Alkali salts of heteropoly tungstates: Efficient catalysts for the synthesis of biodiesel from edible and non-edible oils

Alkali salts of tungsten based heteropoly acids with different central atom such as P, Si and Co were prepared and evaluated for transes- terification of both edible and non-edible oils to their corresponding fatty acid methyl esters. The catalyst of sodium salt of tungstic acid with Co as central atom （Na5CoW12O40） showed optimum activity towards transesterification compared with other heteropoly tungstates. The catalysts activities were correlated with the observed physico-chemical characteristics derived from FT-infrared （FT-IR）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia （NH3-TPD） and carbon dioxide （CO2-TPD）. The Na5CoW12O40 catalyst exhibiting high activity even at 65 ℃ is due to the presence of strong acidic as well as basic sites. The disclosed catalyst is tolerable towards water and free fatty acids present in the oils. The influence of catalyst loading, reaction time and reaction temperature is studied to optimize the reaction parameters.

Effects of neutral salt and alkali on ion distributions in the roots,shoots,and leaves of two alfalfa cultivars with differing degrees of salt tolerance

The effects of neutral salt and alkali on the ion distribution were investigated in two alfalfa （Medicago sativa L.） cultivars, including Zhongmu 1, a high salt-tolerant cultivar, and Algonquin, a low salt-tolerant cultivar. The alkali stress expressed more serious growth inhibition than the neutral salt stress at the same Na＋ concentration. Compared with Algonquin, Zhongmu 1 did not exhibit a higher alkali tolerance under the Na2CO3-NaHCO3 treatment with the low Na＋ concentration （50 mmol L-l）. The alkali increased the accumulation of Na＋, Ca2＋, and Mg2＋ in the root and changed the Ca2＋ and Mg2＋ balance in the entire alfalfa plant. The salt and alkali stresses decreased the K＋ and Fe3＋ contents of the roots and leaves, the root Mn2＋ content, and the shoot Zn2＋ content, but they increased the Fe3＋ accumulation of the shoots, the shoot and leaf Cu2＋ contents, and the leaf Zn2＋ content in both alfalfa cultivars. Based on the results obtained under the conditions of this experiment, we found that the salt and alkali stresses reduced the plant growth in both alfalfa cultivars, while the alkali caused a stronger stress than the neutral salt in alfalfa. Thus, we conclude that under hydroponic conditions, the deleterious effects of the alkali on plants are due to the distribution change of some trophic ion balance in the roots, shoots, and leaves of the plants by causing of Na＋, CO3^2-, and/or HCO3- stresses.

Effects of salt and alkali stress on Reaumuria soongorica germination

Seed germination and early seedling growth are crucial stages for plant establishment. Two neutral(Na Cl and Na2SO4) and two alkali(Na HCO3 and Na2CO3) salts were selected to investigate their effects on germination and recovery responses in Reaumuria soongorica. Results show that both salt types significantly reduced germination and radicle elongation. The rate of germination and emergence of R. soongorica seeds continuously decreased as salinity increased, and the time to achieve maximum germination rate was delayed. The speed of seed germination dropped rapidly as salt concentration increased.Alkaline salts restricted the germination rate of R. soongorica seeds, and stresses resulting from alkaline salts and high concentrations of neutral salts resulted in many deformed seedlings. The length of the radicle and germ decreased with increasing salt concentration, but certain concentrations of salt and increased p H promoted germ growth. The results of regression analysis show that salt concentration was the dominant factor inhibiting R. soongorica seed germination rate. Salinity, buffering capacity, and p H all affected embryo growth, but salinity had the most pronounced effect. Seed viability under highly saline conditions appears to be a better indicator of adaptation to saline environments than seed germination under saline conditions.

