Butyl ether as Co-diluent in medium-concentrated electrolyte for Li-S battery

1. Introduction The Lithium-sulfur battery(LSB) shows promise as a highdensity energy source, with a theoretical energy density of approximately 2600 W h kg^(-1)[1]. However, practical application of the LSB has been hindered by the “shuttle effect” and Li anode corrosion [2,3]. Highly concentrated electrolytes(HCEs) have been proposed as a solution, as they can inhibit the dissolution of lithium polysulfide and promote homogeneous lithium deposition [4].

Floc flotation of marmatite fines in aqueous suspensions induced by butyl xanthate and ammonium dibutyl dithiophosphate

The hydrophobic flocculation of marmatite fines in aqueous suspensions induced by butyl xanthate （KBX） and ammonium dibutyl dithiophosphate （ADD） was investigated using laser particle size analysis, microscopy analysis, electrophoretic light scattering, contact angle measurement and infrared spectroscopy. The studies were performed on single minerals with size 〈20 μm by varying several parameters, including pH, collector concentration and kerosene addition. The results show that the floc fotation closely correlated with the size of flocs and the particle hydrophobicity, but was not lowered with increasing the particle surface charges due to collector adsorption. Under good operating conditions, the floc flotation of marmatite fines as a function of KBX and ADD can all reach floatability over 90%, in comparison with conventional flotation obtaining floatability of about 60%. It also has been found that a small addition of kerosene greatly improved the floc flotation because of the formation of oil films on marmatite particles. The results of FTIR spectra indicate that adsorption of the two collectors onto marmatite were chemical adsorption.

Insight into synergistic antioxidation mechanisms of butyl hydroxyanisole with common synthetic antioxidants

Butyl hydroxyanisole(BHA) is usually blended with other synthetic antioxidants to improve the antioxidative property due to synergistic antioxidation. However, the synergistic antioxidation mechanisms of BHA with synergists have not been revealed yet. Thus, the antioxidation of BHA with butylated hydroxytoluene(BHT), tert-butylhydroquinone(TBHQ), or propyl gallate(PG) was investigated in the 2,2-azobis(2-amidino-propane) dihydrochloride oxidizing system. The contents of BHA, BHT, TBHQ,PG, and transformation products were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Transformation products were identified with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results showed that synergistic antioxidation occurred between BHA and BHT, TBHQ, or PG. The synergistic antioxidation effect of BHA and BHT was attributed to the regeneration of BHA by BHT. Transformation products of BHA and BHT(compounds 6 and 7, dimers of BHA and BHT) had little contribution due to the relatively low content(<0.6%). The synergistic antioxidation effect of BHA and TBHQ or BHA and PG was attributed to the protective mechanism of TBHQ or PG on BHA. No transformation products were detected of BHA and TBHQ. Transformation products of BHA and PG(compounds 9 and 10, dimers of BHA and PG) had limited contribution due to the relatively low percentage(<7%). Therefore, BHA and BHT performed competitive antioxidation,while BHA and TBHQ or PG performed protective antioxidation.

Effects of galvanic interaction between galena and pyrite on their flotation in the presence of butyl xanthate

The effects of galvanic interaction between galena and pyrite on their flotation and electrochemical characters were studied by electrochemical,adsorption,flotation and FTIR techniques,respectively.Electrochemical tests indicate that galena is electrochemically more active than pyrite and serves as an anode in galvanic combination with pyrite.The galvanic current density from a mixture of galena and pyrite is 4 times as high as the self corrosion current density of galena,which indicates that the corrosion rate of galena is accelerated.Adsorption tests show that the adsorption of butyl xanthate on galena surface is enhanced,and affected by a combination of pyrite-galena mixtures and conditioning time.Compared with individual mineral particles,galvanic interaction reduces the floatability difference between galena and pyrite.The flotation recovery of galena decreases while that of pyrite increases when two minerals are mixed together due to the influence of galvanic interaction on the formation of hydrophilic/hydrophobic product.The FTIR results show that the formation of dixanthogen on pyrite surface is depressed due to the galvanic interaction.

Heteropolyacids Catalysis in Synthesizing Butylacrylate

The catalytic activities of some heteropolyacids(HPAs) in synthesizing butyl acrylate are reported. It has been demonstrated that 12 tungstophosphoric acid is the most effective catalyst among more than 20 HPA(salts). Various factors concerned in this reaction have been investigated. The optimum conditions have been found, that is, the molar ratio of alcohol to acid is 1.2∶1.0 , the catalyst concentration 1%(mass fraction), the reaction time 2 h, the temperature 98—124 ℃ and a certain amount of polymerization inhibitor exists.

