Simulation Study on the Alkalized-salinized Grassland Ecosystem in the Songnen Plain

Using Object-oriented design and a new programming language JAVA, a physically-based model was built to simulate the hydrological, alkalization/de-alkalization and salinization/desalinization processes in soil. Furthermore, a process-based model was built to evaluate the dynamics of four herbaceous ecosystems (including dynamics of above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, and litter biomass), each dominated by Aneurolepidium chinense (Trin.) Kitag., Chloris virgata Sw., Puccinellia tenuiflora (Turcz.) Scribn. et Merr. and Suaeda glauca Bunge. This model is a daily-time step model, suitable for simulating hydrological, alkalization/de-alkalization and salinization/desalinization processes of heterogeneous soil, and growth dynamics of different grassland communities. With climatic data and experimental data of Changling Experimental Site in Jilin Province, the soil moisture content (in 1991, 1996, 1997 and 1998), soil salt concentration, exchangeable cation percentage and pH in soil and growth dynamics of these four sorts of grassland communities (in 1991) were simulated and the results were verified to be in accord with observed data.

GENESIS OF SOIL ALKALIZATION WITH SODIUM CARBONATE IN HOHHOT PLAIN

Hohhot Plain, lying in the front of the Yingshan Mountains in inner Mongolia, isbounded by the mountain north, the Yellow River south, the Manhan Mountain east andloess hills southeast. Being 986 to 1100 meters above ses level, the plain generally slopesdown to the southwest, just in accordance with the flowing direction of the Great Heihe Riv-er and the Small Heihe River.

The Photocatalytic Oxidation of As（Ⅲ） Enhanced by Surface Alkalinized g-C3N4

A new,facile,and efficient way to prepare alkalinized g-C3N4 is presented.We calcined a mixture of KCl and melamine to obtain g-C3N4,whose in-plane structure was K+doped so that alkalinized samples could be obtained by treatment with different concentrations of KOH.The different samples were used to oxidize As(Ⅲ)in both visible light and natural light.The sample treated with 10 mol/L KOH showed the highest efficiency,converting all As(Ⅲ)into As(Ⅴ)within 120 min in both visible light and natural light,as the oxidative capacity of the As(Ⅲ)in the alkalinized samples was significantly higher than that of the original samples.K+doping improved the electron transport capacity of the samples,while the alkalinized samples could destroy their edge structures,so as to improve the separation efficiency of the photogenerated carrier.The experiment confirmed that alkalinized g-C3N4 significantly improves the oxidation ability of As(Ⅲ)and plays an important role in the photocatalytic treatment of refractory nonmetallic ions.

Effect of Furfural Residue on Control of Soil Alkalization and Amelioration of Solonetz

Furfural residue, an industrial waste, is a kind of strongly acidic organic materials. Its comprehensive utilization in agriculture showed a significant effect on control of soil alkalization, amelioration of solonetz and increase of crop yields. In detail it may adjust pH, depress alkalinity, reduce bulk density and compactness and increase water permeability and retention ability of the soil. Meanwhile agricultural use of furfural residue provided an effective way to avoid its pollution of the soil, Water and air.

Ion Exchange Softening and Alkalization Treatment for Zerodischarge of Circulating Cooling Water

In order to solve the problems including pipe corrosion, scaling and microbial growth, which severely threat safe op-eration of circulating cooling water system, this paper proposes ion exchange softening and alkalization process to solve these problems and carries out a series of studies to study the feasibility of ion exchange softening and alkaliza-tion process in the simulation process of circulating cooling water system. The studies include product water quality of ion exchange softening and alkalization process, effect on the performance of carbon steel and brass, and the inhibition that suppresses microbial growth. The results indicate that ion exchange softening and alkalization process is feasible to prevent the circulating cooling water system from scaling, pipe corrosion, and microbial growth without any other chemicals. Thus circulating cooling water system can achieve zerodischarge of wastewater.

