Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Chlorinated Pesticides in Sediments along the Semi-Closed Areas of Alexandria, Egypt

The residues of 19 EPA-organochlorine pollutants were analyzed in sediments collected from 49 different locations along the semi-closed areas of Alexandria, Egypt. The pollutants studied were 7 individual polychlorinatedbiphenyl (PCB) congeners, α,β,γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs), cyclodienes (aldrin, endrin, dieldrin) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) (o,p-DDE, p,p-DDE, o,p-DDD, p,p-DDD, o,p-DDT, p,p-DDT). The concentration of total DDTs ranged between ND and 123.76 ng.g-1 (dry wt) whereas the concentration of PCBs, HCHs and cyclodienes ranged from ND to 192.24 ng.g-1;ND to 20.78 ng.g-1 and ND to 8.04 ng.g-1 dry wt, respectively. The average total organic carbon (TOC) percent was varied from 0.04 to 7.65%.

Fluoride distribution and the effect of some ions along Alexandria coastal Mediterranean seawater of Egypt

The coastal seawater of Mediterranean of Alexandria receives large amount of discharged waters containing industrial wastes, sewage, and agricultural and domestic drainage. Fluoride and some parameters were(chemical and physical) determined. The data gave indication that the content and the amount of the discharged water largely affect the chemical composition of the coastal water. Stepwise regression analysis was highly significant and the model was very fruitful, where the observed and calculated values were mostly concordant. This may indicated that there was a relation between fluoride content in coastal seawater and its content in the discharged water.

Spatial Modeling of Residential Crowding in Alexandria Governorate, Egypt: A Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) Technique

Despite growing research for residential crowding effects on housing market and public health perspectives, relatively little attention has been paid to explore and model spatial patterns of residential crowding over space. This paper focuses upon analyzing the spatial relationships between residential crowding and socio-demographic variables in Alexandria neighborhoods, Egypt. Global and local geo-statistical techniques were employed within GIS-based platform to identify spatial?variations of residential crowding determinates. The global ordinary least squares (OLS) model?assumes homogeneity of relationships between response variable and explanatory variables?across the study area. Consequently, it fails to account for heterogeneity of spatial relationships. Local model known as a geographically weighted regression (GWR) was also employed using the same?response variable and explanatory variables to capture spatial non-stationary of residential?crowding. A comparison of the outputs of both models indicated that OLS explained 74 percent of?residential crowding variations while GWR model explained 79 percent. The GWR improvedstrength of the model and provided a better goodness of fit than OLS. In addition, the findings of this analysis revealed that residential crowding was significantly associated with different structural measures particularly social characteristics of household such as higher education and illiteracy. Similarly, population size of neighborhood and number of dwelling rooms were found to have direct impacts on residential crowding rate. The spatial relationship of these measures distinctly varies over the study area.

Nutrient Fluxes and Sediments Composition in El Mex Bay and Surround Drains, Alexandria, Egypt

The regeneration of pore water (PW) nutrients was investigated and the contribution of benthic nutrient fluxes to the overlying bottom water (BW) was examined. Dissolved inorganic nutrients (NO-2, NO-3, PO3-4 and SIO4-4) were measured in PW and BW in El Mex Bay and surround drains during spring 2010. Nutrient concentrations gradiance in PW with overlying seawater were evaluated according to Fick’s Law. Average inorganic nutrient fluxes were estimated using the pore water gradient concentration across the sediment-water interface. Calculated nutrient fluxes had averages of ﹣7.24, ﹣1.36, ﹣7.86 and ﹣1.33 in El Mex Bay. Additionally, the fluxes in the drains were ﹣34.39, ﹣32.28, ﹣53.20 and ﹣117.6 mg·m﹣2·day﹣1 for NO-3, NO-2, PO3-4 and SIO4-4, respectively. Mineralogical studies of sediment samples by using IR, X-ray analysis were carried out to identify the chemical structure of sediments. The results revealed that calcite, aragonite and quartz are the dominant minerals. On the other hand, differential thermal analysis (DTA) was used to evaluate and discuss different kinetic parameters such as Ea#, ΔG#, ΔH#, ΔS#, Z and Tm support the view of the extra stability of these sediments.

