Antitumor Activity of the Ganoderma Lucidum Spore Alcohol Extract in Vitro

Several cancer cell lines(epithelioma cells or leukemia cells)from human being or mouse were first used to study the antitumor activity of the Ganoderma lucidum spore alcohol extract(GLSAE)in vitro by the MTT test A comparision was made between the sporodermbroken(SB)and sporoderm nonbroken(SN)GLSAE It was showed that both GLSAE SB and GLSAE SN could inhibit the proliferation of these cancer cells,but the activity of GLSAE SB was much higher than that of GLSAE SN These results suggested that Ganoderma lucidum spore could probably be used for tumor treatment

The Control Efficiency of Plant Alcohol Extracts on the Laboratory Populations of Myzus persicae(Sulzer)and Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach)

The effects of semiochemicals extracted from 63 species of plants, on peach aphid (Myzus per-sicae) and mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi), were studied in laboratory. The deterrent rate, reproduction deterrent index and the interferential index of population control (IIPC) was used to evaluate the efficiency of semiochemicals on population control of the two target aphids. The results showed that the extracts of 34 species of common plants have noticeable effect on both aphid populations, especially, Xanthium sibiricum Petr. Et Widd. and Syngonium podophyllum Schott. These plant extracts could be used to construct the plant pro-tectant to protect crops.

Alcohols Extraction Process and Content of Active Ingredients in Chinese Northeastern Auricularia auricula

[Objectives] The aim was to study the type and content of alcohol-soluble active ingredients in Auricularia auricula. [Methods]With total yield of alcohol extract as an indicator,the optimal concentrations of ethanol,isopropanol and n-butanol for alcohol extraction of A. auricula powder were determined. The contents of total flavonoids,polyphenols and triterpenoids in three different alcohol extracts of A. auricula,as well as in the alcohol extracts of polysaccharides and melanin extraction residue of A. auricula were determined. [Results] When90% ethanol was used,the yield of alcohol extract of A. auricula was 10. 7%. In the alcohol extract,the contents of total flavonoids,polyphenols and triterpenoids were 5. 68 mg/100 g,0. 43% and 0. 55%,respectively. When 100% isopropanol was used,the yield of alcohol extract was 10. 1%. In the alcohol extract,the contents of total flavonoids,polyphenols and triterpenoids were 4. 84 mg/100 g,0. 66% and 0. 37%,respectively. When 70% n-butanol was used,the yield of alcohol extract was 5. 4%. In the alcohol extract,the contents of total flavonoids,polyphenols and triterpenoids were 4. 07 mg/100 g,1. 68% and 0. 30%,respectively. The yields of ethanol,isopropanol and n-butanol extracts of polysaccharide and melanin extraction residue of A. auricula were 13. 8%,14. 3% and 8. 9%,respectively. In the three kinds of alcohol extracts,the contents of total flavonoids were 8. 28,11. 99,and 12. 38 mg/100 g,respectively; the contents of polyphenols were 0.14%,0. 38% and 0. 75%,respectively; and the contents of triterpenoids were 0. 25%,0. 60% and 0. 58%,respectively. [Conclusions]This study will provide certain reference for the in-depth study and development and utilization of active ingredients in A. auricula.

A preliminary study on the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of two extracts of pine pollen on anoxia and fatigue resistance

Background:To study the anti-inflammatory,analgesic,fatigue resistant and antihypoxia effects of ethanol extract and water extract of pine pollen.Methods:Two different extracts of pine pollen were prepared into there different concentrations,that is 1.5 mg·mL^-1,4.5 mg·mL^-1 and 7.5 mg·mL^-1 respectively.The extract were studied by xylene-induced ear swelling,acetic acid distortion test and hot plate test.The antihypoxia and antifatigue effects were explored by weight-bearing swimming experiment,routine pressure hypoxia tolerance experiment and liver weight coefficient comparison.Results:Through the study of the four pharmacological effects of ethanol extract and water extract,we found that the anti-inflammatory,analgesic,antithyposia and antifatigue effects of ethanol extract were better than that of water extract.Moreover,the experimental effects significantly improved with the increase of the concentration,and the effect of alcohol increased dose group was accurate(P<0.05).Conclusion:Pine pollen has excellent effects of anti-inflammatory,analgesic,antihypoxia and anti-fatigue.Besides,with the increase of drug concentration,effects tend to be more obvious with positive correlation.