Investigation on the Factors Influencing the Synthesis of Butyl Polyglycosides and Its Synthesis Kinetics

[ Objective ] The paper was to study the factors influencing the synthesis of butyl polyglycosides and its synthesis kineties. [ Method ] In the synthesis process of alkyl polyglycosides by transglyeosidation method, p-toluenesulfonie acid and stearie acid were used as composite catalyst, intermediate product butyl polyglycosides was prepared via reactive distillation technology. [ Result ] The suitable preparation conditian of butyl polyglyeasides was as follows： catalyst usage, 1.2 g（ p-toluenesulfoni ：stearie acid = 6：1 ） ; reaction temperature, 110 ℃ ; the ratio of butanol and glucose, 8： 1. The results showed that the larger the molar ratio of butanol and glucose was,the more the butyl monoside content was, and the less the polymerizatian degree of butyl glyeasides was. The catalyst usage and reaction temperature had little influence on the component of butyl polyglyeesides. With the increase of catalyst usage or reaction temperature,the reaction time was shortened dramatically. The kinetic equation for the synthesis of butyl glueeside was finally obtained as follows： -dCA/dt =0.163 7exp（ -1. 968×10^3/RT）CA -0.003 49 exp （ -2.727×10^3/RT） Ce. [ Conclusionl The suitable condition for the preparation of butyl polyglyeasides and its synthesis kinetic equation obtained in the study could provide theoretical basis for the synthesis of long-chain alkyl polyglyeasides.

有机半导体Butyl-PBD的DFT理论计算研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法对2-(4-叔丁苯基)-5-(4-联苯基)-1,3,4-恶二唑(Butyl-PBD)进行了B3LYP/6-31G水平上的分子结构优化、红外光谱、Raman光谱、紫外-可见光谱、分子前线轨道、分子电子密度、Mulliken电荷等理论计算。研究结果表明:理论计算结果与实验数据吻合得较好,对IR、THz、UV-Vis吸收光谱和Raman散射光谱中的特征峰进行了归属,发现Butyl-PBD在0.1～10 THz波谱范围内有五个明显的吸收峰,分别位于2.04 THz、3.48 THz、5.16 THz、6.60 THz及7.08 THz,Butyl-PBD在紫外光波段有三个吸收波段,分别对应于326.76 nm、279.60 nm及269.31 nm,其中326.76nm的紫外吸收峰最强。电子密度计算表明,最大电子密度集中在O原子上,N原子的电子密度次之。Mulliken电荷计算表明,负电荷主要集中在O原子和N原子上,所有H原子的Mulliken电荷都为正电荷,C原子的Mulliken电荷则与其具体位置相关。

Measurement and modelization of VLE of binary mixtures of propyl acetate,butyl acetate or isobutyl acetate with methanol at pressure of 0.6 MPa

The vapor-liquid equilibrium of binary mixtures of propyl acetate, butyl acetate and isobutyl acetate with meth- anol has been determined at a constant pressure of 0.6 MPa. Results have been modeled with the Peng-Robinson equation, a traditional cubic equation of state widely employed in chemical industries, as well as with the perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid PC-SAFT theory of Gross-Sadowski. By correlation of the binary inter- action parameters of these equations, the measured vapor-liquid equilibrium data can be accurately predicted. Thus, this work shows that these models are able to represent the experimental data for systems with associating comoounds via hydrogen bonding.

Effect of Temperature on the Reaction of 2-(N-acetylamine)-3-(3,5-di-<i>tert</i>-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic Acid with Oxygen in an Alkaline Condition

Results of oxidation 2-(N-acetylamine)-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid oxygen depend on temperature. At 55℃?- 60℃, 2,4-di-tert-butylbicyclo(4,3,1)deca-4,6-dien-8-(N-acetylamine)-3,9-dion-1-oxa is formed. The constitution is based on dates of spectrums 1Н and 13С NMR. At 95℃?- 97℃, mixtures of 2,4-di-tert-butylbicyclo(4,3,1)deca-4,6-dien-8-(N-acetylamine)-3,9-dion-1-oxa and of 6,8-di-tert-butyl-3-(N-acetylamine)spiro(4,5)deca-1-oxa-5,8-dien-2,7-dione are produced. Structures are calculated by the method of Hartrii-Foka. Values of enthalpies and of entropies allow to assume dynamic isomerism.

