Simulation Study on the Alkalized-salinized Grassland Ecosystem in the Songnen Plain

Using Object-oriented design and a new programming language JAVA, a physically-based model was built to simulate the hydrological, alkalization/de-alkalization and salinization/desalinization processes in soil. Furthermore, a process-based model was built to evaluate the dynamics of four herbaceous ecosystems (including dynamics of above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, and litter biomass), each dominated by Aneurolepidium chinense (Trin.) Kitag., Chloris virgata Sw., Puccinellia tenuiflora (Turcz.) Scribn. et Merr. and Suaeda glauca Bunge. This model is a daily-time step model, suitable for simulating hydrological, alkalization/de-alkalization and salinization/desalinization processes of heterogeneous soil, and growth dynamics of different grassland communities. With climatic data and experimental data of Changling Experimental Site in Jilin Province, the soil moisture content (in 1991, 1996, 1997 and 1998), soil salt concentration, exchangeable cation percentage and pH in soil and growth dynamics of these four sorts of grassland communities (in 1991) were simulated and the results were verified to be in accord with observed data.

Abaca Fiber as a Potential Reinforcer for Acoustic Absorption Material at Middle-High Frequencies

Recently,abacafibers have become the focus of specialized research due to their intriguing characteristics,with their outstanding mechanical properties being a particularly notable.In the conducted study,the abacafibers underwent a preliminary treatment process involving an alkaline solution,which was composed of 0.5%sodium hydroxide(NaOH)and 50%acetic acid(CH3COOH).This process entailed immersing eachfiber in the solution for a period of one hour.This treatment led to a 52.36%reduction in lignin content compared to the levels before treatment,resulting in a dramatic decrease in the full width at half maximum(FWHM)in the XRD spectra from 1.13 to 0.13.This change indicates that thefibers became more crystalline following the treatment.The abacafibers were also characterized using BET(Brunauer Emmett Teller)measurements,which revealed that the aver-age pore length ranged from 33–49 nm and the surface area was between 13–28 m^(2)·g^(-1).The morphology of the abacafiber after alkali an hydrolisis treatment(AFAH)appeared rougher and more uniform.DMA measurements revealed a significant rise in the storage modulus of the singlefiber post-treatment,with dependencies on both frequency and temperature.AFAH exhibited an optimal absorption coefficient ofα=0.9 for frequencies above 2500 Hz.The combined effect of alkalization and hydrolyzation treatments,while resulting in an enhancement in the mechanical properties of thefibers,also reduced high-intensity noise produced by sources such as machin-ery,aircraft takeoffs and landings,etc.,across a broader working frequency range.

GENESIS OF SOIL ALKALIZATION WITH SODIUM CARBONATE IN HOHHOT PLAIN

Hohhot Plain, lying in the front of the Yingshan Mountains in inner Mongolia, isbounded by the mountain north, the Yellow River south, the Manhan Mountain east andloess hills southeast. Being 986 to 1100 meters above ses level, the plain generally slopesdown to the southwest, just in accordance with the flowing direction of the Great Heihe Riv-er and the Small Heihe River.

Effect of Furfural Residue on Control of Soil Alkalization and Amelioration of Solonetz

Furfural residue, an industrial waste, is a kind of strongly acidic organic materials. Its comprehensive utilization in agriculture showed a significant effect on control of soil alkalization, amelioration of solonetz and increase of crop yields. In detail it may adjust pH, depress alkalinity, reduce bulk density and compactness and increase water permeability and retention ability of the soil. Meanwhile agricultural use of furfural residue provided an effective way to avoid its pollution of the soil, Water and air.

The Photocatalytic Oxidation of As（Ⅲ） Enhanced by Surface Alkalinized g-C3N4

A new,facile,and efficient way to prepare alkalinized g-C3N4 is presented.We calcined a mixture of KCl and melamine to obtain g-C3N4,whose in-plane structure was K+doped so that alkalinized samples could be obtained by treatment with different concentrations of KOH.The different samples were used to oxidize As(Ⅲ)in both visible light and natural light.The sample treated with 10 mol/L KOH showed the highest efficiency,converting all As(Ⅲ)into As(Ⅴ)within 120 min in both visible light and natural light,as the oxidative capacity of the As(Ⅲ)in the alkalinized samples was significantly higher than that of the original samples.K+doping improved the electron transport capacity of the samples,while the alkalinized samples could destroy their edge structures,so as to improve the separation efficiency of the photogenerated carrier.The experiment confirmed that alkalinized g-C3N4 significantly improves the oxidation ability of As(Ⅲ)and plays an important role in the photocatalytic treatment of refractory nonmetallic ions.