Optimization of extraction process of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu polysaccharides by response surface methodology

Objective:To optimize the technological conditions of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu polysaccharides and increase the yield of polysaccharides.Methods:The polysaccharide was prepared by water extraction and alcohol precipitation method,and the yield of polysaccharide was taken as an index.The effects of ultrasonic time,extraction times,ultrasonic temperature,and water-to-material ratio on polysaccharide yield were investigated through a single factor experiment.Combined experimental design and response surface analysis were used to optimize the extraction process of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu polysaccharides.Results:The optimum conditions of ultrasonic-assisted extraction were determined as follows:extraction time of 29 min,three extraction times,water bath extraction temperature of 68℃,water-to-material ratio of 15:1;under these conditions,the polysaccharide yield was 10.69%.Conclusion:The results are close to the predicted values of the model.This optimization test is effective and feasible,and provides a reference for the related research of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu.

Fluidized bed combustion of high water content alcohol extracted herb residue and the impacts of blending wasted activated coke

Combustion of herb residues(HRs)for heat recovery is a good way for their utilization,but there exists such a problem as high concentration NOx emission in flue gas.The alcohol extracted herb residue(AEHR),one special type of HRs,was chosen as the object and was subjected to immediate combustion in a fluidized bed reactor to investigate the characteristics of its resulting NOx emission.The results showed that,most of the NOx in the flue gas was produced from the char nitrogen(C-N);as the fuel water content increased,the NOx emission concentration exhibited a trend of first decreasing and then increasing;and a properly low combustion temperature inhibited the NOx emission upon the premise of ensuring full combustion.Air staging combustion was adopted to effectively control NOx:the NOx emission concentration in the flue gas was reduced to 296 mg⋅m􀀀3 and the NOx emission reduction rate reached 46.51%compared to conventional combustion.Co-combustion by blending wasted activated coke(WAC)into the AEHR helped both stabilize the combustion state and reduce further the NOx emission.When the blending ratio of WAC fell within a proper range of 20-30%,the NOx emission concentration in the flue gas was as low as 231.4 mg⋅m􀀀3.In addition to the dilution effect of the combustion flue gas of the blended WAC,the local reducing atmosphere caused by its incomplete combustion as well as its strong absorbability and catalytical effect was accountable for the further decrease of the NOx emission concentration.

不同炮制方法对玉竹成分的影响

目的考察不同炮制方法对玉竹成分的影响,为临床炮制品选用提供依据。方法以醇浸出物量、玉竹多糖、玉竹总皂苷为考察指标,对经过清蒸、蜜炙、酒蒸之后的3个批次玉竹炮制品与净玉竹进行比较分析。采用浸出物测定法测定醇浸出物量;采用苯酚-硫酸法测定玉竹多糖含量;采用香草醛-冰醋酸法测定玉竹总皂苷的含量。结果2个批次蜜炙品醇溶性浸出物与净玉竹比较升高,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);1个批次酒蒸品醇溶性浸出物与净玉竹比较降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);3个批次清蒸品多糖含量与净玉竹比较升高,差异均有高度统计学意义(均P<0.01);1个批次蜜炙品多糖含量与净玉竹比较升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);2个批次酒蒸品多糖含量与净玉竹比较下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);3个批次清蒸品总皂苷含量与净玉竹比较升高,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);3个批次蜜炙品总皂苷含量与净玉竹比较升高,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);1个批次酒蒸品总皂苷含量与净玉竹比较升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论炮制方法对于玉竹成分的影响是复杂的,玉竹炮制后清蒸可以增加多糖含量,加热炮制可以增加总皂苷含量,注意炮制与其功效、临床炮制品的选用关联的关系。

Antioxidant activity of alcohol aqueous extracts of Crypthecodinium cohnii and Schizochytrium sp.