The Salt Reduction and Yield Increase Effects of Smashing Ridging Transforming Saline-alkali Land and Its Development Prospects

Using smashing ridging tillage machine and smashing ridging technology invented by the authors, transformation test of saline-alkali land by smashing ridging was conducted respectively in Xinjiang and Shaanxi during 2015 -2016. The results showed, in severe saline-alkali soil of Xin-jiang ,after growing cotton by smashing ridging, total salt in soil decreased by 31.31 %, cotton production increased by 48.80%, and salinity level declined from severe to moderate; in mild saline-alkali soil of Shaanxi, after growing summer corn by smashing ridging, total salt in soil decreased by 42.37%, corn yield increased by 34.83%, salinity degree changed from mild desalination to normal farmland ; in Ningxia, Inner Mongolia 7 Gansu ,Jilin, Henan, Hebei, and so on, smashing ridging tillage practice in different types of saline-alkali land was conducted ; according to the salt reduction and yield increase effects of saline-alkali land after smashing ridging, the development prospect of smashing ridging technique in improvement and application of saline-alkali land was proposed.

Effects of salt-alkali stress on active oxygen metabolism in roots of Spiraea × bumalda 'Gold Mound' and Spiraea × bumalda 'Gold Flame'

Under artificially-simulated complex salt-alkali stress, the levels of active oxygen metabolism in roots were studied using three-year-old cutting seedlings of Spiraea × bumalda ‘Gold Mound＇ and Spiraea × bumalda ‘Gold Flame＇. The present study aimed at exploring the antioxidant capacity in roots of spiraeas and revealing their adaptability to salt-alkali stress. Results indicate that the oxygen free radicals contents, electrolyte leakage rates and MDA contents in roots of Spiraea × bumalda ＇Gold Mound＇ and Spiraea × bumalda ＇Gold Flame＇ show an increasing tendency with the increases of the salinity and pH value, whereas the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, peroxidase （POD） and catalase （CAT） all increased firstly and then decreased. With the increase in intensity of salt-alkali stress, the CAT activity in roots of Spiraea × bumalda ‘Gold Flame＇ is higher and the increasing extents in the oxygen free radicals contents, electrolyte leakage rates as well as MDA contents are lower compared with Spiraea × bumalda ‘Gold Mound＇, indicating that Spiraea × bumalda ‘Gold Flame＇ has a stronger antioxidant capacity.

Overexpression of vacuolar proton pump ATPase(V-H^+-ATPase) subunits B, C and H confers tolerance to salt and saline-alkali stresses in transgenic alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.)

The vacuolar proton pump ATPase（V-H^＋-ATPase）, which is a multi-subunit membrane protein complex, plays a major role in the activation of ion and nutrient transport and has been suggested to be involved in several physiological processes, such as cell expansion and salt tolerance. In this study, three genes encoding V-H^＋-ATPase subunits B（Sc VHA-B, Gen Bank： JF826506）, C（Sc VHA-C, Gen Bank： JF826507） and H（Sc VHA-H, Gen Bank： JF826508） were isolated from the halophyte Suaeda corniculata. The transcript levels of Sc VHA-B, Sc VHA-C and Sc VHA-H were increased by salt, drought and saline-alkali treatments. V-H^＋-ATPase activity was also examined under salt, drought and saline-alkali stresses. The results showed that V-H^＋-ATPase activity was correlated with salt, drought and saline-alkali stress. Furthermore, V-H^＋-ATPase subunits B, C and H（Sc VHA-B, Sc VHA-C and Sc VHA-H） from S. corniculata were introduced separately into the alfalfa genome. The transgenic alfalfa was verified by Southern and Northern blot analysis. During salt and saline-alkali stresses, transgenic lines carrying the B, C and H subunits had higher germination rates than the wild type（WT）. More free proline, higher superoxide dismutase（SOD） activity and lower malondialdehyde（MDA） levels were detected in the transgenic plants under salt and saline-alkali treatments. Moreover, the Sc VHA-B transgenic lines showed greater tolerance to salt and saline-alkali stresses than the WT. These results suggest that overexpression of Sc VHA-B, Sc VHA-C and Sc VHA-H improves tolerance to salt and saline-alkali stresses in transgenic alfalfa.