PAHs in Seawater of the Semi-Closed Areas along the Alexandria Coast of Egyptian Mediterranean Sea

The distributions of 15 out of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in surface and bottom water of Alexandria coasts (Egyptian Mediterranean Sea). Total average PAH concentrations were ranged from 9.89 to 677.25 ng/l, and from 2.21 to 345.29 ng/l in surface and bottom water, respectively. PAH concentrations were at relatively low levels compared to those reported for other estuaries and marine systems around the world. The ΣCOMB and ΣTF-PAHs suggest the origin of hydrocarbons. The higher concentrations of total pyrolytic hydrocarbons (ΣCOMB) than that of total fossil hydrocarbons (ΣTFPAH) declared that atmospheric fall-out from traffic exhausts was the significant source of PAHs to marine environment of the semi-closed areas of Alexandria. Interferences of rather petrogenic and pyrolytic PAH contaminations were noticed in the harbours, especially marine area due to petroleum products deliveries and fuel combustion emissions from the ships awaiting along side the quays.

A growth model for a hyalid amphipod Hyale perieri in the coastal water of Alexandria(Egypt)

The growth rate of the hyalid amphipod Hyale perieri was studied on the bases of Ikeda'sgrowth model which is based on the inter moult period (IP) and moult increament (△BL). To apply this approach, laboratory experiments were carried out at three temperatures regimes (15℃, 20℃, 25℃ ) to gain accurate data of IP and BL. The total number of specimens used in this study was 86 at 15℃ , 24 at 20℃ and 70 at 25℃. The number of flagellar segments of both antennae of the Hyale perieri could not be used as an index of growth (instar criterion). The obtained results indicated that, the predicted IP of the specimens was inversely related to temperature and in good agreement with the observed values at the experimental temperatures. IP data obtained from laboratory-reared specimes are combined with ABL data to establish a growth model for Hyale perieri from its release from the mar-supium (1.64 mm BL ) to the maximum size (12.67 mm BL) as a function of temperature. The maximum numbers of consecutive moults recorded during the experiment were 13 moults (14 instar) at 15℃, 14 moults (15 instar) at 20℃ and 12 moults (13 instar) at 25℃ . The predicted life span for BL = 12.67 mm (moult 13) was 203.82 d at 15t, for BL = 11.75 mm (moult 14) was 138.94 d at 20℃ and for BL = 8.65 mm (moult 12) was 75.40 d at 25℃ respectively, thus confirming that the life span of the species is inversely proportional to temperature. Within the experimental temperatures tested, the optimum temperature for the growth of the species was 20℃.

Impacts of Climate Change on Seasonal Residential Electricity Consumption by 2050 and Potential Adaptation Options in Alexandria Egypt

Climate change and associated more frequent, hot or cold, extreme/weather events, as well as increasing temperature may increase future residential demand for electricity for heating and cooling purposes. The paper in hand intends to assess potential impacts of increasing temperature attributed to climate change on seasonal residential electricity consumption in Alexandria city, Egypt. Additionally, it aims to identify and discuss potential soft and hard adaptation options to such impacts. For this purpose, seasonal changes in electricity consumption were investigated. For this purpose, data on monthly residential electricity consumption, population size and income levels at district level as well as maximum monthly temperature in Alexandria city, Egypt over the period 2007-2016 were collected. This is followed by developing a panel-data model to simulate influence of temperature on residential electricity consumption. It was found that there is a significant growth trend over the study period as well as considerable seasonal variation with summer season experienced significant increase in consumption. It was found that increasing temperature, under RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5, may contribute to significant increase in residential summer electricity consumption by 2050. Different adaptation options to such an increase in consumption, both soft and hard, have been identified and assessed.

