Efficacy of Aluminum Hydroxides as Inhibitors of Alkali-Silica Reactions

A comparative study of amorphous and crystalline forms of commercial aluminum hydroxides as inhibitors of alkalisilica reactions in Portland cement mortars has been performed. It was found that at dosages of 1% to 3%, amorphous aluminum hydroxide can efficiently inhibit alkali-silica expansion of Portland cement compositions. High inhibiting activity of amorphous Al(OH)3 additives may be explained by their ability to actively bind Ca(OH)2 formed by the hydration of silicate phases of cement, to form ettringite (with participation of gypsum). Crystalline Al(OH)3 additives that do not possess the ability to interact with Ca(OH)2 even after additional grinding, however, demonstrate week properties to inhibit alkali-silica expansion. This may indicate that the inhibitory effect of Al(OH)3 at least—partly, may be given by its influence on the concentration of Al3+ ions in the pore solution. Some expansion of the samples with admixtures of Al(OH)3 observed during the alkaline expansion accelerated test procedure is not associated with the formation of ettringite and is only due to alkali-silicate reactions.

The Impact of Aluminum- and Iron-Bearing Admixtures on the Resistance of Portland Cement Mortars to Alkali-Silica Reaction and Sulfate Attack

Study of sulfate resistance of mortars with aluminum- and iron-bearing admixtures (Al(OH)3, Al2(SO4)3, FeSO4, Fe2(SO4)3) in conditions close to those established in ASTM C 1012, and the study of the mitigation effect of these admixtures on alkali-silica reaction in accordance with accelerated “mortar bar” test ( GOST 8269.0, ASTM C 1260) were performed. Iron (II) and (III) sulfates show ability for mitigation alkali-silica reaction, while also, in contrast with Al-bearing substances, do not induce the drastic reducing of the initial setting time and do not promote the progress of sulfate corrosion. Compared with FeSO4, iron (III) sulfate has moderate deleterious impact on the early strength of cement paste and can be of interest alone as an inhibitor of ASR. Iron (II) sulfate may be used together with aluminum sulfate to offset the accelerating effect of the latter on the setting of cement paste and to reduce a risk of sulfate corrosion. During prolonged water storage, the mortar elongation and secondary ettringite formation do not occur, even when Al2(SO4)3 is available. Therefore, the investigated admixtures cannot act as agents of internal sulfate attack, however, Al2(SO4)3 can enhance the outer sulfate attack.

Calcined Clay Pozzolan as an Admixture to Mitigate the Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete

Calcined clay pozzolan has been used to replace varying portions of high alkali Portland limestone cement in order to study its effect on the alkali-silica reaction (ASR). Portland limestone cement used for the study had a total Na2Oeq of 4.32. Mortar-bar expansion decreased as pozzolan content in the cement increased. The highest expansion was recorded for reference bars with no pozzolan, reaching a maximum of 0.35% at 42 days whilst the expansion was reduced by between 42.5% and 107.8% at 14 days and between 9.4% and 16.4% at 84 days with increasing calcined clay pozzolan content. Mortar bars with 25% pozzolan were the least expansive recording expansion less than 0.1% at all test ages. X-ray diffractometry of the hydrated blended cement paste powders showed the formation of stable calcium silicates in increasing quantities whilst the presence of expansive alkali-silica gel, responsible for ASR expansion, decreased as pozzolan content increased. The study confirms that calcined clay pozzolan has an influence on ASR in mortar bars and causes a significant reduction in expansion at a replacement level of 25%.

Ultrafine Silica Additives Behavior during Alkali-Silica Reaction Long-Term Expansion Test

A silica fume, precipitated silica, metakaolin and siliceous fly ash behavior as constituents of mortars was studied, while mortar samples have been tested for long-term alkali-silica reaction expansion in accordance to the GOST 8269.0 specification. Solid-state 29Si-MAS NMR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis were used to describe Portland cement hydration, supplementary cementitious material pozzolanic reaction and to establish a structure of products of those processes. It was found that long-term test conditions, in contrast to the accelerated test, do not affect the composition of products formed too much, compared to normal conditions. This allows results obtained with long-term test to be expected as more relevant in terms of predicting of supplementary cementitious materials inhibiting properties.

The Mitigation of Alkali-Silica Reactions by Aluminum-Bearing Substances

An ability of aluminum-bearing substances-amorphous aluminum hydroxide, aluminum sulphate and basic aluminum sulphate to mitigate alkali-silica reactions in Portland cement mortars has been studied. At equivalent dosages in terms of Al2O3, these substances are ranged in the following order in respect of inhibiting effect: Al(OH)1.78(SO4)0.61 ≥ Al2(SO4)3 > Al(OH)3. It is found that the plasticizing agents of the main types used in cement compositions have no influence on the inhibiting effect of aluminum-bearing admixtures. To control the setting time of cement paste, iron(II) sulphate may be used for partial substitution of Al2SO4·18H2O, and this operation is not influence on the results of ASR expansion test.