紫薇响应盐胁迫和碱胁迫的代谢组分析

为探究‘红叶’紫薇(Lagerstroemia indica ‘Pink Velour’)对盐胁迫和碱胁迫的代谢响应机制,对‘红叶’紫薇1年生无性扦插苗分别进行盐胁迫(NaCl,pH=7.02)和碱胁迫(NaHCO_(3)和Na_(2)CO_(3)的Na^(+)摩尔比为2:1,pH=9.52)处理,采用液相色谱质谱(LC-MS)分析叶片代谢组学变化,并比较2个处理组与对照(CK)之间的代谢差异。结果表明:与CK相比,盐处理组共筛选出156个差异代谢物,碱处理组共筛选出176个差异代谢物,2个对比组共有23个差异代谢物,其余均为特有差异代谢物。KEGG富集分析表明,次生代谢产物生物合成、氨基酸代谢、糖类代谢、脂肪酸代谢和植物激素合成是响应盐胁迫和碱胁迫的主要代谢通路;甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸合成代谢、ABC转运蛋白和维生素B_(6)合成代谢是盐胁迫组的特有代谢通路;缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、精氨酸和脯氨酸生物合成代谢、叶酸合成代谢,以及戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸相互转化和抗坏血酸合成代谢是碱胁迫组的特有代谢通路。这些差异代谢物变化和代谢通路富集可能是紫薇响应盐胁迫和碱胁迫的主要机制。

36份藜麦种质资源苗期耐盐碱性评价与筛选

为探究不同藜麦种质苗期耐盐碱性差异,本研究对36份藜麦种质苗期用150 mmol/L盐碱浓度(NaCl∶NaHCO_(3)=4∶1)进行胁迫处理,对株高、叶面积和叶片相对含水量等11个指标进行了测定,采用主成分分析等多种统计方法,筛选出适宜山西地区生长的藜麦种质。结果表明,盐碱胁迫下,藜麦种质各类指标相互之间均存在一定程度的关联;本试验中共提取5个主成分因子,方差累积贡献率为74.947%,可以代替11个指标的绝大部分信息,显示盐碱胁迫下藜麦苗期的抗盐碱特性,并且计算出耐盐碱性综合评价D值,并基于D值进行聚类分析,将36份种质资源分为四个大类,包括高耐盐碱种质5份、耐盐碱种质14份、弱耐盐种质11份、盐碱敏感种质共6份。

外源γ-氨基丁酸缓解燕麦幼苗盐碱胁迫的生理效应

为探究外源γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对燕麦耐盐碱性的影响,以燕麦白燕2号为试验材料,在混合盐碱(NaCl∶Na_(2)SO_(4)∶NaHCO_(3)∶Na_(2)CO_(3)摩尔比为1∶9∶9∶1)胁迫下叶面喷施不同浓度GABA,测定燕麦幼苗叶绿素含量、荧光参数、渗透调节物质及抗氧化酶活性的变化,同时对幼苗生长缓解效应进行综合评价。结果表明,外源喷施4~6 mmol·L^(-1) GABA可显著提高盐碱胁迫下燕麦幼苗的叶绿素含量和光系统Ⅱ反应活性,促进光合作用;在盐碱胁迫下,与喷施清水相比,燕麦幼苗叶面喷施不同浓度GABA后,脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性糖(SS)含量分别下降了14.7%~29.7%、28.2%~54.4%和1.8%~11.8%,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性分别提高了17.9%~58.3%、4.4%~33.4%和8.3%~19.1%。经隶属函数法综合评价得出,叶面喷施GABA提高燕麦幼苗耐盐碱性的最佳浓度为6 mmol·L^(-1)。以上结果说明,叶面喷施适宜浓度的GABA能够提高燕麦幼苗光合能力和抗氧化酶活性,降低渗透调节物质含量,提高燕麦幼苗的抗盐碱能力,有效缓解盐碱胁迫对幼苗生长带来的伤害。

