Use of the alkaline phosphatase to prealbumin ratio as an independent predictive factor for the prognosis of gastric cancer

BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)is characterized by a low 5-year survival rate.The prognosis is still not satisfactory although it has significantly improved due to developments in medicine.Thus,the identification of more efficient indices for the evaluation of GC prognosis is required.We propose,for the first time,that the alkaline phosphatase(ALP)to prealbumin(PA)ratio(APR)can be used as an independent prognostic factor in GC.AIM To evaluate the prognostic value the APR in GC.METHODS According to the exclusion strategy,we collected the preoperative serologic examination results and clinical information of 409 GC patients treated in Shandong Provincial Hospital from January to December,2016.By calculating the APR,the neutrophil and lymphocyte ratio(NLR),C-reactive protein(CRP)and albumin(ALB)ratio,platelet and lymphocyte ratio,lymphocyte and monocyte ratio,and the relationship with clinical information,we verified the role of preoperative APR ratio in the prognosis of GC.In addition,we used a Cox model combined with the APR and tumor stage to demonstrate its efficacy in assessing the prognosis of GC patients.RESULTS Preoperative APR was an independent prognostic factor for GC.The median age of patients in the APR-high group was greater compared with that in the APR-low group.Patients with a higher APR had a more advanced clinical stage,higher neutrophil to lymphocyte,CRP to ALB,and platelet to lymphocyte ratios,but a lower lymphocyte to monocyte ratio(P<0.05).The APR-high group also had higher glycoprotein antigen 199 and carbohydrate antigen 125 levels than the APR-low group(P<0.05).Median overall survival and disease-free survival were significantly longer in the APR-low group than in the APR-high group.In addition,a Cox model based on the APR and tumor stage was more effective in evaluating the prognosis of patients than models based on stage alone or stage plus the NLR.CONCLUSION A higher APR is an independent and negative prognostic factor for GC.The prognosis of GC can be better evaluated using a Cox model based on the APR and stage.

Effect of dissolved phosphorus on alkaline phosphatase activity in marine microalgae

Alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) and dissolved phosphorus were monitored during the batch cultures of two bone microalgae. Results indicate that variation of APA was in the shape of 'S' curve. Different specs of dissolved phaphorus had different effects on APA. The concentrations of dis solved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and and molecular dissolved organic phosphorus (SDOP) had a sig nificant effect on APA, while the concentration of large molecular dissolved organic phosphorus (LDOP) had a little effect on APA., and the increase of APA could accelerate the decomposing of LDOP in the medium. Results also show that algae species and abundance had why a little effect on APA.

Alkaline phosphatase activity in ornithogenic soils in polar tundra

Phosphatase plays an important role in the microbial liberation of phosphorus in soil systems. In this study, alkaline phosphatase activity （APA） was investigated from tundra ornithogenic soil profiles in Antarctica and Arctic. The organic carbon （TOC）, total nitrogen （TN）, and phosphorus fractions and pH were also analyzed in these soils. The correlation between APA and soil chemical properties is discussed. In almost all the soil profiles, APA showed the same variation patterns. The maximum APA appeared in the surface layers, and decreased with soil depth. The APA ranged from 1.00 ppm to 1 403.5 ppm with an average of approximately 408.3 ppm. The APA showed a significant positive correlation with TOC （r =0.70, p 〈0.001）, TN （r =0.43, p =0.002）, total phosphorus （r =0.39, p 〈0.05）and inorganic phosphorus （r =0.40, p =0.037）, indicating that they were predominant factors affecting APA in the polar tundra soils. In addition, APA showed a significant negative correlation with Cu and Zn concentrations in the soils, indicating that Cu and Zn may inhibit APA. Our results showed that APA could be used as an important indicator for soil fertility in polar tundra ecosystems.