Alkali-Silica Reactivity and Strength of Mortars with Expanded Slate, Expanded Glass or Perlite

Lightweight aggregates are increasingly used in concrete construction. They reduce concrete selfweight furnishing a structural advantage. In contrast, the mechanical properties and durability of lightweight concrete can become the governing factor on lightweight aggregate replacement ratios. Alkali-Silica Reactison (ASR) and compressive strength of mortar samples with expanded slate, expanded glass or perlite, covering the spectrum of internal porosity and weight of lightweight aggregates, were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy was utilized to evaluate the contribution of the aggregates’ porosity and chemical composition in inhibiting ASR. Perlite, owing to its highly porous microstructure and lower matter excelled in ASR expansion while chemical composition and denser microstructure of the heavier expanded slate resulted in more signified late ASR expansion and higher compressive strength. An attempt in visual inspection of ASR attack of alkali metal ions on silica-rich expanded glass using an ultra-accelerated exposure to sodium hydroxide solution was made.

Effect of Anti-freezing Admixtures on Alkali-silica Reaction in Mortars

The influence of anti-freezing admixture on the alkali aggregate reaction in mortar was analyzed with accelerated methods. It is confirmed that the addition of sodium salt ingredients of anti-freezing admixture accelerates the alkali silica reaction to some extent, whereas calcium salt ingredient of anti-freezing admixture reduces the expansion of alkali silica reaction caused by high alkali cement. It is found that the addition of the fly ash considerably suppresses the expansion of alkali silica reaction induced by the anti-freezing admixtures.

Alkali-Silica Reaction Inhibited by LiOH and Its Mechanism

A high alkali reactive aggregate zeolitization perlite was used to test the long term effectiveness of LiOH in inhibiting alkali silica reaction.In this paper,the rigorous conditions were designed that the mortar bars had been cured at 80℃ for 3 years after autoclaved 24 hours at 150℃.Under this condition,LiOH was able to inhibit the alkali silica reaction long term effectiveness.Not only the relationship between the molar ratio of n(Li)/(Na) and the alkali contents in systems was established, but also the governing mechanism of such effects was also studied by SEM.

Effect of Mineral Admixtures on Alkali-Silica Reaction

硅石烟的影响，起炉渣；在 70 ° C 的条件下面的碱硅石反应上的苍蝇灰被学习。结果显示出那硅石，炉渣；苍蝇灰可以仅仅在合适的内容下面禁止碱硅石反应。当内容是不到 10% 时，硅石烟显著地不影响碱硅石反应的扩大。当内容是 15% 时 20% ，硅石烟可以仅仅推迟碱硅石反应的扩大。当内容是 30% 时 70% ，起炉渣可以仅仅推迟碱硅石反应的扩大，但是不能禁止碱硅石反应的扩大。当内容是 10% 时，苍蝇灰显著地不影响碱硅石反应的扩大。当内容是 20% 时 30% ，飞灰可以仅仅推迟碱硅石反应的扩大，但是不能禁止碱硅石反应的扩大。当内容是超过 50% 时，那苍蝇灰能有效地禁止碱硅石反应，是可能的。

Effect of the Composite of Natural Zeolite and Fly Ash on Alkali-Silica Reaction

The effect of the composite of natural zeolite and fly ash on alkali-silica reaction (ASR) was studied with natural alkali-reactive aggregate and quartz glass aggregate respectively.The expansive experiment of mortar bar and concrete prism was completed.The results show that ASR can be suppressed effectively by the composite of natural zeolite and fly ash.

The Mechanism of the Eeffect of Mineral Admixtures on the Expansion of Aalkali-silica Reaction

On the base of the influence rule of silica fume,slag and fly ash on alkali-silica reaction under the condition of 70℃,the mechanism of the effect of mineral admixtures on alkali-silica reaction is studied further in the paper.The results show that the effects of mineral admixtures on alkali-silica reaction are mainly chemistry effect and surface physichemistry effect.Under suitable condition,the chemistry effect may make alkali-silica reaction to be inhibited effectively,but the physichemistry effect only make alkali-silica reaction to be delayed.The chemistry effect and the physichemistry effect of minerals admixture are relative to the content of Ca(OH) 2 in system.Under the condition that there is a large quantity of Ca(OH) 2 ,mineral admixture cannot inhibit alkali-silica reaction effectively.Only when Ca(OH) 2 in the system is very less,it is possible that mineral admixture inhibits alkali-silica reaction effectively.