酸碱盐腐蚀下聚脲静动态力学性能劣化规律

将聚脲材料浸泡在质量分数为5%的H_(2)SO_(4)、NaOH和NaCl三种溶液中,考察了极端条件下聚脲的力学性能和防护性能。利用GL-028型试验机与分离式霍普金森压杆进行力学性能试验,得到其在不同应变率下的应力-应变曲线,分析了聚脲材料在不同环境中浸泡前后的力学性能变化规律。结果表明:聚脲材料具有优良的耐盐、碱性能,对酸性环境比较敏感,经过酸性环境浸泡后,其拉伸强度与峰值应力分别降低了34.45%与20.3%;随着浸泡时间延长,聚脲材料的弹性模量与应力值呈增长趋势,表现出一定的依时性效应。形貌观察结果表明,其未发现明显破坏,显示出优异的耐腐蚀性能。

盐碱地肥沃耕层构建水肥盐综合调控机理与技术研究进展

盐碱地是我国重要的后备耕地资源,我国历来高度重视盐碱地的改良和利用工作,但目前盐碱区淡水资源短缺严重制约了盐碱地的改良利用。如何在水资源约束下,优化调控土壤水肥盐动态是当前盐碱地可持续利用中亟待解决的关键科学问题。近年来,大量研究利用有机培肥、耕作、节水灌溉、田间覆盖、咸水利用等农艺措施,在盐碱地建立“控盐、保肥、保水”的肥沃耕作层,显著改变了水肥盐在土壤-植物-大气连续体中的运移过程,实现了盐碱地质量和产能快速提升,上述内容也日益成为盐碱地改良利用中的重要研究方向。本文系统总结了盐碱地改良和肥沃耕层构建等方面的研究进展,并针对盐碱地肥沃耕层构建下土壤水肥盐综合调控及其与植物生长的协同关系等进行了展望,以期为盐碱地可持续改良利用提供参考。

黄微孢属真菌改善盐碱胁迫下绿豆生长作用分析

为探究来自中国东北森林凋落物的新发现黄微孢属(Parametarhizium)真菌改善盐碱胁迫下植物生长的作用,利用该属兴安黄微孢菌(P. hingganense)和长白黄微孢菌(P. changbaiense)处理绿豆(Vigna radiata)种子,并对处理后植株分别进行盐、碱胁迫,检测生长表型、光合作用、叶绿素荧光参数、渗透物质含量、活性氧水平、脂质过氧化程度及抗氧化酶活性变化。结果表明:与未处理植株相比,2种真菌处理后绿豆植株在无胁迫和盐、碱胁迫条件下均具有较高生物量。盐、碱胁迫下2种真菌处理植株能够维持较高光合活性,脯氨酸含量增加,丙二醛含量降低,抗氧化酶(POD、SOD、CAT)活性不同程度地升高。综上,黄微孢属的2种真菌通过维护光合系统功能、增加渗透调节物质和增强抗氧化能力来不同程度地改善盐碱胁迫下绿豆植株的生长,其中,兴安黄微孢菌处理能够较显著地减缓盐胁迫损伤,而长白黄微孢菌处理较显著地改善碱胁迫下绿豆生长。