Properties of Natural Rubber Biocomposities Filled with Alkaline Modified Oat Straw

Novel elastomer biocomposites based on straw fibers (raw or chemically modified) as reinforcing elements ofnatural rubber (NR) were reported and studied. Oat straw fibres with different average lengths were used.Lignocellulose materials were incorporated into the elastomer, before and after chemical surface modificationinvolving sodium hydroxide. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and microscopy techniques wereemployed for characterization of fillers. The kinetics of rubber mixtures, as well as rheometric properties ofcompounds were determined. The cross-linking density was executed on the basis of equilibrium solventswellingmeasurements applying the modified Flory–Rehner equation. The morphology of biocompositessamples was analyzed by a scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical characteristic: the values of hardness,tensile strength and attenuation coefficient were also determined. The physical and chemical investigations haveproved the reinforcing effect of treated oat straw on natural rubber vulcanizates.

Research Progress on Harmless Treatment of Dead Livestock and Poultry with Alkaline Hydrolysis in China

China＇s animal husbandry industry has developed rapidly and the inventory of swine, poultry, and sheep has been in the first place in the world of late years. For several consecutive years, the annual slaughter swine has reached to more than 700 million head, 70 million head of carcasses, about 2 million tons. The number will be even more if cattle, sheep and poultry had been considered. If handled improperly, the large number of carcasses of livestock and poultry will seriously pollute environment and even bring food safety issues and harm to public health security. More and more concern has been attracted on harmless disposal of dead animals. Of all the harmless disposal methods on carcasses of livestock and poultry, the application and research of alkalizalion hydrolysisar （ AH ） are less and only restricted in the higher-level security laboratory field in China. The method of alkalization hydrolysis has the advantages of completely inactivating pathogenic microorganisms （including prions）, no harmful gas, simple operation, low cost, etc, which has the value of research and application. This paper summarized the characteristics and the sterilization effect of alkaline hydrolysis, and discussed the processing and application of AH products of animal carcasses ,meanwhile, introduced the types, research and application state of AH in China, finally, briefly discussed the application prospect of AH in China.

Microdiamonds in Alkalic Dolerites from the North China Craton

Diamonds on the Earth mainly occur in volcanic rocks such as kimberlites and lamproites^([1-8]),but can also be found in ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks^([9-10]),meteorites^([11])and alluvial deposits^([12]).In recent years,diamonds have been recovered from ophiolites^([13-16])and alkalic dolerites^([17-18]).The discovery of ophiolitic diamonds and alkalic dolerites diamonds has drawn significant research interests to explore the origin of this new class of diamond source and to infer the evolution of their hosting rocks[^(19-21)].This new type of diamond had been initially considered as a result of contamination.However,more and more evidences either directly or indirectly demonstrate that these diamonds are of natural origin^([16,18,19,22-24]).During a geological survey from 2012 to 2015,the geologists from Nanjing Centre of China Geological Survey discovered a large number of yellow microdiamonds in the Langan area in northern Anhui Province^([18,25-29]).The diamond-bearing rocks of these microdiamonds mainly include dolerite and olivine basalt.From 2016 to 2018,four microdiamonds in basic rocks were recovered again in the prospecting work for primary diamond deposits in the Tashan and Zhangji areas in Xuzhou,which is geographically close to Langan[30].All these microdiamonds are similar in colour and shape to ophiolite type diamonds^([31]),and show different characteristics of kimberlite and lamproite type diamonds.Cai,et al.(2019)reported the petrological characteristics of the diamondiferous rocks^([17,21,30]).In this paper,the morphology,infrared spectrum,and carbon isotope compositions of microdiamonds were analysed and discussed by Fourier infrared spectroscopy and carbon isotope test.The types of microdiamonds found in the North China Craton,the age of mantle occurrence,and the source of carbon isotopes were revealed.In the past,many deposits of macro-diamonds,mostly of TypeⅠa orⅡa,were found in the North China Craton,and they have been extensively studied.Microdiamonds recovered from the alkalic dolerites of the North China Craton were studied by FTIR and carbon isotopic.These diamonds are usually light yellow to yellow,with a few colourless,and cubic,octahedral or rhomboidal dodecahedron,and octahedron in shape.The surface characteristics of diamonds,such as dissolution,can be observed.The overall N concentration is not high,with an average of 173×10^(-6).The infrared spectra show that most of these diamonds are TypeⅠb,and C centres are found at 1344 cm^(-1).Three diamond samples are classified as TypeⅠa/Ⅰb,because of A centres and C centres in these diamonds.Two diamonds are classified as typeⅠaAB because B,B′and A centres are found co-existing.FTIR microscopic measurements from the core to the edge of the TypeⅠaAB diamond suggest a mantle residence time of approximately 550 Ma.The C isotopic analysis reveals that these diamonds are strongly depleted in 13 C.These lowδ^(13) C values of dolerites-hosted diamonds overlap with the lower ends of peridotitic diamonds and metamorphic diamonds,and the upper end of the ophiolitic diamonds.Additionally,the reason for the strong deficitδ^(13) C shown by the carbon isotope should be studied in the future.