Non-thermal effects of 0.1 THz radiation on intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity and conformation

Alkaline phosphatase(ALP) plays an integral role in the metabolism of liver and development of the skeleton in humans. To date, the interactions between different-duration terahertz(THz) radiation and ALP activities, as well as the influence mechanism are still unclear. In this study, using the para-nitro-phenyl-phosphate(p NPP) method, we detect changes in ALP activities during 40-minute THz radiation(0.1 THz, 13 m W/cm^2). It is found that the activity of ALP decreases in the first 25 min, and subsequently increases in the later 15 min. Compared with the activity of ALP being heated, the results suggest that short-term terahertz radiation induces a decrease in enzyme activity through the non-thermal mechanism. In order to explore the non-thermal effects of THz radiation on ALP, we focus on the impacts of 0.1 THz radiation for 20 min on the activity of ALP in different concentrations. The results reveal that the activity of ALP decreases significantly after exposure to THz radiation. In addition, it could be deduced from fluorescence, ultraviolet-visible(UV-vis), and THz spectra results that THz radiation has induced changes in ALP structures. Our study unlocks non-thermal interactions between THz radiation and ALP, as well as suggests that THz spectroscopy is a promising technique to distinguish ALP structures.

Alkaline phosphatase predicts relapse in chronic hepatitis C patients with end-of-treatment response

AIM: To investigate relapse predictors in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients with end-of-treatment response (ETR), after pegylated interferon-α (PegIFN-α) and ribavirin treatment. METHODS: In a retrospective study we evaluated a spectrum of predictors of relapse after PegIFN-α and ribavirin treatment in 86 CHC patients with ETR. Viral loads were determined with real-time reverse transcrip-tion polymerase chain reaction. Hepatitis C virus geno-typing was performed by sequencing analysis. Patients with genotype 1 were treated for 48 wk with 180 μg PegIFN-α2a or 1.5 μg/kg PegIFN-α2b once weekly plus ribavirin at a dosage of 1000 mg/d for those under 75 kg or 1200 mg/d for those over 75 kg. Patients with geno- types 2 and 3 were treated for 24 wk with 180 μgPegIFN-α2a or 1.5 μg/kg PegIFN-α2b once weekly plus ribavirin at a dosage of 800 mg/d. RESULTS: In all ETR patients, binary logistic regression analysis identif ied absence of complete early virological response (cEVR) (OR 27.07, 95% CI: 3.09-237.26, P < 0.005), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels prior to therapy < 75 U/L (OR: 6.16, 95% CI: 2.1-18.03, P < 0.001) and body mass index > 26 kg/m2 (OR: 8.27, 95% CI: 2.22-30.84, P < 0.005) as independent predictors of relapse. When cEVR patients were analyzed exclusively, ALP prior to therapy < 75 U/L remained the only predictor of relapse. CONCLUSION: Lower levels of ALP prior to, during and after therapy seem to be associated with a higher risk of relapse in CHC patients with ETR.

Electrochemical Determination of Alkaline Phosphatase in Human Serum by Differential Pulse Voltammetry

Differential pulse voltammetry(DPV) was applied to the determination of alkaline phosphatase(ALP) activity in human serum with phenyl phosphate as the substrate. Phenyl phosphate can enzymatically be hydrolyzed to produce phenol which is quantified by DPV at +660 mV(vs.Ag/AgCl) in the concentration range of 2.0_100 μmol/L. The standard curve for ALP is linear over the range from 0.06 to 1000 U/L with a relative standard deviation of 3.0%. The conditions for the enzymatic reaction and voltammetric detection were optimized and the kinetic constants were also examined.The human serum samples were tested by this method and the results were in good agreement with those obtained by the routine p-nitrophenyl phosphate spectrophotometric method.

Electrochemical Detection of Alkaline Phosphatase in BALB/c Mouse Fetal Liver Stromal Cells with Capillary Electrophoresis

A method for determination of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in BALB/c mouse fetal liver stromal cells has been described based on the catalytic reaction. After the cell extract is incubated with the substrate disodium phenyl phosphate, the reaction product phenol generated by ALP is determined by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection.

