Optimizing Biodiesel Production from Karanja and Algae Oil with Nano Catalyst:RSMand ANN Approach

This study delves into biodiesel synthesis from non-edible oils and algae oil sources using Response Surface Methodology(RSM)and an Artificial Neural Network(ANN)model to optimize biodiesel yield.Blend of C.vulgaris and Karanja oils is utilized,aiming to reduce free fatty acid content to 1%through single-step transesterification.Optimization reveals peak biodiesel yield conditions:1%catalyst quantity,91.47 min reaction time,56.86℃reaction temperature,and 8.46:1 methanol to oil molar ratio.The ANN model outperforms RSM in yield prediction accuracy.Environmental impact assessment yields an E-factor of 0.0251 at maximum yield,indicating responsible production with minimal waste.Economic analysis reveals significant cost savings:30%-50%reduction in raw material costs by using non-edible oils,10%-15%increase in production efficiency,20%reduction in catalyst costs,and 15%-20%savings in energy consumption.The optimized process reduces waste disposal costs by 10%-15%,enhancing overall economic viability.Overall,the widespread adoption of biodiesel offers economic,environmental,and social benefits to a diverse range of stakeholders,including farmers,producers,consumers,governments,environmental organizations,and the transportation industry.Collaboration among these stakeholders is essential for realizing the full potential of biodiesel as a sustainable energy solution.

Microscopic analysis on eukaryotic algae and cyanobacteria in nine seasonal lakes and ponds in Vestfjella,Dronning Maud Land,Antarctica

Antarctic continental lakes and ponds are among the most impoverished aquatic environments on earth but many of them support flourishing populations of cyanobacteria,eukaryotic algae,protozoans,and some multicellular animals.In this study,we present results of a microscopic analysis of cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae from nine diverse types of Antarctic continental water bodies during one austral summer.The results supplement and enlarge our previous studies on the limnological characteristics of the epiglacial and supraglacial lakes and ponds in Dronning Maud Land,an area that has received little attention from limnologists.The taxon with highest frequency among the samples(n=79)was Mesotaenium cf.berggrenii,a eukaryotic Zygnematophyceae,which occurred in 82%of the samples with a maximum cell density of 68 cells·mL^(-1).The taxa with second and third highest frequency were the prokaryotes Gloeocapsopsis(60%)and Leptolyngbya(41%),followed by Chlamydomonas(34%)and Cyanothece(29%).The number of taxa varied between 7-21 among the lakes and ponds,being highest in a supraglacial lake,and lowest in an epiglacial lake.The results did not reveal any obvious correlation between the abundance of any taxa and the water chemistry,but water bodies with inorganic sediments had higher cell densities and biomasses than those without sediment.This suggests the importance of sediment in supporting biological diversity in these ultraoligotrophic lakes and ponds.

Antarctic red algae in dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells for water splitting

Phycoerythrin extracted from Antarctic red seaweeds shows promising characteristics to be applied as an anode sensitizer in water-splitting photoelectrochemical cells.Under light irradiation and using an LED lamp,the red-colored protein shows an interesting ability to profit the incident light,as confirmed by the presence of oxygen bubbles next to the electrode surface without applying any external potential.Our results showed that the addition of iodide is helpful to allow the regeneration of the dye;nevertheless,oxygen evolution is not favored.Thermodynamics analysis of the involved semi-reactions is also helpful to understand the observed results.The exploration of Antarctic resources offers then an alternative for the development of green energies,with a particular focus on their use as sensitizers to profit from the sunlight in water-splitting as well as in photovoltaic devices.

Interaction between Biochar and Algae on Problem Soil

An in-vitro experiment was conducted to assess the interaction between biochar and algae on a problem soil. Experiments were performed with and without algae to observe the effectiveness of algae for overcoming the challenges posed by problem soils. At the end of incubation periods, the adsorption and desorption of phosphorus (P) on a problem soil vis-á-vis algal inoculation were determined. Our results showed that different types of biochars adsorbed different amounts of P suggesting that the source of biochar played a crucial role in determining its behavior towards P. Tannery waste biochar significantly adsorbed 147% and 35% more P compared to that of the chicken litter and orange peel biochars respectively. Significant reductions in adsorption were observed when the biochar was used in combination with the algae which could be due to the beneficial effects of algae leading to the amelioration of the problem soil. Adsorption was reduced to 34%, 24% and 20% for the orange peel biochar + algae, chicken litter biochar + algae and tannery waste biochar + algae, respectively compared to the corresponding biochars present as a single solid. Phosphorus (P) desorption was also reduced significantly in presence of algal inoculation. Overall our findings suggest that the application of algae along with biochar in the problem soil could reduce the adsorption of P which would influence the availability of P.