Ion Exchange Softening and Alkalization Treatment for Zerodischarge of Circulating Cooling Water

In order to solve the problems including pipe corrosion, scaling and microbial growth, which severely threat safe op-eration of circulating cooling water system, this paper proposes ion exchange softening and alkalization process to solve these problems and carries out a series of studies to study the feasibility of ion exchange softening and alkaliza-tion process in the simulation process of circulating cooling water system. The studies include product water quality of ion exchange softening and alkalization process, effect on the performance of carbon steel and brass, and the inhibition that suppresses microbial growth. The results indicate that ion exchange softening and alkalization process is feasible to prevent the circulating cooling water system from scaling, pipe corrosion, and microbial growth without any other chemicals. Thus circulating cooling water system can achieve zerodischarge of wastewater.

Properties of Natural Rubber Biocomposities Filled with Alkaline Modified Oat Straw

Novel elastomer biocomposites based on straw fibers (raw or chemically modified) as reinforcing elements ofnatural rubber (NR) were reported and studied. Oat straw fibres with different average lengths were used.Lignocellulose materials were incorporated into the elastomer, before and after chemical surface modificationinvolving sodium hydroxide. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and microscopy techniques wereemployed for characterization of fillers. The kinetics of rubber mixtures, as well as rheometric properties ofcompounds were determined. The cross-linking density was executed on the basis of equilibrium solventswellingmeasurements applying the modified Flory–Rehner equation. The morphology of biocompositessamples was analyzed by a scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical characteristic: the values of hardness,tensile strength and attenuation coefficient were also determined. The physical and chemical investigations haveproved the reinforcing effect of treated oat straw on natural rubber vulcanizates.

Research Progress on Harmless Treatment of Dead Livestock and Poultry with Alkaline Hydrolysis in China

China＇s animal husbandry industry has developed rapidly and the inventory of swine, poultry, and sheep has been in the first place in the world of late years. For several consecutive years, the annual slaughter swine has reached to more than 700 million head, 70 million head of carcasses, about 2 million tons. The number will be even more if cattle, sheep and poultry had been considered. If handled improperly, the large number of carcasses of livestock and poultry will seriously pollute environment and even bring food safety issues and harm to public health security. More and more concern has been attracted on harmless disposal of dead animals. Of all the harmless disposal methods on carcasses of livestock and poultry, the application and research of alkalizalion hydrolysisar （ AH ） are less and only restricted in the higher-level security laboratory field in China. The method of alkalization hydrolysis has the advantages of completely inactivating pathogenic microorganisms （including prions）, no harmful gas, simple operation, low cost, etc, which has the value of research and application. This paper summarized the characteristics and the sterilization effect of alkaline hydrolysis, and discussed the processing and application of AH products of animal carcasses ,meanwhile, introduced the types, research and application state of AH in China, finally, briefly discussed the application prospect of AH in China.

Rock-forming mechanism of Fenghuangshan rockbody in Tongling area

Based on the detailed geological investigation and record of galleries and drill holes, a new idea has been advanced that granodiorite is earlier than quartz monzodiorite porphyry. Both of them are products of two different magmatic intrusive activities. The analysis results of trace elements show that the Sr content is beyond any other crustal rock and the Th content is beyond that of Ta. The whole-rock analysis indicates that rockbody is rich in CaO and poor in K2O. In the composition of Pb istope of rockbody, the ratio of 207 Pb to 204Pb is less than 15. 60. All these show that the magma mainly comes from the upper mantle. Ti,Zr,Cr,Nb trace elements and the relation between the Gardini index(τ) and the Rittmann index(σ) indicate that the rockbodies are formed in the orogenic belt and island arc tectonic setting. The summation (2REE) and the characteristic value(m( La)/m( Yb)) of the rare earth elements show that the original rock is alkalic basalt. The analysis of the characteristic values of REE and the quantitative modeling calculation indicate that the rock-forming process is dominated by mixed crystallization. According to the analysis on the rock-forming order, magmatic source, tectonic setting and rock-forming process, combined with the achievements of regional rock-controlling structures and division of sublayer of crust, it is believed that Fenghuangshan rock body derives from the deep-seated alkalic basalt magma. The rock-forming process has undertaken sialic and calcareous assimilation and contamination of two different degrees. The rock-forming model belongs to the typical assimilation and fractional cryatalization mechanism.