Separation of the Ternary System of Methanol/ Methyl Butyl Ether/1-Butylchloride

The separation of ternary methanol/methyl butyl ether/1-butylchloride mixtures was investigated, which are the main components of the waste liquid. After preliminary studies on the ternary system, the integrated process of extraction and distillation was put forward to separate the ternary system. The results show that methanol carl be removed from the mixtures by extraction using water as the extracting agent. Through distillation of extract and dried raffinate respectively, methanol, methyl butyl ether and 1-butylchloride can be separated and recovered. In addition, the optimal volume for the extracting agent and effects of reflux ratio on the yield of product were also studied. The optimal volume ratio of the extracting agent to material is 1： 3.5, and the yield of the product increases with the increase of reflux ratio.

Synthesis,Crystal Structure and Biological Activities of Novel Di-n-butyl Tin Di-carboxylate

A novel macrocyclic complex 2{[（n-Bu2Sn）4O2-L2]2DMF} was synthesized by the reaction of 4-（1,2- dithioethylene）methylene-3,5-disoxo-1,6-heptadiene-1,7-dis-（o-formy~）-dis-p-phenoxyacetic acid（LH2, compound 1） with di-n-butyltin oxide. Compound 1 and complex 2 were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, and ~H NMR spectroscopy. The crystal structure of complex 2 was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. There are two crystallographic independent molecules in complex 2, and each molecule structure is centro-symmetric and features a central rhombus cyclic Bu4Sn2O2 unit with two exocyclic Sn atoms linked at the O atoms of the four-membered ring. In molecule A, the four Sn atoms are five-coordinated. However, in molecule B, the four Sn atoms have two different coordination geometries, the endocyclic Sn atoms are five-coordinated and the exocyclic Sn atoms are four-coordinated. The dicarboxylate ligands in molecules A and B bridge exocylic or endocyclic tin atoms, forming two macroheterocycles with 26 atoms. Pilot studies have indicated that complex 2 has good anti- bacterial and antitumour activities.

Developmental Toxicity in Mice Following Paternal Exposure to Di-N-Butyl-Phthalate (DBP)

Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of paternal Di‐N‐butyl‐phthalate （DBP） exposure pre‐ and postnatally on F1 generation offspring,and prenatally on F2 generation offspring.Methods Male mice were exposed to either 500 mg/kg or 2 000 mg/kg of DBP for 8 weeks,and mated with non‐exposed females.Three‐quarters of the females were sacrificed a day prior to parturition,and examined for the number of living and dead implantations,and incidence of gross malformations.Pups from the remaining females were assessed for developmental markers,growth parameters,as well as sperm quantity and quality.Results There were no changes in the fertility of parents and in intrauterine development of the offspring.Pups of DBP‐exposed males demonstrated growth‐retardation.Following paternal exposure to 500 mg/kg bw of DBP,there were almost twice the number of males than females born in the F1 generation.F1 generation females had a 2.5‐day delay in vaginal opening.Paternal exposure to 2 000 mg/kg bw of DBP increased the incidence of sperm head malformations in F1 generation males;however,there were no changes in the fertility and viability of foetuses in the F2 generation.Conclusion Paternal DBP exposure may disturb the sex ratio of the offspring,delay female sexual maturation,and deteriorate the sperm quality of F1 generation males.

Acute Toxicity of Clethodim, Cypermethrin and 2,4-D-butylate to the Larva of Chironomus sinicus

[Objective] The aim of this study was to detect the acute toxicity of clethodim, cypermethrin and 2,4-D-butylate. [Method] Chironomus sinicus larvae were exposed to different concentrations of clethodim, cypermethrin and 2,4-D-butylate. Survival rate, lethal concentration 50 （LC50） and superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity in the homogenate of the larvae were monitored to detect the toxicity of the pesti- cides. [Result] The survival rates of C. sinicus larvae exposed to cypermethrin and 2,4-D-butylate for 12 h were almost unchanged at different concentrations, but de- creased with concentration increasing 48 h later. For each pesticide, the differences in survival rates of C. sinicus larvae at 48 h were significant. The 48 h LC50 of clethodim, cypermethrin and 2,4-D-butylate to C. sinicus larvae were 1.842, 0.150 and 1.999 mg/L, respectively. The acute toxicity of cypermethrin was the highest a- mong the three pesticides and that of 2,4-D-butylate was the lowest. Clethodim sig- nificantly reduced the SOD content in a dose-dependent manner. 2,4-D-butylate also reduced SOD content in C. sinicus larvae, but the reduction was not significantly re- lated to its dosage. However, cypermethrin showed no significant effect on SOD ac- tivity in C. sinicus larvae.