Dynamic Analysis of an Algae-Bacteria Ecological Model

In the paper, under the framework of exploring the interaction between algae and bacteria, an algae-bacteria ecological model was established to analyze the interaction mechanism and growth coexistence mode between algicidal bacteria and algae. Firstly, mathematical work mainly provided some threshold conditions to ensure the occurrence of transcritical bifurcation and saddle-node bifurcation, which could provide certain theoretical support for selecting key ecological environmental factors and numerical simulations. Secondly, the numerical simulation work dynamically displayed the evolution process of the bifurcation dynamic behavior of the model (2.1) and the growth coexistence mode of algae and algicidal bacteria. Finally, it was worth summarizing that intrinsic growth rate and combined capture effort of algae population had a strong influence on the dynamic behavior of the model (2.1). Furthermore, it must also be noted that transcritical bifurcation and saddle-node bifurcation were the inherent driving forces behind the formation of steady-state growth coexistence mode between algicidal bacteria and algae. In summary, it was hoped that the results of this study would contribute to accelerating the study of the interaction mechanism between algicidal bacteria and algae.

Preparation methods,biological activities,and potential applications of marine algae oligosaccharides:a review

Marine algae are valuable sources of health-promoting molecules that have been consumed by Asians for decades.Among aquatic flora,marine algae stand out in terms of high content of marine algae polysaccharides(MAP)such as carrageenan,alginate,fucoidan,laminaran,agarose,rhamnan,and ulvan.When hydrolyzed,MAP generate marine algae oligosaccharides(MAO),which have attracted interest in recent years due to their superior solubility compared with MAP.Besides,MAO have been demonstrated numerous biological activities including antioxidant,antidiabetic,anti-inflammatory,antimicrobial,and prebiotic activities.Thus,this review summarizes the main chemical classes of MAO,their sources,and the main processes used for their production(i.e.,physical,chemical,and biological methods),coupled with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of these methods.Highlights of the biological activities of MAO and their potential applications in food,nutraceutical,and pharmaceuticals would also be discussed and summarized.

Effect of Algae on Melon(Cucumis melo subsp.agrestis var.conomon)Growth and Development under Drought-Stress Conditions

Due to climate change,it is necessary to develop plant varieties that are resilient to climate conditions and resistant to abiotic and biotic stresses.The use of microalgae,which are microorganisms that contain carbohydrates,proteins,lipids,and vitamins,against drought tolerance is a new approach.The aim of the current study was to determine the drought-related mechanisms in the conomon melon genotype and develop drought-tolerant melon cultivars.Morphological,physiological,pomological,and molecular analyses were carried out on the algae-treated genotypes.It has been determined that commercial algae application provides the best results in leaf temperature,leaf relative water contents(LRWC),plant height,fruit length,fruit diameter,and yield,while Cag Cag(a special river in the region)stream algae application gives better results in main stem diameter.It was determined that the number of nodes in the control(without algae)plots was higher than in the other two treatments.Yield and LRWC and plant height values of genotype 7 were the best values among other genotypes.The leaf temperature measurement was lower on genotype 9 than on the other genotypes.While the highest fruit length value was measured in genotype 1,genotype 8 was superior in the main stem diameter,fruit diameter,and the number of nodes among the remaining plant materials.In terms of yield,it was determined that the interaction between genotype 2 and the commercial algae resulted in the best outcomes.In addition,the results of the genetic evaluation revealed that the materials used were not genetically distant from each other and more detailed genetic evaluations are needed.The molecular kinship analysis revealed that the genotypes used in the study were divided into three distinct groups,with individuals within each group exhibiting a high degree of relatedness to one another.As a result of the study,it was found that the application of microalgae had significant effects on improving the drought tolerance of Cucumis melo subsp.agrestis var.conomon genotypes.