A GIS-Based Suitability Analysis for Siting a Solid Waste Incineration Power Plant in an Urban Area Case Study: Alexandria Governorate, Egypt

Solid waste represents a key issue that threatens environmental quality in Egyptian urban areas. One of the most viable options to treat such an issue is to incinerate the collected solid waste for electricity generation, which can reduce the cost of solid waste disposal as well as pollution and generate surplus energy. Selecting appropriate site for a solid waste incineration power plant is a crucial step due to its economic and environmental implications. This would require assessing various constraining and favorable factors that determine feasibility and sustainability of the power plant site. This paper is intended to develop a GIS-based model for siting a municipal solid waste incineration power plant in Alexandria governorate, Egypt. For this purpose, five criteria are considered and a composite index was suggested to integrate these criteria in a numerical term reflecting suitability of various parts of the governorate for siting solid waste incineration power plant.

PAHs in Sediments along the Semi-Closed Areas of Alexandria, Egypt

Sediment samples were collected from 49 sampling stations along the semi-closed areas of Alexandria coasts, Egypt. Total concentrations of 15 out of 16 EPA-PAHs in sediments were varied from 4.2 to 886 ng.g–1 with an average value of 176 ng.g–1 (dry wt). The average total organic carbon (TOC) percent was varied from 0.04 to 7.65%. Higher concentration of total pyrolytic hydrocarbons (∑COMB) than total fossil hydrocarbons (∑COMB), declared that atmospheric fall-out is the significant source of PAHs to marine sediments of the semi-closed area of Alexandria. The selected marked compounds and special PAHs compound ratios (phenanthrene/anthracene;fluoranthene/pyrene;∑COMB/ ∑EPA-PAHs) suggest the pyrogenic origins, especially traffic exhausts, are the dominant sources of PAHs in most locations. Interferences of rather petrogenic and pyrolytic PAH contaminations were noticed in the harbours, especially marine area due to petroleum products deliveries and fuel combustion emissions from the ships staying alongside the quays.

Beach erosion along the coastline of Alexandria, Egypt

Long-term varations in beach width of Alexandria Governorate have ben analyzed using two sets of aerial photos taken in 1955 and 1983. The analysis reveals that a major part of most beaches has been subjecded to coastal erosion except for only beaches. The esthated long-term rate of erosion is approximately 0. 20 m/a.El Maamoura, located east of Alexandria is selected to evaluate seasonal vacations. Sand volume lOsses are found to be 450 m3/ (m. a) for the entire beach length (1. 2 km). The annual sand transport by wind is estimated as about 37.7 m3. Subtracting this amount of sand from the net sand loss 450 m3/ (cm. a) yields 412.3 m3/(cm. a) of eroded sand caused by the action of currents and waves.

The City Next Door;Branding Alexandria, Egypt

Destination branding is a process of branding a place,a product,or a city,to attract investment,people,and capital.The growing role,significance and importance of destination branding and image in tourism is being widely explored.There is a growing body of research in destination branding and specifically with relation to tourism products and brands around the world and how they can use certain elements(element mix)to develop a sense of identity to a place.Branding has become very important in travel and tourism industry since it influences tourists’decisions to visit a place or a city and therefore it affects their level of satisfaction.The main aim of destination branding is to create value and enable destination marketers to successfully use the unique characteristics and attributes associated with the city(e.g.,products,services,arts,technology,location,culture,etc.)to differentiate,position their destinations and sustain a competitive advantage over other tourism brands around the globe.This paper,using case-study methodology,aims to report on a wider project with the aim to develop“Alexandria—the city next door”brand to be available for tourists’choices when selecting a destination to visit.