Life-history dependent relationships between plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and body condition in male Eurasian Tree Sparrows

Background: In temperate-breeding birds, individuals must adjust their physiological states from one life-history stage to another in response to changing conditions to maximize ecological fitness. Previous evidences have shown that body mass, size-corrected mass(SCM), and hematocrit(Hct) could be used as estimates of the energetic state of individuals to illustrate life-history trade-offs and individual quality in field physiology. Plasma alkaline phosphatase(ALP) plays critical roles in regulating the metabolism of energy but very limited information is known on its link with body mass or Hct.Methods: We determined the changes of plasma ALP levels in both early breeding and wintering stages of male Eurasian Tree Sparrows(Passer montanus), and examined the relationships between ALP and body mass, SCM, and Hct of the birds.Results: Our study showed that(1) in male Eurasian Tree Sparrows, body mass did not vary with life-history stage but plasma ALP activity significantly increased in the wintering stage compared to the breeding stage;(2) ALP activity was not correlated with individual body mass but was positively correlated with individual SCM and Hct. Such positive correlations, however, only occurred in the wintering but not in the breeding stages.Conclusions: Our results suggest that plasma ALP activities in free-living birds can be used as one of the indicators o body condition or nutritional status for analyzing individual variation in the wintering but not in the breeding stages. The life-history dependent relationships between plasma ALP activity and body condition may contribute to our better understanding of the trade-off between individual survival and reproduction in free-living animals.

Effect of noise exposure(85 dB) on testicular adrenocortical steroidogenic key enzymes, acid and alkaline phosphatase activities of sex organs in mature albino rats

Changes in the activities of Δ 5\|3β\|hydroysteroid dehydrogenase(HSD) in testis and adrenal gland, 17β\|hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in testis, acid and alkaline phosphatase in testis, prostate and seminal vesicle were observed in noise exposed mature rats at the intensity of 85 dB for 8 h/day for 45 days. The results indicated that noise exposed group showed a significant diminution in the activities of androgenic key enzymes Δ 5\|3β and 17β\|HSD, acid phosphatase in testis, prostate and seminal vesicle. There was a significant elevation in the activities of adrenal Δ 5\|3β\|HSD, alkaline phosphatase in testis and other accessory sex organ in noise exposed group. Gonadosomatic, prostatosomatic and seminal vesiculo\|somatic indexes were decreased significantly in noise exposed group. Therefore, it is evident that noise exposure at 85dB exerts a deleterious effect on testicular and adrenocortical activities.

A New Voltammetric Enzyme Immunoassay System for the Detection of Alkaline Phosphatase

A new voltammetric enzyme immunoassay system was investigated based on p-nitrophenyl phosphate (PNPP) as the substrate for alkaline phosphatase (ALP). PNPP is enzymatically hydrolyzed and the product p-nitrophenol (PNP) is detected by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), which can be oxidized at +1.02 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) on bare glass carbon electrode (GCE). The conditions for enzymatic reaction and electrochemical detection were studied. According to this method, ALP can be detected with a detection limit of 2.8102 mU/L and a linear range of 4.0102 ~ 1.0106 mU/L.

EXPRESSION OF PLACENTAL ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN ESOPHAGEAL CANCER CELL LINE Eca109

The expression and properties of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in Eca109 cells, a cell line derived fromhuman esophageal cancer were studied with specific inhibition assay and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.The results showed that ALP of Eca109 cells was heat stable and was strongly inhibited by L-pheuylalanine, but slightly inhibited by urea. Preduisolone could causedramatic increase in activity of ALP, but no change in ALP isozyme and concomitant increase in lactic dehydrogenase activity were found after prednisolone treatment. The results suggested that placental alkaline phosphatase as an oncodevelopmental gene product could be expressed ectopically by Eca109 cells and prednisolone could specifically induce increase in its activity.

Development of a Detection Method for Assaying Calf Intestine Alkaline Phosphatase Activity

[ Objective] This study was to develop a detection method for assaying calf intestine alkaline phasphatase activity in scientific research. [ Method ] By simulating the conditions and buffers for assaying calf intestine alkaline phosphatase used in the scientific research, the parameters influencing substmte concentration, reaction duration, eoloration time and buffer pH were optimized. [ Result] The activity of alkaline phosphatase detected varied hugely among different buffers, and potassium ferricyanide solution added with boracic acid achieved the stable coloration. The optimal water bath time was determined as 10 rain, and the substrate concentration was optimized as 0.04 moL/L. The increasing temperature did not have a large influence on low temperature enzymatic activity while did on high coneentration enzymatic activity. When the buffer pH was 7.0 - 8.0, the detection stability of alkaline phosphatase could be maintained well The ion intensity of buff- er had little effects on alkaline phasphatase activity. [ Conclusion] A detection method for assaying calf intestine alkaline phosphatase activity in scientific research was successfully developed in this study.