凡纳滨对虾盐碱水养殖池塘沉积物-水界面氮元素交换通量的研究

为探究凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)盐碱水养殖池塘沉积物-水界面中氮元素的转化规律,于2019年5—7月测定了山东省滨州市3个不同盐度(28、45和55)的池塘上覆水和沉积物间隙水中各种形态氮的含量。利用Fick第一定律估算了池塘沉积物-水界面氮元素交换通量,分析了环境因素与交换通量的相关性。结果表明:(1)总体来讲,DIN、DON、TN由沉积物向水体扩散,即沉积物为DIN、DON和TN的源;NO_(3)^(-)-由水体向沉积物扩散,沉积物为NO_(3)^(-)的汇。在养殖期间,盐度28、45和55组,DIN总交换通量分别为1.69、23.07和19.36 mg/m^(2),DON总交换通量分别为36.60、27.90和19.98 mg/m^(2),TN总交换通量分别为38.09、43.66和32.56 mg/m^(2)。(2)从季节变化来看,DIN、DON、TN在养殖初期(5月)的交换通量显著高于养殖末期(7月);从盐度组来看,在5月,盐度28、45和55组,DIN平均交换通量分别为2.08、6.37和12.47 mg/(m^(2)·d),7月分别为-0.48、0.06和1.47 mg/(m^(2)·d),盐度55组显著大于其他两组(P<0.05);DON交换通量5月分别为13.91、5.32和6.79 mg/(m^(2)·d),盐度28组显著大于其他两组(P<0.05),7月分别为5.82、10.94和5 mg/(m^(2)·d),盐度45组显著大于其他两组(P<0.05);5月TN平均交换通量分别为15.9、8.79和19.16 mg/(m^(2)·d),盐度45组显著小于其他两组(P<0.05),7月分别为5.31、9.1和3.28 mg/(m^(2)·d),盐度45组显著大于盐度55组(P<0.05)。(3)冗余分析结果显示,盐度与NO_(2)^(-)-N、NO_(3)^(-)-N、NH_(4)^(+)-N交换通量显著正相关;有机质与NH_(4)^(+)、TN通量显著正相关;温度与NH_(4)^(+)交换通量显著负相关;含水率、孔隙度与NO_(3)^(-)-N、DON交换通量显著正相关。综上所述,沉积物是氮的潜在污染源,此污染潜力在养殖末期显著小于养殖初期;高盐度组有利于释放DIN,中低盐度组有利于释放DON。研究结果将有助于认识盐碱水养殖池塘的氮交换通量,为该种养殖模式的科学管理提供数据支撑。

四倍体海稻86的诱导、鉴定及其耐盐碱特性评价分析

多倍体化是植物进化的重要趋势之一。与二倍体植物相比,多倍体植物往往具有更强的抗耐性。海稻86是具有强耐盐碱能力的水稻种质资源,在盐碱地开发应用和粮食增产研究中具有重要利用价值。为充分利用多倍体植物抗逆性增强的优势,选育耐盐碱能力更强的四倍体水稻新品种,本研究以海稻86为基础,对其进行离体染色体加倍获得海稻86同源四倍体;以海稻86-4x和海稻86-2x发芽期和幼苗期NaCl、Na_(2)CO_(3)和PEG-6000胁迫处理的表型指标及生理生化指标鉴定,检测两者的耐盐碱特性及差异。结果表明:(1)通过离体染色体加倍可高效诱导获得四倍体植株,加倍率达27.63%。(2)与海稻86-2x相比,海稻86-4x的细胞核DNA含量及根尖染色体数目增加一倍;形态及农艺性状发生明显变化,如植株变矮、茎秆变粗、单株有效穗数减少、籽粒及千粒重增大、每穗总粒数及每穗实粒数减少、结实率降低等。(3)在发芽期,海稻86-4x的发芽势、发芽率、芽长、根长、根数、含水量最高,海稻86-2x次之,对照黄华占最低;海稻86-4x的盐碱害率最小、盐碱害等级最低,海稻86-2x次之,对照黄华占的盐碱害率最大、盐碱害等级最高。(4)在幼苗期,海稻86-4x的脯氨酸和叶绿素含量最高、丙二醛含量和相对电导率最低,超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性最高,海稻86-2x次之,而对照黄华占的脯氨酸和叶绿素含量最低、丙二醛含量和相对电导率最高、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性最低。综上可知,与海稻86-2x相比,海稻86-4x在表型指标和生理生化指标上均表现出明显的耐盐碱性优势,具有更强的耐盐碱能力。该研究结果为深入解析海稻86的耐盐碱机制奠定基础,也为耐盐碱四倍体水稻新品种的选育提供了材料基础和理论依据。

油葵耐盐碱种质鉴定与品种选育研究进展

油葵是北方地区重要的油料作物之一,目前盐碱危害范围逐步扩大,已成为制约油葵发展的重要瓶颈,为了在盐碱地区开展耐盐碱种质资源鉴定与利用研究,选育优质耐盐碱向日葵品种是提高盐碱地作物种植产量和农业可持续发展的重要措施之一。本文从归纳油葵响应盐碱胁迫生理机制,总结油葵响应盐碱胁迫分子机制以及分析油葵耐盐碱种质资源的鉴定和优异资源的筛选等方面详细综述国内外进展,概述了目前油葵耐盐碱品种选育及种质资源创新的最新研究状况,并对未来耐盐碱种质资源创新利用和新品种选育提出新的研究思路和方法:一是通过鉴定种质材料,确定其耐盐碱性等级;二是对已收集和筛选到的种质材料进一步研究其抗逆性机制。同时也为开展油葵耐盐碱品种选育提供理论依据奠定基础。