Effect of Pozzolanic Reaction Products on Alkali-silica Reaction

The effect of fly ash on controlling alkali-silica reaction （ASR） in simulated alkali solution was studied. The expansion of mortar bars and the content of Ca（OH）2 in cement paste cured at 80 ℃ for 91 d were measured. Transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM） were employed to study the microstructure of C-S-H. TEM/energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS） was then used to determine the composition of C-S-H. The pore structure of the paste was analyzed by mercury intrusion porosimetry （MIP）. The results show that the contents of fly ash of 30% and 45% can well inhibit ASR. And the content of Ca（OH）2 decreases with the increase of fly ash. That fly ash reacted with Ca（OH）2 to produce C-S-H with a low Ca/Si molar ratio could bind more Na+ and K+ ions, and produce a reduction in the amount of soluble alkali available for ASR. At the same time, the C-S-H produced by pozzolanic reaction converted large pores to smaller ones （gel pores smaller than 10 nm） to densify the pore structure. Perhaps that could inhibit alkali transport to aggregate for ASR.

稻壳灰粒径对水泥砂浆的碱硅酸反应风险影响

固废资源化是实现可持续发展的重要内容.稻壳灰的火山灰活性高,有望作为辅助性胶凝材料用于水泥砂浆或混凝土,但其中K 2O和Na 2O含量较大,需探明不同粒径稻壳灰的掺入可能带来的碱硅酸反应风险.现有研究表明,粉煤灰的火山灰活性能抑制碱硅酸反应,已得到广泛应用.对比起见,设置了基准组、掺4种粒径粉煤灰组和稻壳灰组,在分别测试其抗压、抗折强度的基础上,测试膨胀率,通过SEM和EDS测试了掺粒径为5μm的稻壳灰试件和未掺稻壳灰试件的微观形貌和元素组成.试验结果表明:稻壳灰或粉煤灰的掺入均可以提高砂浆的力学性能,稻壳灰粒径越小提高的程度越大,中值粒径为5μm的稻壳灰可以使砂浆28 d抗压强度提高50.6%,抗压强度提高64.7%,效果均好于粉煤灰;稻壳灰的粒径不超15μm时,对砂浆的膨胀率可起到显著的抑制作用,且抑制效果优于粉煤灰,5μm的稻壳灰能使14 d膨胀率减小90%,并使骨料表现为无害,而8~20μm粉煤灰均仅减小60%左右的14 d膨胀率,骨料仍表现为有害;稻壳灰的火山灰活性不仅能生成低Ca/Si比的C-S-H凝胶,降低碱含量,还能使砂浆致密性提高,抑制碱离子和水的渗透,从而表现为对碱硅酸反应的抑制效果.

Modeling of alkali-silica reaction in concrete:a review

This paper presents a comprehensive review of modeling of alkali-silica reaction(ASR)in concrete.Such modeling is essential for investigating the chemical expansion mechanism and the subsequent influence on the mechanical aspects of the material.The concept of ASR and the mechanism of expansion are first outlined,and the stateof-the-art of modeling for ASR,the focus of the paper,is then presented in detail.The modeling includes theoretical approaches,meso-and macroscopic models for ASR analysis.The theoretical approaches dealt with the chemical reaction mechanism and were used for predicting pessimum size of aggregate.Mesoscopic models have attempted to explain the mechanism of mechanical deterioration of ASR-affected concrete at material scale.The macroscopic models,chemomechanical coupling models,have been generally dcveloped by combining the chemical reaction kinetics with linear or nonlinear mechanical constitutive,and were applied to reproduce and predict the long-term behavior of struetures suffering from ASR.Finally,a conclusion and discussion of the modcling are given.

碱金属离子对废玻璃砂浆碱骨料反应的影响

以废玻璃为骨料,NaOH和NaCl为碱金属离子来源,通过玻璃溶解及玻璃砂浆碱骨料反应(ASR),研究了碱金属离子对玻璃砂浆ASR的影响.结果表明:玻璃溶解速率随溶液中OH—浓度增加而升高,当OH—浓度为1.000 mol/L时达到峰值,随后降低;在NaOH环境中,ASR膨胀率随NaOH浓度升高而增加,膨胀速率随时间延长而递减;在NaCl环境中,膨胀主要发生在侵蚀初期;在NaOH与NaCl共存环境中,膨胀率与膨胀速率均明显增大,侵蚀后期膨胀速率增加显著;NaOH浓度的增加及NaCl的加入,均导致ASR凝胶钠硅比升高,增加了凝胶的吸水肿胀性,最终加剧膨胀.