不同酸化生物炭用量对滴灌棉田盐碱土水盐运移的影响

【目的】研究不同酸化生物炭用量对滴灌棉田盐碱土水盐运移的影响,确定改良棉田盐碱土的最佳木醋液酸化生物炭用量。【方法】基于一维土柱模拟试验,分别设置1%、2%、3%、4%和5%五个不同质量木醋液酸化生物炭处理(木醋液与生物炭质量比为2∶1),以空白处理作为对照CK_(1),以添加2%未酸化生物炭处理作为对照CK_(2),分析不同处理滴灌后湿润峰垂直运移距离、土壤pH值、含盐量、土壤碱化度和脱盐率的分布特征。【结果】添加酸化生物炭处理的土壤湿润峰垂直运移距离和下渗速度均显著高于CK_(2)和CK_(1);添加酸化生物炭处理下的各层土壤pH值均显著低于CK_(2)和CK_(1),且施用量越多pH值降幅越大;随着酸化生物炭施用量的增加,各土层土壤碱化度呈先降低后升高的变化趋势,2%酸化生物炭处理下的土壤碱化度降幅最大;添加未酸化生物炭和酸化生物炭处理的0~50 cm各层土壤脱盐率均有所增加,2%酸化生物炭处理下的整体脱盐效果最好。【结论】添加酸化生物炭对盐碱土的改良效果优于添加未酸化生物炭,以2%酸化生物炭用量下的效果最优。

脱碱赤泥对餐厨垃圾催化热解产物分布的影响

本文采用固定床反应器、气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)、荧光分光光度计(UV-F)和原位红外(In-situ DRIFTS)等方法探究了不同热解温度下脱碱赤泥对餐厨垃圾热解产物分布的影响.结果表明,相同热解温度下,脱碱赤泥能够抑制热解气的生成,促进热解油的生成且在450℃时产率最高为39.46%.热解油主要以脂肪酸、N化合物和酯类为主.由于脱碱赤泥不仅能促进甘油三酯的分解产生长链羧酸,还能促进了蛋白质裂解产生芳香蛋白类物质,使得热解油中的酸类含量增加和芳构化程度加深.同时热解焦中的羧酸官能团和C≡N吸收峰显著升高进一步验证了脱碱赤泥能够促进热解油中酸类和N化合物的生成.

Abaca Fiber as a Potential Reinforcer for Acoustic Absorption Material at Middle-High Frequencies

Recently,abacafibers have become the focus of specialized research due to their intriguing characteristics,with their outstanding mechanical properties being a particularly notable.In the conducted study,the abacafibers underwent a preliminary treatment process involving an alkaline solution,which was composed of 0.5%sodium hydroxide(NaOH)and 50%acetic acid(CH3COOH).This process entailed immersing eachfiber in the solution for a period of one hour.This treatment led to a 52.36%reduction in lignin content compared to the levels before treatment,resulting in a dramatic decrease in the full width at half maximum(FWHM)in the XRD spectra from 1.13 to 0.13.This change indicates that thefibers became more crystalline following the treatment.The abacafibers were also characterized using BET(Brunauer Emmett Teller)measurements,which revealed that the aver-age pore length ranged from 33–49 nm and the surface area was between 13–28 m^(2)·g^(-1).The morphology of the abacafiber after alkali an hydrolisis treatment(AFAH)appeared rougher and more uniform.DMA measurements revealed a significant rise in the storage modulus of the singlefiber post-treatment,with dependencies on both frequency and temperature.AFAH exhibited an optimal absorption coefficient ofα=0.9 for frequencies above 2500 Hz.The combined effect of alkalization and hydrolyzation treatments,while resulting in an enhancement in the mechanical properties of thefibers,also reduced high-intensity noise produced by sources such as machin-ery,aircraft takeoffs and landings,etc.,across a broader working frequency range.

