR:1.287,95%CI:1.032-1.607,P=0.025),and hyperuricemia(adjusted OR:1.570,95%CI:1.257-1.961,P<0.001)significantly increased the risk of colonic diverticulosis.CONCLUSION Advanced age,male sex,alcohol intake,obesity,and other metabolic-related factors,such as hypertension,hypertriglyceridemia,and hyperuricemia,were independent risk factors for colonic diverticulosis.Understanding the true prevalence of colonic diverticulosis and its associated risk factors will aid in its prevention and treatment.

Alcohol Cessation in Late Life is Associated with Lower Risk of Cognitive Impairment among the Older Adults in China

Objective Evidence regarding alcohol consumption and cognitive impairment is controversial.Whether cessation of drinking alcohol by non-dependent drinkers alters the risk of cognitive impairment remains unknown.This study prospectively evaluated the potential association between the history of lifetime alcohol cessation and risk of cognitive impairment.Methods This study included 15,758 participants age 65 years or older,selected from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey(CLHLS)that covered 23 provinces in China.Current alcohol use status,duration of alcohol cessation,and alcohol consumption before abstinence were self-reported by participants;cognitive function was evaluated using Mini-mental State Examination(MMSE).Causespecific hazard models and restricted cubic splines were applied to estimate the effect of alcohol use on cognitive impairment.Results Among the 15,758 participants,mean(±SD)age was 82.8 years(±11.9 years),and 7,199(45.7%)were males.During a mean of 3.9 years of follow-up,3,404 cases were identified as cognitive impairment.Compared with current drinkers,alcohol cessation of five to nine years[adjusted HR,0.79(95%CI:0.66-0.96)]and more than nine years[adjusted HR,0.82(95%CI:0.69-0.98)]were associated with lower risk of cognitive impairment.Conclusion A longer duration of alcohol cessation was associated with a lower risk of cognitive impairment assessed by MMSE.Alcohol cessation is never late for older adults to prevent cognitive impairment.

Association between drinking behavior and sleep duration in Chinese adults: findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey

Background:To examine the association between alcohol drinking and short sleep duration among Chinese adults.Methods:Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria,28,167 records of 15,074 adults longitudinal data were obtained from the China Health and Nutrition Survey for the period from 2004 to 2011.A multilevel logistic regression model was employed to explore the association between alcohol drinking and sleep duration.Results:Compared with nondrinking participants,a high drinking frequency was positively correlated with a short sleep duration in both the males(odds ratio(OR)=1.33,95%confidence interval(CI)=1.20–1.48,P<0.001)and females(OR=1.60,95%CI=1.18–2.18,P=0.003)before the covariates were adjusted.After adjusting for age,residence area,education level,marital status,smoking,coffee consumption,tea consumption,and activity level,this association remained significant in the males(OR=1.31,95%CI=1.17–1.46,P<0.001)but not in the females(OR=1.16,95%CI=0.85–1.59,P=0.340).Conclusion:The present results suggest that a high drinking frequency was positively correlated with a short sleep duration in male population.Comprehensive measures therefore need to be implemented to improve sleep duration,especially to increase awareness of the dangers of drinking alcohol.

The Influence of Gene Polymorphisms on Tobacco and Alcohol-Induced Oral Cancer Risk

Aims: This study examined whether genetic polymorphisms of tobacco and alcohol-related metabolic genes such as GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1, CYP1A1, CYP2E1 and DNA repair genes (XRCC1 194Trp, XRCC1 399Gln, and XRCC3 Met) contribute to the risk of developing OSCC. Methods: Patients eligible for inclusion were over 18 years, had pathologically confirmed OSCC and were followed prospectively for at least two years or until death, from December 2000 to December 2004. Ninety-two OSCC patients were included along with 244 subjects from the same hospital, evaluated in the same period as patients without cancer, as the control group. Results: GSTM1 null and XRCC1-194Trp alone increased the risk of OSCC (OR, 2.15;95% CI, 1.2 - 3.6 and OR, 2.02;95% CI, 1.01 - 4.03, respectively). The joint effect of GSTM1 null with CYP1A1 or CYP2E1 polymorphism increased the risk two to threefold. Similar results were observed when XRCC1-194Trp was combined with GSTM1 null or the CYP2E1 polymorphism. By contrast, XRCC1- 399Gln was associated with protection against OSCC. Gene-gene and gene-environmental interactions were mainly detected for CYP1A1 and GSTP1 associated with more than 20 p/y of tobacco and XRCC1-194Trp when more than 30 g/L/d of alcohol was consumed (OR, 8.8;95% CI;1.3 - 45.7). Conclusions: The drug metabolizing and DNA repair enzyme polymorphisms may be informative for clinicians in the preventive management of patients at risk, particularly those with strong smoking and drinking habits.

Feasibility of a Fully Automated Multiple Session Alcohol Intervention to University Students,Using Different Modes of Electronic Delivery—The TOPHAT 1 Study

Background: In recent years more and more electronic health behaviour interventions have been developed in order to reach individuals with an unhealthy behaviour such as risky drinking. This is especially relevant in university students who are among those who most frequently are risky drinkers. This study explored the acceptability and feasibility, in an unselected group of university students, of a fully automated multiple session alcohol intervention offering different modes of delivery such as email, SMS and Android. Material and Methods: A total of 11,283 students at Link?ping University in Sweden were invited to perform a single session alcohol intervention and among those accepting this (4916 students) a total of 24.7% accepted to further participate in the extended multiple intervention lasting 3 - 6 weeks. The students could choose mode of delivery, total length of the intervention (between 3 - 6 weeks) and number of messages per week (3, 5, or 7 per week). A follow-up questionnaire was applied after the intervention to which 82.7% responded. Results: most students wanted to receive the messages by email with the shortest intervention length (3 weeks) and as few messages as possible per week (3 messages). However, no major difference was seen regarding satisfaction with the length and frequency of the intervention despite chosen length and frequency. Most students also expressed satisfaction with the content of the messages and would recommend the intervention to a fellow student in need of reducing drinking. Discussion and Conclusion: Based upon feedback from the students, a multiple push-based intervention appears to be feasible to offer students interested in additional support after a single session alcohol intervention. In a forthcoming study we will further explore the optimal mode of delivery and length of intervention and number of messages per week.