Crypthecodinium cohnii(dinoflagellate) and Schizochytrium sp.(thraustochytrid) are the main sources for docosahexaenoic acid(DHA). The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water fractions of alcohol aqueous extracts of these two microalgae and to provide a theoretical basis for comprehensive utilization. The antioxidant activity was determined by total antioxidant capacity(TAC) determination, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical scavenging assay, ferrous ion-chelating ability(FICA) assay, and reducing power(RP) assay. The total phenolic content(TPC) and total flavonoid content(TFC) were also measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu and spectrophotometry methods, respectively. The results indicated that the extracts from these two microalgae possessed good antioxidant capacity. Analysis showed that most antioxidant performance indicators(TAC, DPPH, and RP) were positively correlated with the TPC of the extracts, suggesting that the phenolics might be the major components in C. cohnii and Schizochytrium sp., contributing to their antioxidative function. Therefore, the polar fractions of C. cohnii and Schizochytrium sp. could be further examined and considered for application in health products or cosmetics.

Investigation of the processing technology and mechanism of Kansui radix by licorice based on response surface methodology and integrative pharmacology

Background:The herbs should be processed by different methods before use,and the efficacy and toxicity of Chinese herbal medicines may change,which may enhance efficacy and reduce toxicity after processing.Gansui(Kansui radix)is a common clinical herbal medicine,and there are considerable changes in its toxicity and efficacy after processing.Gaocao(Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizome)has a detoxifying effect.Methods:Using the contents of euphorbiadienol and the alcohol-soluble extract of Glycyrrhizae radix-processed Kansui radix as evaluation indexes,response surface methodology was used to optimize the processing technology of Kansui radix by exploring the effects of Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-addition amount,frying temperature,and frying time on the processing technology of Kansui radix.Meanwhile,response surface software was used to analyze experimental data to determine the processing parameters of Kansui radix by Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma.Integrative Pharmacology-based Research Platform of Traditional Chinese Medicine is used to analysis the potential ingredients of Kansui radix and verify the potential ingredients by western blotting.Results:The technology of Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-processed Kansui radix was optimized for the Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-addition amount of 27%,frying temperature of 180℃,and frying time of 11 min.The network pharmacology analysis revealed that Kansui radix could cause kidney,liver,and heart injury by the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.Kansui radix at high or low dose could decrease the ratio of p-AKT/AKT while Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-processed Kansui could increase it.Conclusion:The model established by response surface methodology is relatively accurate and can predict the contents of euphorbiadienol and alcohol extract of processed Kansui radix.The toxic effects and its mechanism of action of Kansui radix and processed Kansui radix on kidney,liver,and heart,from the perspective of systems biology,have provided scientific evidence to its clinical application.

Analysis and Study on Quality Control of Yao Medicine Damnacanthus macrophyllus Based on Methods in Chinese Pharmacopoeia

[Objectives]To establish a quality analysis method for Yao medicine Damnacanthus macrophyllus Sieb.ex Miq.var.giganteus(Makino)Koidz..[D.indicus Gaertn.f.var.giganteus Makino].[Methods]The moisture,total ash and alcohol extracts of D.macrophyllus medicinal materials were determined according to the experimental methods in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020).[Results]All the 10 batches of D.macrophyllus medicinal materials from different collection times and different regions in Guangxi had the same plant morphological characteristics.The experimental results indicate that the moisture was 9.81%-11.52%,the total ash content was 7.37%-9.53%,the acid-insoluble ash content was 1.10%-1.97%,and the extract was 8.25%-10.22%.[Conclusions]This study provides a scientific basis for establishing a quality standard for Yao medicine D.macrophyllus medicinal materials,and it is expected to better utilize and develop D.macrophyllus.

Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Boswellia ovalifoliolata bark extracts

Paracetamol(PCM) hepatotoxicity is related to reactive oxygen species(ROS) formation and excessive oxidative stress; natural antioxidant compounds have been tested as an alternative therapy. This study evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of an alcoholic extract of Boswellia ovalifoliolata(BO) bark against PCM-induced hepatotoxicity. BO extract also demonstrated antioxidant activity in vitro, as well as scavenger activity against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. Administration of PCM caused a significant increase in the release of transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase in serum. Significant enhancement in hepatic lipid peroxidation and marked depletion in reduced glutathione were observed after parac intoxication with severe alterations in liver histology. BO treatment was able to mitigate hepatic damage induced by acute intoxication of PCM and showed a pronounced protective effect against lipid peroxidation, deviated serum enzymatic variables, and maintained glutathione status toward control. The results clearly demonstrate the hepatoprotective effect of BO against the toxicity induced by PCM.

中药浸膏醇沉工艺中醇浓度概念与计算方法辨析

现行中药浸膏醇沉工艺中混淆了溶剂和溶液的概念,计算加醇量时没有扣除浸膏中干提取物(溶质)量,将整个浸膏(溶液)当作水(溶剂),导致计算加入乙醇过量,最终的含醇浓度偏高。指出醇沉本质为乙醇/水混合溶剂提取中药干提取物的过程,醇沉浓度是指乙醇/水混合溶剂中的含醇浓度;同时从体积和质量两方面重新推导了加醇量计算公式。建议根据浸膏中干提取物的量,筛选醇/水混合溶剂的乙醇浓度以及体积,调整制定合适的醇沉工艺。

剧痛宁贴剂的醇提工艺

目的:优选剧痛宁贴剂的最佳乙醇提取工艺。方法:以芍药苷、总生物碱和醇浸膏量为指标,采用直接比较法对乙醇提取体积分数进行优选;以芍药苷和醇浸膏量为指标,采用正交试验法对剧痛宁贴剂中白芍、黄连、延胡索的乙醇提取工艺进行优选。结果:将药材中白芍、黄连、延胡索粉碎成粗粉,分别加10,8倍量70%的乙醇提取2次,每次提取2 h。结论:确定的工艺合理,有效成分提取率高。

Effects of drying process of Yuanzhi (Radix Palygalae) on its bioactive ingredients

OBJECTIVE： To study the effects of the drying processing in terms operational parameters on the bio- active constituents of six YuanzhJ （Radix Palygalae） samples across China. METHODS： Six Yuanzhi （Radix Palygalae） samples were investigated using thermogravimetry analysis. The heating courses were set in two ways： the temperature-programmed process from room temperature to 150℃ ,and the constant-temperature course at 50℃, 70℃ and 90℃. RESULTS： The peak temperature of six Yuanzhi （Radix Palygalae） samples ranged from 78℃ to 88℃. The mass loss rate of Yuanzhi （Radix Palygalae） alcohol-soluble extract was significantly increased when heated at 90℃. Four types of bioactive ingredients were detected in volatile oils of Yuanzhi （Radix Palygalae） sample from Shanxi province by Gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy results showed that the drying temperature exerted a great influence on types and amount of ingredients of Yuanzhi （Radix Palygalae）. The kinetic study showed that the constant-temperature drying process of Yuanzhi Radix Palygalae） samples could be well de- scribed by the Page Model, especially for the drying process at 50~C, in which R2 and SD values were more than 0.98 and less than 0.04, respectively.The drying constant k of three Yuanzhi （Radix Palygalae） samples from Shanxi, Gansu and Shaanxi provinces in China was corresponding to the Arrhenius equation, and their activation energies were 28.07, 2.5.38 and 21.48 kJ/mol, respectively. CONCLUSION： The drying process of Yuanzhi （Radix Palygalae） was very important for bioactive ingredients improvement in Yuanzhi （Radix Palygalae）. Temperature was a thermodynamic property significantly affecting the process.