Aged Garlic Extract and One of the Constituent, (+)-(2S,3R)-Dehydrodiconiferyl Alcohol, Inhibits Alkaline Phosphatase Activity Induced by Inflammation Factors in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Previous clinical study showed that aged garlic extract (AGE) has a preventive effect of vascular calcification in patients with coronary artery diseases. It has been reported that vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and inflammatory cells including macrophages and lymphocytes migrate to sub-intimal region where atherosclerotic plaques are formed, and VSMC can differentiate into osteoblast-like cells, which are represented by the induction of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). We found that primary human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMC) showed the increased ALP activity, when cultured in the medium containing ascorbic acid, β-glycerophosphate, dexamethasone (IM), and supplemented with conditioned medium from macrophages (MCM). Then we tested the effect of AGE subdivided fractions and several compounds found in AGE, and then found that ((+)-(2S,3R)-Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol, a dilignol compound existed in hydrophobic fraction of AGE, inhibited ALP activity in HCASMC.

Cyanobacterial extracellular alkaline phosphatase:detection and ecological function

Dissolved inorganic phosphorus is an important form of directly bioavailable phosphorus for cyanobacteria in natural water.Dissolved organic phosphorus could be used by cyanobacteria via alkaline phosphatase,which is produced mainly by bacteria and also cyanobacteria itself.Herein,we review the current knowledge of extracellular phosphatase excreted by cyanobacteria,highlighting the development of detection method and its ecological roles in regulating pho sphorus cycling in freshwater systems,which is based on reports for around 100 species of cyanobacteria.Recommendations are suggested concerning the extracellular phosphatase produced by bloom-forming cyanobacteria in terms of the ecological role,followed by a discussion of the future prospects for the study.

Sensitive detection of alkaline phosphatase based on terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and endonuclease Ⅳ-assisted exponential signal amplification

Alkaline phosphatase(ALP)is widely expressed in human tissues.ALP plays an important role in the dephosphorylation of proteins and nucleic acids.Therefore,quantitative analysis of ALP plays a vital role in disease diagnosis and the development of biological detection methods.Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase(TdT)catalyzes continuous polymerization of deoxynucleotide triphosphates at the 30-OH end of single-stranded DNA in the absence of a template.In this study,we developed a highly sensitive and selective method based on TdT and endonuclease Ⅳ(Endo Ⅳ)to quantify ALP activity.After ALP hydrolyzes the 30-PO_(4) end of the substrate and generates 30-OH,TdT can effectively elongate the 30-OH end with deoxynucleotide adenine triphosphate(dATP)and produce a poly A tail,which can be detected by the poly T probes.Endo Ⅳ digests the AP site in poly T probes to generate a fluorescent signal and a new 30-OH end,leading to the generation of exponential fluorescence signal amplification.The substrate for TdT elongation was optimized,and a limit of detection of 4.3×10^(-3) U/L was achieved for ALP by the optimized substrate structure.This method can also detect ALP in the cell lysate of a single cell.This work has potential applications in disease diagnosis and biomedical detection.

Analysis of Functional Group of Alkaline Phosphatase from DFRKN-1

To further understand characters of alkaline phosphatase and provide reference for in-depth study of the mechanism of NFRKN-1 invading into knot nem-atode and its development and utilization, the effects of metal ions, organic reagents and chemical modifier on activity of alkaline phosphatase from DFRKN-1 were analyzed in the paper. The results showed that Mg^2＋ , Ba^2＋ and K^＋ under certain concentrations activated enzyme significantly and Zn^2＋ could inhibit enzyme activ-ity. Methanol, ethanol and ethylene glycol inhibited enzyme activity in similar degrees. Histidine residue and Lysine residue are essential groups of alkaline pbos-phatase; sulflaydryl of cysteine was not an essential group, but disulfide bond played an important role in maintaining the active conformation of alkaline phospha-tase.