Ecological distribution of harmful epiphytic Oscillatoriales in Alexandria coast,Egypt,with special reference to DNA identification

Objective:To identify the potentially harmful epiphytic Oscillatoriales species and follow up their distribution along Alexandria coast.Methods:Samples were collected bimonthly from April 2009 to February 2010 at three sites along Alexandria coast.Both morphological and molecular analyses were used for identifying the dominant species.Results:Five species belonging to two families were identified;Oscillatoria acutissima,Oscillatoria nigroviridis,Oscillatoria sp.,Lyngbya majuscule and Phormidium formosum.Their cell density ranged from 10^(3)to 126×10^(3)filament g^(-1)fresh weight macroalgae.The morphological study of the dominant species,Oscillatoria sp.(Oscillatoria sp.W1)showed much similarity with Planktothrix agardhii with no heterocysts and akinetes,while molecular ananlysis(16S rDNA)clustered the species in the same group with Anabaena sp.Conclusions:The 16S rDNA genes are not suitable for identifying Oscillatoriales during the present study and another molecular method should be used instead.

Wilson Alexandria X-2音箱

如果你在Hi-Fi友之间进行民意调查，问他发达之后会买哪一牌子的扬声器(发达的定义人人不同，总之就是这个意思)，我相信一个很大的百分比会说是Wilson。厂房设于美国盐湖城的Wilson Audio创立不过20年，但已成为全世界商业上最成功的超级音箱厂家之一。

从“自然空间”到“文化空间”的嬗变——亚历山大里亚的建城史

公元前305年,亚历山大大帝的部将托勒密在埃及建立了托勒密王朝。这个外族统治者建立的政权要统治数量庞大的埃及人,就需要吸引希腊移民在此安居乐业,来巩固统治基础。为了构建希腊移民所熟悉的“文化空间”,托勒密统治者通过建设亚历山大里亚这座希腊城市,将埃及法老文明的“文化空间”说成是“自然空间”,进而建构属于希腊移民的“文化空间”。借助段义孚的空间地理学说,结合亚历山大里亚建城传说,可以解析托勒密统治者的文化政策和希腊移民的建城心理动因,揭示希腊移民建构“文化空间”的民族心理和“恋地情结”。

‘亚历山大'葡萄果实单萜生物合成相关基因转录及萜类物质积累规律

【目的】检测‘亚历山大'葡萄果实中萜类物质的种类和含量,分析果实发育过程中单萜类物质的积累与相关基因表达的关系,为揭示玫瑰香型葡萄香气物质的积累规律和香味育种奠定基础。【方法】从果实转色后至成熟期,每周取样一次,每次随机取样80—100粒,去籽去梗后榨汁,离心取上清液用于香气物质测定,使用顶空固相微萃取方法萃取样品中的挥发性成分,对采集到的质谱图用NIST 05谱库检索,并根据已有标样的色谱保留时间和保留指数,确定香气成分的化学组成,利用已有的化合物制备标准曲线进行定量。根据DXS的ORF序列设计引物,以充分成熟的样品RNA反转录获得的cDNA为模板,通过多次独立PCR扩增获得‘亚历山大'DXS的ORF片段,根据测序结果分析单核苷酸多态性位点。根据萜类生物合成途径中的8个关键酶基因序列设计引物,使用Ubiquitin,EF1-α和GAPDH3个看家基因做为内参,进行实时定量PCR,检测这些基因的转录丰度。【结果】从转色后至成熟期,在检测到的所有单萜中里那醇和香叶醇的含量远高于其它单萜,多种萜类浓度逐渐上升,其中里那醇、月桂烯、柠檬烯上升6—8倍,香叶醇、萜品醇、香叶醛和萜品油烯上升2—3倍,玫瑰醚和橙花醛含量变化较小,果实中里那醇、香叶醇、氧化玫瑰和月桂烯的含量高于嗅闻阈值。在单萜生物合成早期途径中,DXS1的表达从转色开始缓慢上升,在花后15周迅速上调,上升约5倍。DXS3则从12周开始迅速上升。DXR表现出波动变化规律。HDR的表达量在前期合成酶基因中是最高的,能达到DXS1、DXS3、DXR的1 0—20倍;在合成途径中期的2个基因FPPS和GPPS,从转色后至成熟期表达量持续上调,FPPS的表达量上升了4倍,GPPS的表达量上升了2倍;在合成途径的后期,Liner-syn和Terp—syn在花后的11—1 5周都出现表达量升高,所有基因在花后17周出现明显的表达下降。单萜总量从花后12-16周迅速积累,这与同期DXS3、DXR,HDR,GPPS、FPPS的表达上调的趋势相一致。通过相关性分析结果显示萜类总量与DXS3的相关系数为0.831。‘亚历山大'DXS1的cDNA的开放阅读框全长2 151 bp,编码716个氨基酸,通过多次独立克隆后对测序结果进行比对,在该序列中发现了16个单核苷酸多态性位点,导致4个位置编码的氨基酸发生变化。【结论】单萜合成途径中多个关键酶基因后期表达上调,导致成熟过程中单萜化合物含量上升2—8倍,DXS3与单萜总量的积累具有显著的相关性。