Chlorinated butyl rubber/two-step modified montmorillonite nanocomposites:Mechanical and damping properties

Montmorillonite(MMT) was modified by ultrasound and castor oil quaternary ammonium salt intercalation method to prepare a new type of organic montmorillonite(OMMT). The surface structure, particle morphology, interlayer distance, and thermal behavior of the samples obtained were characterized. The modified OMMT was then added to chlorinated butyl rubber(CIIR) by mechanical blending, and a composite material with excellent damping properties was obtained. The mechanical experiment results of CIIR nanocomposites showed that the addition of OMMT improved their tensile strength, hardness,and stress relaxation rate. Compared with pure CIIR, when the content of OMMT was 5 phr(part per hundred of rubber), the tensile strength of the nanocomposite was increased by 677% and the elongation at break was also increased by 105.4%. The enhancement of this performance was mainly due to the dispersion of the nanosheets in CIIR rubber and the chemical interaction between the organoclay and the polymer matrix, which was confirmed by morphology and spectral analysis. OMMT also endowed a positive effect on the damping properties of CIIR nanocomposites. After adding 5 phr of OMMT, the nanocomposite owned the best damping performance, and the damping factor, tanδmax, was 37.9% higher than that of pure CIIR. Therefore, the good damping and mechanical properties of these CIIR nanocomposites provided some novel and promising methods for preparing high-damping rubber in a wide temperature range.

Preparation of Butyl Chloride from Butanol and Hydrochloric Acid Using Ionic Liquids as Catalyst

The catalytic performance of some quaternary ammonium salts for the liquid phase reaction of butanol and hydrochloric acid at different conditions was studied experimentally and compared with the traditional catalyst （ZnCl2）. The organic ammonium catalysts investigated include ionic liquids N-butyl-N-methyl imidazolium fluoborate （[BMIM][BF4]） and N-butyl-N-methylimidazolium chloride （[BMIM]Cl） as well as hydrochloric salts of N-methylimidazol （[HMIM]Cl）, pyridine （[HPy]Cl） and triethylamine （[HEt3N]Cl）. It is shown that the intrinsic catalytic performance of all organic ammonium salts except [HEt3N]Cl is slightly superior to ZnCl2, while the selectivity of butyl chloride is nearly at the same level around 96%. The conversion of butanol increases slightly with temperature and the catalyst amount added while the variation of selectivity is not obvious. Based on the recycle experiments, the ionic liquids as catalyst for the reaction of butanol and hydrochloric acid can be used more than 5 times, which suggests great potential of using ionic liquids as novel catalyst for such reactions.

Preparation of NH_4ZrH(PO_4)_2·H_2O via solid-state reaction at low heat and its catalytic performance in the synthesis of butyl acetate

Nanocrystalline NH4ZrH（PO4）2·H2O was obtained by grinding ZrOC12·8H2O and （NH4）2HPO4 in the presence of surfactant PEG-400 via solid-state reaction at room temperature. The product NH4ZrH（PO4）2·H2O and its product of thermal decomposition were characterized using thermogravimetry and differential thermal analyses （TG/DTA）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR）, X-ray powder diffraction （XRD）, and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. Nanocrystalline NHaZrH（PO4）2·H2O with an average particle size of 17 nm was obtained when the product was kept at80℃ for 3 h. Its crystalline framework was stable at temperatures below 250℃. In addition, the catalytic performance of NH4ZrH（PO4）2·H2O in the synthesis of butyl acetate was investigated. The results show that NH4ZrH（PO4）2·H2O behaved as an excellent heterogeneous catalyst in the synthesis of butyl acetate.

Adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of sodium butyl xanthate onto bornite in flotation

In this paper,the effect of sodium butyl xanthate(NaBX)adsorption on the surface of bornite at different pH on flotation was studied by adsorption kinetic and thermodynamic.The flotation results demonstrated that the recovery was the highest when pH was 9 in NaBX solution(4×10^?5 mol/L).The adsorption kinetics showed the reaction of NaBX on the bornite conformed to the second order kinetic equation;it belonged to the multimolecular layer adsorption of Freundlich model;the maximum adsorption rate constant was 0.30 g/(10^?6 mol·min),and the equilibrium adsorption capacity was 2.70×10^?6 mol/g.Thermodynamic calculation results indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous chemisorption,and the adsorption products of NaBX on bornite surface were cupric butyl xanthate,ferric butyl xanthate and dixanthogen,which were confirmed by infrared spectrum measurements.