脱硫石膏与粉煤灰配施对碱化土壤改良及苜蓿生长的影响

【目的】筛选适宜新垦龟裂碱化土壤改良和苜蓿生长的脱硫石膏和粉煤灰配比。【方法】采用小区试验,试验设置CK(脱硫石膏0、粉煤灰0)、T1(脱硫石膏30 t/hm^(2)、粉煤灰15 t/hm^(2))、T2(脱硫石膏30 t/hm^(2)、粉煤灰30 t/hm^(2))、T3(脱硫石膏30 t/hm^(2)、粉煤灰45 t/hm^(2))、T4(脱硫石膏45 t/hm^(2)、粉煤灰15 t/hm^(2))、T5(脱硫石膏45 t/hm^(2)、粉煤灰30 t/hm^(2))、T6(脱硫石膏45 t/hm^(2)、粉煤灰45 t/hm^(2))共7个处理,研究脱硫石膏和粉煤灰配施对土壤pH值、碱化度和可溶性盐量及苜蓿生长影响。【结果】脱硫石膏和粉煤灰配施显著改善龟裂碱化土壤物理性质,与CK相比,T3处理土壤体积质量降低7.69%,土壤孔隙度和田间持水率分别提高9.69%和18.70%;脱硫石膏和粉煤灰配施对0~40 cm土层土壤化学性质改良效果较好,T4处理0~10、10~20 cm土层土壤pH值分别降低10.51%、11.66%,碱化度分别降低56.76%和50.27%;T4处理0~10、10~20、20~40 cm土层土壤可溶性盐量分别下降32.33%、52.55%、3.04%;T4、T1处理苜蓿增产效果较好,与CK相比,苜蓿鲜质量分别提高61.76%、43.21%,干物质量分别提高48.80%、30.72%;但脱硫石膏和粉煤灰配施量过大则会造成减产,T6处理苜蓿鲜质量和干物质量分别较CK降低19.69%、10.24%。【结论】脱硫石膏和粉煤灰配合施用能有效降低龟裂碱化土壤的体积质量、pH值、碱化度和可溶性盐量,提高土壤孔隙度、田间持水率,从而有利于苜蓿的生长和发育,其中45 t/hm^(2)脱硫石膏与15 t/hm^(2)粉煤灰为最优配比组合。

内蒙古半沟地区紫苏碱长花岗岩的年代学、同位素地球化学及构造意义

为进一步探讨华北克拉通古-中元古代构造演化过程,本文对位于华北克拉通北缘孔兹岩系与怀安片麻岩接触界限附近、侵入TTG片麻岩的紫苏碱长花岗岩进行了地质年代学及地球化学研究。锆石U-Pb测年结果表明,该紫苏碱长花岗岩的结晶年龄为1792±19Ma;此外,分析样品的主量元素显示高硅、贫镁铁、准过铝质-弱过铝质特征,属高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩;同时,微量元素具有右倾式稀土配分模式、Eu呈正异常、富集大离子亲石元素、亏损高场强元素的特征。锆石εHf(t)呈负值(-12.1~-6.2),εNd(t)=-4.5~-9.4,具有相对富集的同位素组成。锆石Hf和Nd同位素单阶段模式年龄分别为2.41~2.62Ga、2.40~2.61Ga,与年龄为~2.5Ga的TTG片麻岩对应值一致。岩石地球化学及Nd-Hf同位素证据指示紫苏碱长花岗岩源自碰撞后伸展抬升阶段TTG片麻岩的重熔,标志着华北克拉通古元古代造山运动结束。

松嫩盐碱退化草地土壤理化性质及离子变化规律分析

为了解不同盐碱退化状态下土壤理化性质和土壤离子的变化,本研究以松嫩温性草甸草地为研究对象,比较了未退化、轻度、中度和重度盐碱退化草地下土壤离子和土壤理化性质,分析盐碱退化过程中土壤理化性质、离子变化规律及其相互关系。结果表明:土壤K^(+)、Na^(+)、Mg^(2^+)、Ca ^(2+)、Cl^(-)、HCO_(3)^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)、CO_(3)^( 2-)随盐碱程度加重显著增加,阳离子交换量显著下降(P<0.05)。随着盐碱程度变化,土壤电导率、pH、全钾显著增加,土壤全氮、碱解氮显著下降(P<0.05)。与未退化土壤相比,轻度和中度盐碱草地土壤含水量显著上升(P<0.05),速效磷含量显著降低(P<0.05);重度退化盐碱草地速效磷含量显著上升(P<0.05)。土壤TN、AN、AP、K^(+)与盐碱化程度之间存在显著的相关性。未退化草地土壤AN、TN含量较高,而重度退化草地AP、K^(+)含量较高。本研究为松嫩盐碱退化草地修复措施的合理选择提供依据。