“亚历山大”葡萄疏果省力化关键技术

以六年生＂亚历山大＂（Vitis vinifera cv.Mascat of Alexandria）葡萄为试材,在盛花期前15d左右、花穗长度为3.0~8.0cm时使用5个不同质量浓度（1、2、3、4和5mg/L）的赤霉酸（GA3）溶液对葡萄花穗进行喷洒处理,研究GA3处理对疏果简约化和果实品质的影响。结果表明,3mg/L的GA3在新稍长度为15~20cm、展叶数为6~7片（花穗长度为4.0cm左右）时处理效果最佳。与自然生长果穗相比,可使花穗拉长50%,果穗疏松但不过于松散,坐果较好,平均穗质量最大,并能有效减少疏果工作量,省工38%。与对照相比,不同质量浓度的GA3处理均显著提高了＂亚历山大＂葡萄果实中可溶性固形物、葡萄糖、果糖、酒石酸、苹果酸和芳樟醇含量,并且3mg/L处理显著提高了葡萄果实中总酚和橙花醇含量。因此,3mg/L GA3处理的果实品质较优,并且能够有效减少人工疏果的工作量。生产中建议在盛花期前15d左右用3mg/L GA3对＂亚历山大＂葡萄花穗进行喷施处理,以减少劳动成本、提高劳动效率。

基质限根栽培对“亚历山大”葡萄生长和果实品质的影响

以欧亚种“亚历山大”葡萄为试验材料，采用有机基质[V（泥炭土）∶V（堆肥）∶V（蛭石）=4∶1∶1]和半基质[V（有机基质）∶V（土壤）=1∶1]为栽培基质，以土壤栽培为对照，研究其对“亚历山大”葡萄的物候、植株生长及果实品质及翌年花芽质量和产量稳定性的影响。结果表明，有机基质比土壤栽培的葡萄萌芽期和花期早约1~2 d，成熟期相同，半基质延迟葡萄成熟约3 d；有机基质栽培提高了葡萄果实中的糖酸、芳樟醇和香叶醇含量，对果实大小和翌年旳成花质量无显著影响；半基质栽培提高了葡萄果实中香叶醇含量，但果实大小和果实糖含量都明显降低。这可能与半基质栽培使植株长势过旺、叶面积小、叶片叶绿素值低有关。有机基质栽培改善了“亚历山大”葡萄的品质，但栽培过程中由于水分和 pH 值变化较大，生产中需使用水肥一体化管理。

亚历山大图书馆新论

亚历山大图书馆的产生在一定程度上说是一种偶然,其消亡是一种历史的宿命,新馆的重建并不意味着古老亚历山大图书馆的复活。基于以上内容,文章最后提出了几点启示。