活化铁尾砂与镁改性生物炭配施对水稻幼苗生长及盐碱土性质的影响

为探究活化的高硅型铁尾砂与镁改性生物炭配施材料对水稻幼苗生长及盐碱土壤理化性质的影响以及改善盐碱地水稻生产力的可行性,本研究应用电子扫描显微镜对生物炭材料进行形貌结构观察,应用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对生物炭材料进行官能团表征;开展盆栽实验,探究活化铁尾砂与生物炭材料配施对水稻幼苗的形态学和生理学的影响及对盐碱土的改善效果。结果表明,相比于其他生物炭材料,活化铁尾砂-镁改性生物炭材料孔隙较大,表面更加粗糙,对于养分的吸附能力强,表面的官能团丰富。盆栽实验中活化铁尾砂-镁改性生物炭配施组中水稻幼苗株高、根长、根冠比和干质量分别较对照组提高12.61%、191.49%、42.93%和100.00%;叶片的丙二醛和活性氧含量分别降低65.76%和46.46%;过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、叶绿素和可溶性蛋白值分别升高117.35%、44.75%、55.00%和19.31%。施用活化铁尾砂-镁改性生物炭材料后,盐碱土的电导率降低,p H、总碳、总氮、土壤有效硅、总磷和总钾含量升高。研究证明活化铁尾砂-镁改性生物炭材料性能优越,并且活化铁尾砂与镁改性生物炭配施改善了盐碱土壤理化性质和养分含量,使水稻幼苗活性氧含量降低及抗氧化酶活性提升,减缓盐碱土对水稻幼苗生长的胁迫,促进盐碱土壤中水稻幼苗生理过程,增加干物质积累,可以促进盐碱地水稻幼苗生长。

硝普钠浸种对复合盐碱胁迫下红芸豆种子萌发和内源激素含量的影响

为探究硝普钠(SNP,NO供体)浸种对复合盐碱胁迫下红芸豆种子萌发和内源激素含量的影响,以芸选2号红芸豆种子为材料,采用响应面(RSA)和主成分分析法(PCA)优选硝普钠浸种提高复合盐碱胁迫下红芸豆种子萌发的条件;以最佳硝普钠浸种条件对种子进行浸种处理,研究复合盐碱胁迫下,外源NO对种胚保护酶系统以及种胚内源激素含量变化的影响。结果表明,50 mmol·L^(-1)复合盐碱溶液胁迫下,以发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、根长和种胚干重为目标,经RSA和PCA得到SNP浸种促进盐碱胁迫种子萌发生长的最佳浓度为0.3 mmol·L^(-1),浸种时间为12 h。50 mmol·L^(-1)盐碱胁迫下,用0.3 mmol·L^(-1) SNP对种子浸种处理后,种子的发芽率和发芽势分别较去离子水浸种处理提高38.17和10.83个百分点,发芽指数和活力指数分别较去离子水浸种处理提高19.56%和23.74%。与去离子水浸种处理相比,0.3 mmol·L^(-1) SNP浸种处理种胚萌发72 h的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性分别提高9.26%、59.79%和36.14%;过氧化氢(H_(2)O_(2))、超氧阴离子(O_(2)^(-))和丙二醛(MDA)含量分别降低45.45%、37.71%和25.51%。盐碱胁迫下,0.3 mmol·L^(-1) SNP浸种处理相较于去离子水浸种处理,种胚脱落酸(ABA)含量降低,赤霉素(GA_(3))含量和GA_(3)/ABA值提高。其中种子萌发48和96 h时,SNP浸种处理种胚ABA含量分别较去离子水浸种处理降低12.89%和29.99%,GA_(3)含量分别较去离子水浸种处理升高12.52%和85.79%,GA_(3)/ABA值分别较去离子水浸种处理高3.45和2.06。综上,外源NO可通过提高盐碱胁迫下红芸豆种胚抗氧化酶活性,降低ABA含量来提高GA_(3)含量,进而减轻盐碱氧化胁迫伤害,促进种子萌发。本研究结果为红芸豆抗盐碱高产栽培提供了理论依据。