Influence of External Factors on Algae Biomass in Lake Khadicha (Bukhara, Uzbekistan)

Aquatic plant communities, which largely determine the ecological state of aquatic ecosystems and the quality of their waters, are the most important components in the biological monitoring system. Lake Khadicha is a unique natural body of water that is used for growing commercial fish. In recent years, due to heavy loads of abiotic and anthropogenic factors, the lake water has become highly saline. This phenomenon greatly affects the biodiversity of aquatic organisms, in addition to algae. During 2019-2021, the algae flora of Lake Khadicha was studied. 216 species of algae were identified as part of the algal flora. Their relationship with external factors such as water temperature, salinity and pH was studied. The seasonal abundance and biomass of algal flora areas of the lake were determined. Quantitative indicators of the dominant species in each season and their bioecological characteristics are identified.

Dynamic Analysis of an Algae-Fish Harvested Model with Allee Effect

In this paper, an algae-fish harvested model with Allee effect was established to further explore the dynamic evolution mechanism under the influence of key factors. Mathematical theoretical work not only investigated the existence and stability of all possible equilibrium points, but also probed into the occurrence of transcritical and Hopf bifurcation. The numerical simulation works verified the effectiveness of the theoretical derivation results and displayed rich bifurcation dynamical behaviors, which showed that Allee effect and harvest have played a vital role in the dynamic relationship between algae and fish. In summary, it was expected that these research results would be beneficial for promoting the study of bifurcation dynamics in aquatic ecosystems.

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Algae-Based Sheet Masks in Skincare: A Comprehensive Study of Cosmetological Benefits and Microbiome Balanced Interactions

Research in dermatology is exploring bio-compatible materials like alginate and calcium sulphate for use in skincare products, such as facial sheet masks. Alginate (from seaweed) has wound healing and hydration properties, while calcium assists in maintaining skin balance and protection. In this study we explore the effects of an algae-calcium based sheet mask on skin. Materials and Methods: In-vitro studies investigated the purpose, process and effectiveness of an algae-calcium dry sheet mask (Algae Mask-MedSkin Solutions Dr. Suwelack). The mask is made from brown algae and undergoes a lyophilization and stabilization process to form its final structure. The mask’s properties were tested using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and its performance was assessed on human skin biopsies. Various tests were performed, such as measuring the release of ionic constituents and concentration of calcium ions, and the fibroblast cell-activating effect. Clinical evaluations and skin microbiome assessment were conducted on healthy volunteers to assess the mask’s effect on the skin. Results and Conclusion: The study validates the benefits of macro algae-based sheet masks for skincare, with significant cosmetic effects and high tolerance due to its composition. Notably, the algae based mask releases substantial calcium ions, hydrates, minimizes skin roughness and wrinkles, regulates pH levels, and maintains skin microbiome diversity. It also decreases Corynebacterium species found on the skin, suggesting potential to modify skin microbiome. .

Characteristics and Comparative Study of Chlorophyll-protein Complexes from Siphonous Green Algae

By mild PAGE method, 11, 11, 7 and 9 chlorophyll_protein complexes were isolated from two species of siphonous green algae (Codium fragile (Sur.) Hariot and Bryopsis corticulans Setch.), green alga (Ulothrix flacca (Dillw.) Thur.), and spinach (Spinacia oleracea Mill.), respectively. Apparent molecular weights, Chl a/b ratios, distribution of chlorophyll, absorption spectra, low temperature fluorescence spectra of these complexes were determined, and compared with one another. PSⅠ complexes of two siphonous green algae are larger in apparent molecular weight because of the attachment of relative highly aggregated LHCⅠ. Four isolated light_harvesting complexes of PSⅡ are all siphonaxanthin_Chl a/b_protein complexes, and they are not monomers and oligomers like those in higher plants. Especially, the absence of 730 nm fluorescence in PSⅠ complexes indicates a distinct structure and energy transfer pattern.

Indication Function of Aquatic Algae for Environment

In order to better monitor N and P pollutants, heavy metals, pesticides and other organic pollutants in water areas, we researched sensitivity and tolerance of aquatic algae on water environment and effects of the pollutants on algae population, analyzing toxin and enrichment of pollutants on algae. The results indicated that aquatic alga is a better indicator for some pollutants in water, for which water contamination can be surveyed and analyzed rapidly.