Dietary Exposure to Benzyl Butyl Phthalate in China

Objective Benzyl butyl phthalate （BBP） is a plasticizer used in food contact materials. Dietary exposure to BBP might lead to reproduction and developmental damages to human. The present paper was aimed to assess the health risk of BBP dietary exposure in Chinese population. Methods The BBP contents were detected in 7409 food samples from 25 food categories by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry operated in selected ion monitoring （SIM） mode. The dietary exposures of BBP in different age and sex groups were estimated by combining the content data with food consumption data derived from 2002 China National Nutrient and Health Survey, and evaluated according to the tolerable daily intake （TDI） of BBP established by European Food safety Agency. Results It was found that BBP was undetectable in most samples and the highest level was 2.69 mg/kg detected in a vegetable oil sample. The average dietary exposure of BBP in people aged 〉2 years was 2.03μg/kg bw per day and the highest average exposure was found in 2-6 years old children （1.98μg/kg bw per day）. The BBP exposure in 7-12 months old children excessed 10% of tolerable daily intake （TDI） in worst scenario. Conclusion The health risk of BBP dietary exposure in Chinese population is low and, considering BBP alone, there is no safety concern.

Nonfoaming Bubble Separation for Recovery of Butyl Acetate from Discharged Wastewater During Penicillin Production

Two nonfoaming bubble separation techniques, air stripping and solvent sublation, are presented and discussed in order to recover butyl acetate (BA) from discharged wastewater after solvent extraction of penicillin. Results show air stripping is not suitable for the recovery of BA from the wastewater. Axial concentration of BA had a noted maximum point along the column. In contrast, solvent sublation is very effective to recover BA from the wastewater. In solvent sublation experiments, axial concentration of BA along the column first increased and then decreased from the bottom to the top because of two primary mass transport processes. One is the transport by adsorption or attachment to ascending bubbles, and the other is by dispersion at water-solvent interface and by water film in organic solvent layer. In order to elucidate the high removal efficiency in solvent sublation, the microstructure of the wastewater was studied with optic microscope, which was showed to be an emulsion of BA in water at large concentration of BA. Solvent sublation can be successfully used in the removal of BA from its emulsion in the wastewater. The surface tension of simulated solution composed of lysozyme and BA was studied to understand mutual effect of biological materials and BA. Results show that lysozyme affects the adsorption of BA at air-water interface and they may form a complex between BA and lysozyme molecules.

Effect of butylated hydroxytoluene on quality of pre-frozen and frozen buffalo semen

Objective: To clarify the antioxidant effect of butylated hydroxytoulene (BHT) at different concentrations on cooled and post frozen semen diluted in tris-citrate-fructose egg yolk glycerol and lecithin -based extenders. Methods: Forty ejaculates were harvested from four buffalo bulls by means of the artificial vagina. Ejaculated semen samples were diluted with each of the tris citrate-fructose egg yolk glycerol and lecithin-based extender diluents. The semen samples diluted with each of the two extenders were added to pre-warmed dried test tubes containing BHT (prepared in ethanol) to get concentrations at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 mM/mL BHT. These ingredients were put at 37 ℃ for 5 min to allow the proper BHT spermatozoal permeation. The diluted semen samples were cooled to 5 ℃ and then frozen to -196 ℃ in 0.25 mL ministraws before dipping in liquid nitrogen pending its evaluation. Sperm motility, viability, morphology, intact acrosome and membrane integrity were tested. Visual motility was tested using a high power ordinary microscope (at 400 × ) with closed circuit television, and sperm concentration was tested using Neubauer haemocytometer and abnormality % using eosin-nigrosin stain. Spermatozoal membrane integrity was tested using the hypo-osmotic swelling test. The sperm with swollen twisting tail was normally intact. Sperm acrosomal integrity % was tested as mentioned by Watson. Results: Addition of BHT improved (P<0.01) progressive motility, viability, morphology and acrosome as well as plasma membrane integrities at 0.5-2.0 mM/mL depending upon types of used extenders and stages of pre-and post-freezing process. Higher levels of 2.5 and 3.0 mM/mL BHT had a deteriorating (P<0.01) result if compared to the control and all extenders assayed. Conclusions: BHT addition at lower concentration can improve pre-frozen and post-thawed buffalo sperm quality.