秸秆深埋配施硫酸铝对西辽河平原地区苏打盐碱土水盐运移的影响

为探索秸秆深埋和硫酸铝改良剂配施交互作用对苏打盐碱地水盐运移的影响,在通辽市科尔沁左翼中旗开展覆膜滴灌下不同硫酸铝用量与秸秆深埋的田间试验,以甜菜为指示作物,常规处理为对照(CK),在有无秸秆深埋(A、B)的条件下分别设置4水平硫酸铝添加量(30、60、90、120 g/m^(2)),揭示硫酸铝用量、秸秆深埋与土壤含水率、盐分的相关关系,提出覆膜滴灌及秸秆深埋下适宜的硫酸铝用量。结果显示,未添加秸秆处理中B3处理0~50 cm土体平均含水率最高(23.8%),比CK高8.2%,且平均含盐量最低(1.69 g/kg),比CK低12.6%;添加秸秆处理中A3处理0~50 cm土体平均含水率最高(26.6%),比B3处理高2.8%,平均含盐量也最低(1.57 g/kg),比B3处理低19%,且平均积盐率最低,比B3处理降低7.6%;A3处理在10~20和20~30 cm处土壤含水率均显著高于B3处理(P<0.05),在0~10和20~30 cm处土壤含盐量较B3处理显著降低(P<0.05);A3处理0~30 cm各土层均有脱盐趋势,达到显著水平(P<0.05),平均脱盐率11.5%;硫酸铝和秸秆深埋交互作用与土壤含水率呈极显著正相关(0.808),与土壤含盐量呈显著负相关(-0.564)。秸秆深埋和硫酸铝改良剂综合作用可有效降低土壤pH值0.53~0.94,缓解土壤碱化度20.5%~21.9%。覆膜滴灌及秸秆深埋下硫酸铝用量在72~104 g/m^(2)为适宜当地的推荐用量。研究结果可为西辽河平原地区盐碱土壤改良提供理论依据。

盐碱胁迫对棉花叶片蛋白质组的影响及差异性分析

盐胁迫和碱胁迫是严重影响农业生产的2种不同非生物胁迫,探讨棉花耐受盐胁迫和碱胁迫的差异,可为不同类型盐碱地的棉花栽培提供一定的理论基础。本试验设置对照(CK)、盐胁迫(NaCl,CS)和碱胁迫(NaHCO3+Na2CO3,AS)3个处理,通过蛋白质组学分析和生理指标进行验证,揭示棉花对盐胁迫和碱胁迫的耐受机制。与CK相比,CS和AS的棉花生物量分别降低51.1%和50.9%,CS棉花叶片的叶绿素含量和净光合速率分别降低53.9%和57.2%,CS棉花叶片中己糖激酶、磷酸果糖激酶、丙酮酸激酶、柠檬酸合酶、谷氨酸脱氢酶和谷草转氨酶活性分别增加13.8%、14.4%、4.7%、4.5%、36.6%和12.9%;AS棉花叶片中己糖激酶、磷酸果糖激酶、丙酮酸激酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、柠檬酸合酶、谷氨酸脱氢酶和谷草转氨酶活性分别增加4.8%、38.8%、15.1%、4.3%、3.4%、15.2%和21.1%。基于TMT蛋白质组学分析,在CS和AS叶片中分别鉴定出458个和140个差异表达蛋白质。这些蛋白参与了光合作用、糖代谢、2-氧羧酸代谢以及氨基酸合成和代谢等生命过程。表明盐胁迫和碱胁迫均抑制棉花生长。盐胁迫下,与光合作用相关的蛋白表达减少,光合作用被显著抑制,同时碳水和能量代谢加强,更多的光合产物用于能量代谢;而碱胁迫对棉花光合作用无显著影响,更多的光合产物可能运往根部分泌有机酸。