Biological Characteristics and Pathogenicities of Shewanella algae and Shewanella abalone from Babylonia

[Objective] The biological characteristics and pathogenicities of Shewanella algae and Shewanella abalone from Babylonia were studied in this paper. [Method]The hemolytic bacteria were isolated from the hepatopancreas of Babylonia suffered from proboscis edema with blood agar plate. The dominant bacterial community in the ill Babylonia was identified by 16 S r DNA sequence analysis, and the bacterial cultural and biochemical characteristics and pathogenicities were studied. [Result]The Shewanella bacteria, including Shewanella algae and Shewanella abalone, are the dominant bacterial community in Babylonia suffered from proboscis edema.The colony characteristics of Shewanella algae in nutrient agar medium, TCBS agar medium and CHROMagar vibrio colored medium were similar to those of Shewanella abalone. Shewanella algae possessed β-hemolysis and Shewanella abalone possessed α-hemolysis in the blood agar plate. The biochemical reaction of Shewanella algae and Shewanella abalone was all of non-fermentation type. The results of artificial infection test showed that half lethal dose（LD50） of the test strains of Shewanella algae was 10-5.50/0.1 ml. The test strains of Shewanella algae have strong toxicity, and could cause mice and chickens to die of sepsis with mortality of100%. The mortality of Babylonia infected with Shewanella algae was 10%; while the survived Babylonia lost the ability of moving and intaking for a long time, but they were not suffered from proboscis edema. There was no death in mice or chicks infected with Shewanella abalone, but their livers and spleens were slightly hyperemic and swelling. There was also no death in Babylonia infected with Shewanella abalone, but their intaking and moving ability was lost for a short time.[Conclusion] Although Shewanella algae and Shewanella abalone were the dominant bacteria in Babylonia suffered from proboscis edema, they were not the main pathogenic bacteria for proboscis edema. Shewanella algae had strong pathogenicity to mice, chicks and Babylonia, while Shewanella abalone showed no marked pathogenicity to those experimental animals in this study.

Study on the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Blue Algae in Lake Dianshan in Summer

To understand the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of blue algae in summer in Lake Dianshan,the phytoplankton in Lake Dianshan from June to September in 2009 was surveyed. It found 11 genera and 28 species blue algae in total. Microcystis,Oscillatoria and Chroococcus were the main composition communities of blue algae in Lake Dianshan in summer. In the survey period,the average density of blue algae in Lake Dianshan was 16.48×106 cells/L which changed during 1.01×106-59.76×106 cells/L. The characteristics were:September > July > August > June. The mass propagation and aggregation of Microcystis in September caused that the water blooms phenomenon in the partial water areas was serious. In the space,the average density of blue algae in the west and southwest parts of Lake Dianshan was bigger than in the east and southeast. When the nutritive matter was sufficient,the temperature was the main factor which affected the generation and disappearance of blue algae water blooms. The wind direction was also an important factor which affected the distribution of blue algae.

Analysis on the Eutrophication and Algae Blooms of Hongfeng Lake Reservoir in Guizhou

[Objective] The research aimed to know the ecological environment pollution characteristics of Hongfeng Lake water area and the evolution rule,which provided the theory basis for improving the water quality condition.[Method] Based on the investigation and research of indoor and outdoor,the water quality,aquatic ecosystem,pollution characteristic of sediment and occurrence law of algae blooms in Hongfeng Lake were comprehensively analyzed by combining with the relevant literatures.[Result] Hongfeng Lake was in moderate-heavy eutrophication situation,and the water quality was V-bad V class.The sediment accumulated a lot of nutrient salt,which was the important pollution source of eutrophication in Hongfeng Lake Reservoir.The aquatic ecosystem degraded,and it was easy to form the algae blooms.[Conclusion] The pollution treatment of Hongfeng Lake was extremely urgent.