Regulation of Migration, Phagocytosis and Apoptosis of Human Neutrophils by Recombinant Human Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of recombinant human intestinal alkaline phosphatase(recIAP) on human neutrophils in vitro, and the migration, phagocytosis, apoptosis in presence and absence of LPS. In this study, freshly extracted human neutrophils were used to establish an inflammatory cell model, and the control group, recIAP group, LPS group and recIAP +LPS group were set up to stimulate the model. The migration of neutrophils was detected by agarose gel drop method. Fluorescent particles and fluorescent probes were added to different treatment groups, and the phagocytic rate of neutrophils and the release of reactive oxygen species(ROS) from neutrophils were detected by flow cytometry. The apoptosis rate of neutrophils was detected by flow cytometry according to Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit. The results showed that regardless of the presence or absence of LPS, recIAP could inhibit the migration of neutrophils, phagocytosis and the release of ROS. In addition, recIAP could weaken the inhibitory effect of LPS on neutrophils apoptosis.

Effects of heat shock on change of HSC70/HSP68,acid and alkaline phosphatases before and after rat partial hepatectomy

INTRODUCTIONOnly the liver has the great capability ofregeneration in mammal.Few hepatocytes are inthe phase of division in the normal liver of an adultmammal (including human beings),but theremaining hepatocytes can be induced to proliferatequickly by partial hepatectomy (PH),and,to somedegree,they stop dividing and re-differentiate intocells functioning as hepatocytes.This shows

Influence of sodium fluoride on alkaline phosphatase activity and bone gla protein synthesis in human yellow ligament cells in vitro

Objective To investigate the influence of sodium fluoride(NaF)on alkaline phosphatase(ALP)activity and bone gla protein(BGP)synthesis in yellow ligament cells from different surgical simples in vitro.Methods The human ligament cells

Combination of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase in predicting the diagnosis of asymptomatic choledocholithiasis secondary to cholecystolithiasis

BACKGROUND Gamma-glutamyltransferase(GGT) is one of the most important laboratory tests for the evaluation of liver damage. Through a long-term clinical observation of patients with secondary asymptomatic choledocholithiasis, we found that most patients had abnormal GGT serum levels.AIM To investigate the combination of serum GGT and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) in predicting the diagnosis of asymptomatic choledocholithiasis secondary to cholecystolithiasis.METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, the clinical data of 829 patients with cholecystolithiasis admitted to the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College from August 2014 to August 2017 were collected. Among these patients,151 patients had secondary asymptomatic choledocholithiasis and served as the observation group, and the remaining 678 cholecystolithiasis patients served as the control group. Serum liver function indexes were detected in both groups,and the receiver operating characteristic(commonly known as ROC) curves were constructed for markers showing statistical significances. The cutoff value,sensitivity, and specificity of each marker were calculated according to the ROC curves.RESULTS The overall incidence of asymptomatic choledocholithiasis secondary to cholecystolithiasis was 18.2%. The results of liver function indexes including serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, direct bilirubin and total bilirubin levels showed no significant differences between the two groups(P> 0.05). However, the serum GGT and ALP levels were significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group(P < 0.05). The ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve was 0.881(95%CI: 0.830-0.932), 0.647(95%CI: 0.583-0.711) and 0.923(0.892-0.953) for GGT, ALP, and GGT + ALP,respectively. The corresponding cut-off values of GGT and ALP were 95.5 U/L and 151.5 U/L, sensitivity were 90.8% and 65.1%, and specificity were 83.6% and59.8%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of GGT + ALP were 93.5% and85.1%, respectively.CONCLUSION An abnormally elevated serum GGT level has an important value in the diagnosis of asymptomatic choledocholithiasis secondary to cholecystolithiasis.The combination of serum GGT and ALP has better diagnostic performance. As a convenient, rapid and inexpensive test, it should be applied in secondary asymptomatic choledocholithiasis routine screening.