碱化处理对花棒营养价值的影响

为探究碱化处理对于全株花棒营养价值的影响,选取五月份开花期内蒙古自治区阿拉善盟地区的两年生花棒,柔丝铡短到2~3 cm后均分为四组,前三组为试验组,分别按花棒干物质含量的4%、6%、8%依次添加氢氧化钙,最后一组为对照组,碱化30 d后进行常规养分分析并运用体外产气法评估其营养价值。结果表明:(1)三个试验组中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量相比对照组均显著降低(P<0.05),且随氢氧化钙添加量的增多呈减少的趋势。(2)发酵开始后9 h之前试验组与对照组产气量差异不显著(P>0.05),发酵开始后的12 h和24 h,6%添加组的花棒产气量显著高于对照组和4%添加组(P<0.05),但与8%添加组比较差异不显著。36 h及以后均以6%添加组花棒产气量最高,与其他各组差异显著(P<0.05)。(3)快速产气部分(a)各试验组与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。慢速产气部分(b)6%添加水平显著高于对照组和8%添加组(P<0.05),但与4%添加组比较差异不显著。产气速率(c)各组之间差异不明显,仅8%添加组显著高于6%添加组(P<0.05)。潜在产气量(a+b)6%添加水平显著高于8%添加组(P<0.05),但与对照组和4%添加组比较差异不显著。(4)总可消化养分(TDN)、有机物质消化率(OMD)、代谢能(ME)和消化能(DE),6%添加组显著高于对照组和4%添加组(P<0.05),但与8%添加组比较差异不显著。总的来说,对全株花棒进行碱化处理可以有效降低中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的含量。体外发酵评价反映出添加干物质重量6%的氢氧化钙效果最好,可以提高其有机物质消化率、代谢能,改善饲料品质。

褪黑素在果树响应盐碱胁迫中的作用研究进展

土壤盐碱化是影响果树产业发展的重要限制因素之一。概述了土壤盐碱胁迫对果树的危害,阐述了褪黑素响应果树盐碱胁迫的途径及其作用机制,展望了外源褪黑素在果树响应盐碱胁迫方面的应用,以期为盐碱地果树生产提供指导。

复合化学处理水稻秸秆对肉羊生长性能和营养成分表观消化率的影响

文章旨在研究复合化学处理水稻秸秆对肉羊生长性能和营养成分表观消化率的影响。试验在规模化肉羊养殖场选取156头体质健康、体重相近的肉羊,随机分为对照组、T1、T2和T3组,每组3个重复,每个重复13头,各组饲喂同营养成分日粮,对照组饲喂未经处理的水稻秸秆,T1饲喂碱化处理的水稻秸秆,T2饲喂氨化处理的水稻秸秆,T3饲喂碱化+氨化处理的水稻秸秆,饲喂为期30 d。试验结果表明:(1)生长性能:T1、T2和T3肉羊末重、平均日增重、平均日采食量均显著高于对照组,且T3显著高于T1和T2(P<0.05),T1和T2无显著差异(P>0.05),T3料重比显著低于T1、T2和对照组(P<0.05),T1、T2组和对照组相比无显著差异(P>0.05);(2)营养成分表观消化率:各组肉羊对干物质、钙和磷的表观消化率无显著差异(P>0.05);T3组粗蛋白质表观消化率高于T1、T2组和对照组(P<0.05),T3组对酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维的表观消化率显著低于T1、T2组和对照组(P<0.05),且T1和T2组显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。经试验结果证实,在肉羊基础日粮中添加复合化学处理的水稻秸秆可促进其营养成分吸收,提高肉羊生长性能,以碱化+氨化复合化学处理后的水稻秸秆的饲喂效果较为理想。

硝酸胍精制工艺的研究

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