BLUE-GREEN ALGAE TOXINS AND LIVER CANCER

Microcystins (MCYSTs) isolated from blue-green algae,are hepatotoxic polypeptides.It will induce severe intrahepatic hemorrhage and liver necrosis at low concentrations in rats and mice.MCYST- LR is one of MCYSTs which consists of 2 variable L- amino acids(leucine and arginine),3 D-amino acids and 2 unusualamino acids(including Adda).MCYSTs bind to protein phosphatase 1 and 2A,and strongly inhibit their activities.The resultant increase of phosphoprotein was referred to be involved in tumor-promoting activity in liver.According to the above results and animal study,MCYST-LR is a potent liver tumor promoter.There were 9 positive from 30 samples of pond-ditch water in high endemic county-Haimen by high-peformance liquid chromatograph and 3 already confirmed by liquid chromograph/mass spectrometer.The quantities of MCYSTs were different between drinking water of liver cancer cases and controls groups.122±0.057and 0.072±0.044μg/200ml respectively) by ELISA. It is not easy to remove by conventional water treatment procedures.The relationship between MCYSTs and oncogenes and anti-oncogenes are under studying.

A Simple Method of Isolating Algae

[Objective] The research aimed to improve the method of isolation of algae.[Method] The samples were cultured in liquid medium after pre-culture in natural medium.[Result]12 species of algae were isolated from the sample.[Conclusion] The method is useful and easy to be handled.

Effect of Tropical Algae as Additives on Rumen <i>in Vitro</i>Gas Production and Fermentation Characteristics

Algae have become an area of intensive research in many fields of study. Areas of application are becoming increasingly diverse with the advent of technologies particularly in the mass production of algae biomass. Algae contain complex bioactive compounds and these are gaining importance in emerging technologies with nutritional and environmental applications. In this study, a preliminary investigation evaluated 15 species of algae from the major categories of marine and fresh water algae for their potential as inclusions in ruminant diets for management of greenhouse gas emissions. It was hypothesized that algae would positively affect rumen fermentation and gas production while reducing methane production. The hypothesis was tested using an Ankom automated gas monitoring system and rumen fluid from Bos indicus steers fed tropical forage diets. The results were variable between algae species with some showing a significant reduction in total gas and methane production, with others increasing gas and fermentation. The red and brown algae stand out as having potential for greenhouse gas mitigation with the brown alga Cystoseira having the most prominent effect. The effects observed on fermentation may be manipulated through dosage management and beneficial effects could be potentially maximized by preparing combinations of algal supplements. It has been demonstrated in this study that algae have the potential to assist in rumen fermentation management for improved gas production, and greenhouse gas abatement.

Analysis of the Meteorological Conditions for Outbreak of Blue-green Algae in Hongze Lake

Based on the data of 18 cases during the past 30 years from 1978 to 2007,the major meteorological conditions for outbreak of blue-green alga in Hongze Lake were analyzed.The results showed that the main meteorological conditions that affected the production and outbreak of blue-green alga were unusual high monthly average temperature,less precipitation and more sunshine hours in ten days.Through the selection of 1 or 0 factors on the values of above meteorological conditions over the years,if the conditions were accorded with the outbreak of blue-green alga,the factor was signed as 1,or it would be signed as 0;if there was outbreak of blue-green alga within ten days,it was signed as 1,or it would be signed as 0;crossing interrelated and integrated prediction method was adopted to establish the prediction equation for outbreak of blue-green alga,the historical fitting rate was 87.5%,and the predicting accuracy rate in 2008-2009 was 87.5%.In addition to meteorological conditions,outbreak of blue-green alga was also influenced by industrial pollutions,etc.,which should be considered in the forecasting procedures.

Effects of Algae in Tufa Landscapes of Huanglong Scenic Area

Algae play a crucial role in the evolution of earth and life on earth,and also the cycle of matter.With its unique physiological and ecological properties and strong reproductive capacity,algae deeply influence the formation and development of karst.During the formation of tufa landscapes in Huanglong Scenic Area,the coloration,precipitation and corrosion of algae acting on tufa always concordantly exist.The algae living in water add gay colors to the tufa landscapes.The carbonate precipitation facilitated by algae is an important biological cause of the formation of tufa.As the external environmental conditions change,for instance,the shortage of karst water in tufa landscapes,the coloration and powerful corrosion of algae will stand out,which will badly affect the development and visual value of tufa landscapes.By studying the functions of algae in the tufa landscapes of Huanglong Scenic Area,this research was to provide scientific basis for the future study and protection of tufa landscapes.