Microdiamonds in Alkalic Dolerites from the North China Craton

Diamonds on the Earth mainly occur in volcanic rocks such as kimberlites and lamproites^([1-8]),but can also be found in ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks^([9-10]),meteorites^([11])and alluvial deposits^([12]).In recent years,diamonds have been recovered from ophiolites^([13-16])and alkalic dolerites^([17-18]).The discovery of ophiolitic diamonds and alkalic dolerites diamonds has drawn significant research interests to explore the origin of this new class of diamond source and to infer the evolution of their hosting rocks[^(19-21)].This new type of diamond had been initially considered as a result of contamination.However,more and more evidences either directly or indirectly demonstrate that these diamonds are of natural origin^([16,18,19,22-24]).During a geological survey from 2012 to 2015,the geologists from Nanjing Centre of China Geological Survey discovered a large number of yellow microdiamonds in the Langan area in northern Anhui Province^([18,25-29]).The diamond-bearing rocks of these microdiamonds mainly include dolerite and olivine basalt.From 2016 to 2018,four microdiamonds in basic rocks were recovered again in the prospecting work for primary diamond deposits in the Tashan and Zhangji areas in Xuzhou,which is geographically close to Langan[30].All these microdiamonds are similar in colour and shape to ophiolite type diamonds^([31]),and show different characteristics of kimberlite and lamproite type diamonds.Cai,et al.(2019)reported the petrological characteristics of the diamondiferous rocks^([17,21,30]).In this paper,the morphology,infrared spectrum,and carbon isotope compositions of microdiamonds were analysed and discussed by Fourier infrared spectroscopy and carbon isotope test.The types of microdiamonds found in the North China Craton,the age of mantle occurrence,and the source of carbon isotopes were revealed.In the past,many deposits of macro-diamonds,mostly of TypeⅠa orⅡa,were found in the North China Craton,and they have been extensively studied.Microdiamonds recovered from the alkalic dolerites of the North China Craton were studied by FTIR and carbon isotopic.These diamonds are usually light yellow to yellow,with a few colourless,and cubic,octahedral or rhomboidal dodecahedron,and octahedron in shape.The surface characteristics of diamonds,such as dissolution,can be observed.The overall N concentration is not high,with an average of 173×10^(-6).The infrared spectra show that most of these diamonds are TypeⅠb,and C centres are found at 1344 cm^(-1).Three diamond samples are classified as TypeⅠa/Ⅰb,because of A centres and C centres in these diamonds.Two diamonds are classified as typeⅠaAB because B,B′and A centres are found co-existing.FTIR microscopic measurements from the core to the edge of the TypeⅠaAB diamond suggest a mantle residence time of approximately 550 Ma.The C isotopic analysis reveals that these diamonds are strongly depleted in 13 C.These lowδ^(13) C values of dolerites-hosted diamonds overlap with the lower ends of peridotitic diamonds and metamorphic diamonds,and the upper end of the ophiolitic diamonds.Additionally,the reason for the strong deficitδ^(13) C shown by the carbon isotope should be studied in the future.

Implantable Nanofiber Membranes with Synergistic Photothermal and Autophagy Inhibition Effects for Enhanced Tumor Therapy Efficacy

Photothermal therapy(PTT)has been proposed as an advanced patient-centered strategy for tumor treatment.Nevertheless,the uncertain safety of conventional photothermal conversion agents and the presence of intracellular self-protective autophagy mechanisms pose obstacles to the clinical application and efficacy of PTT.As we are deeply aware of the seriousness of these problems,we herein proposed an efficacy-enhancing strategy based on an implantable membrane platform(PPG@PB-HCQ)constructed from poly(lactic acid)(PLA),poly(ɛ-caprolactone)(PCL)and gelatin(Gel)electrospun nanofibers(PPG)and loaded with the biodegradable high-efficiency photothermal conversion agent Prussian blue(PB)and the autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine sulfate(HCQ).Cellular experiments confirmed that the PPG@PB-HCQ nanofiber membrane exhibited a significantly stronger tumor cell-killing effect compared with the PTT alone.This enhancement features by of blocking the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes.The intracellular overexpression of the proteins microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3(LC3)-II and p62 and the low expression of the proteins LC3-I and Rab7(members of the RAS oncogene family)further demonstrated autophagic flux blockade.Importantly,the potent antitumor effect of the PPG@PB-HCQ therapeutic platform in B16 tumor-bearing model mice verified the efficacy-enhancing strategy of synergistic PTT and protective autophagy blockade.The present study provides a promising strategy for solving the difficulties of tumor treatment,as well as a new perspective for designing novel treatment platforms.

Research progress in transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 of sensory nervous system

The transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily member 1 （TRPV 1） is a protein mainly expressed in sensory neurons and fibers, such as in trigeminal ganglion and dorsal root ganglion, and has been indicated to be involved in several physiological and pathological processes. Studies on thermal activation have revealed that phosphorylation is involved in TRPV1 activation and 2 putative phosphorylation sites, Ser residues 502 （Ser-502） and Set residues 800 （Ser-800）, have been recently confirmed to possess the capability of resensitizing TRPV 1. In addition to acidification, alkalization has also been proved to be a highly effective stimulator for TRPVI. TRPV1 could be regulated by various physical and chemical modulators, as well as the chronic pain. TRPV 1 plays a crucial role in the transmission of pain signals, especially under inflammation and the neoplasm conditions, and it can also modulate nociceptive afferents by reinforcing morphine tolerance. The present review mainly focused on the structural and functional complexities of TRPV1, together with its activation and modulation by a wide variety of physical and chemical stimuli. Its pharmacological manipulation （sensitization/desensitization） and therapeutical targets were also discussed.