不同离子对混凝土碱硅酸反应影响的研究进展

混凝土的碱硅酸反应(Alkali-silica reaction,ASR)本质上是孔溶液中的离子、水分子与骨料中活性二氧化硅的反应。根据不同离子对ASR的影响效果,可将离子分为碱离子(Na^(+)、K^(+)和OH-)、锂离子和铝离子、钙离子。碱离子(Na^(+)、K^(+)和OH^(-))促进混凝土的碱硅酸反应,导致混凝土发生更严重的膨胀性破坏。Al^(3+)和Li^(+)减缓混凝土碱硅酸反应造成的膨胀性破坏;Ca^(2+)起到的作用与n(Ca)/n(Si)(物质的量比)密切相关,当n(Ca)/n(Si)<0.2时,Ca^(2+)对ASR起促进作用;当n(Ca)/n(Si)≥0.2时,Ca^(2+)对ASR起抑制作用。本文首先介绍了ASR反应产物的最新研究进展,包括ASR产物的种类、微观形貌、原子结构及水稳定性,综述了这些离子对ASR反应过程、ASR产物组成、ASR产物结晶性能及膨胀性的影响,展望了不同离子对混凝土ASR影响的未来研究方向。

混凝土碱-硅酸反应进程计算方法研究进展

阐述了混凝土碱-硅酸反应(ASR)进程的模拟研究进展。首先对ASR计算模型研究现状进行总结,其次探寻了ASR计算模型中的最优模型,最后对现有ASR计算模型中所存在的问题提出建议。ASR计算模型主要包含理论模型、细观模型、宏观模型和宏细观阶梯模型。理论模型能够预测特定骨料类型及粒径条件下的砂浆扩展,但不适用于混凝土结构。其中,二价离子浓度的理论模型模拟精度最高;细观模型能够对ASR作用下混凝土细观裂纹分布进行描述,但建模较为复杂。其中,晶格离散粒子模型模拟精度最高;宏观模型能够对ASR作用下混凝土损伤区及损伤位移进行描述,但大多忽略混凝土蠕变效应。其中,宏观蠕变模型模拟精度最高;宏细观阶梯模型是全面的ASR计算模型,但研究较少,模拟精准度有待进一步研究。

低碱高硅率高抗硫酸盐水泥熟料的研发及生产实践

通过采用资源劣化的自有矿山高硅低钙石灰石原料,进一步优选原燃材料,改进生料配料、加强水泥熟料质量监测和改善煅烧中控操作等措施,研发生产了碱含量约0.2%,硅酸率约3.50的低碱、高硅率、高抗硫酸盐水泥熟料,满足了易受硫酸盐侵蚀、冻融和干湿作用的海港、水利、地下工程建设要求。

新疆大石峡水利枢纽混凝土碱-硅酸反应抑制研究

新疆大石峡水利枢纽混凝土选用的骨料存在碱活性,可能导致工程产生碱骨料破坏问题,本文研究了当地粉煤灰和矿粉对碱-硅酸反应(ASR)的影响,并采用XRD和SEM-EDS测试分析了水化产物和界面过渡区的形态。结果表明:粉煤灰掺量≥20%(质量分数)或矿粉掺量≥40%(质量分数)都能显著抑制碱-硅酸反应;在纯水泥样品界面过渡区可以观察到无定形相,在含有粉煤灰或矿粉的样品中未观察到无定形相,这意味着碱-硅酸反应发生在纯水泥样品中;添加粉煤灰或矿粉降低了界面过渡区物相的Ca/Si摩尔比,抑制了碱-硅酸反应。

SiO_(2)微粉加入量对β-SiAlON-SiC材料性能的影响

在保证承烧锂电池三元正极材料匣钵用β-SiAlON-SiC材料抗碱性的前提下,以SiC颗粒和细粉、Si粉、Al粉、α-Al_(2)O_(3)微粉等为原料,采用高温氮化法制备β-SiAlON-SiC材料,研究了SiO_(2)微粉加入量(外加质量分数分别为0、1%、2%、3%)对β-SiAlON-SiC材料的显气孔率、体积密度、常温抗折强度、高温抗折强度、物相组成、抗碱性的影响。结果表明:1)在β-SiAlON-SiC材料中添加SiO_(2)微粉可以降低其显气孔率,显著提高其常温抗折强度和高温抗折强度;2)添加SiO_(2)微粉不会影响Si粉和Al粉的氮化效果,但会影响Al_(2)O_(3)在Si_(3)N_(4)中的固溶度和β-SiAlON的生成量;3)SiO_(2)微粉的最优添加量为1%(w),所得试样的抗碱性明显优于未添加SiO_(2)微粉试样的。