In situ conversion builds MIL-101@NiFe-LDH heterojunction structures to enhance the oxygen evolution reaction

The construction of rich phase interfaces to increase active reaction area in hybrid materials is an excellent strategy to improve electrochemical performance.Under this guideline,MIL-101@OX-metal organic framework(MOF)is constructed by the"MOF on MOF"method,then converts to MIL-101@NiFe-layered double hydroxides(LDH)by in situ transformation in alkaline solution.MIL-101@NiFe-LDH shows excellent electrochemical water oxidation performance.It needs only an overpotential of 215 m V to drive10 m A/cm^(2)of oxygen evolution reaction(OER),which is less than that of NiFe-LDH,MIL-101.In addition,MIL-101@NiFe-LDH has the smallest Tafel slope(55.1 mV/dec)compared with Ni Fe-LDH(61.1 m V/dec),MIL-101(150.8 m V/dec).The excellent water oxidation activity is due to the high phase interfaces derived from high specific surface area of MOF.This work offers an alternative method for making MOF/LDH heterostructures with an optimized phase interfaces and provides new insights for OER.

Slow degrading Mg-based materials induce tumor cell dormancy on an osteosarcoma-fibroblast coculture model

Osteosarcoma is one of the most common cancers in young adults and is commonly treated using surgery and chemotherapy.During the past years,these therapy approaches improved but failed to ameliorate the outcomes.Therefore,novel,targeted therapeutic approaches should be established to enhance treatment success while preserving patient’s quality of life.Recent studies suggest the application of degradable magnesium(Mg)alloys as orthopedic implants bearing a potential antitumor activity.Here,we examined the influence of Mg-based materials on an osteosarcoma-fibroblast coculture.Both,Mg and Mg-6Ag did not lead to tumor cell apoptosis at low degradation rates.Instead,the Mg-based materials induced cellular dormancy in the cancer cells indicated by a lower number of Ki-67 positive cancer cells and a higher p38 expression.This dormancy-like state could be reversed by reseeding on non-degrading glass slides but could not be provoked by inhibition of the protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase.By investigating the influence of the disjunct surface-near effects of the Mg degradation on cell proliferation,an increased pH was found to be a main initiator of Mg degradation-dependent tumor cell proliferation inhibition.

Synthesis and Thermodynamic Properties of M2L[M=Li, Na; L=3,6-Bis（1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl-amino）-1,2,4,5-tetrazine]

Two novel energetic alkalic metal salts of 3,6-bis（1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl-amino）-l,2,4,5-tetrazine （BTATz）, Li2（BTATz）. 6H20（compound 1） and Na2（BTATz）. 2H20（compound 2）, have been synthesized by the reac- tion of BTATz with lithinnl hydroxide or sodium hydroxide in dimethylsulfoxide（DMSO） solution, respectively, and their structures were characterized by means of elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry（FTIR） Moreover, the single-crystal structure of compound 1 was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. It crystal- lizes in the monoclinic space group P1/c. Furthermore, their thermal decomposition behaviors were investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry（DSC） and thermogravimetry-differential thermal gravimetry（TG-DTG）. The results show that the exothermic decomposition peak temperatures for compounds 1 and 2 were 642.65 and 644.46 K, respectively, and the kinetic equations of the main exothermic decomposition were also derived from non-isothermal method. Additionally, the thermal safety of the two compounds was evaluated by calculating self-accelerating decomposition temperature（TSADT） and critical temperature of thermal explosion（Tb）. The results（the TSADT and Tb values are 605.43 and 635.69 K for compound 1; 607.38 and 638.96 K for compound 2） reveal that the two compounds exhibit better thermal safety than BTATz.

China Speeds up Elimination of Outdated Caustic Soda Production Processes

Chlor-alkali industry is a high energy-consuming,low value-added industry andmay bring negative impacts on theenvironment.Among all caustic soda pro-duction processes,the mercury cell methodfeatures highest energy consumption,se-verest pollution,and has been phased outlong ago in China.Among the diaphragmprocesses,those use graphite anode andordinary DSA(dimensionally stable anode)plates also have shortcomings like high en-

Zhonggu Breaks Ground 600 000 T/A Chlor-Alkali Project

Inner Mongolia Zhonggu Mining IndustryCompany Limited (Zhonggu) held in earlyJuly a groundbreaking ceremony for a chloralkaliproject at Mengxi Industry Zone, Erdos,Inner Mongolia.Zhonggu was a joint venturebetween Guangdong Hongdaxingye Group andits controlling subsidiary Inner MongoliaWuhai Chemical Company Limited.The constructionwill proceed in two phases.