Physicochemical and Biochemical Characterization, Total Phenolic and Energy Value from Bulbs of Different Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in Senegal

The purpose of this study is to investigate the physicochemical properties of some local varieties of onion (Allium cepa L.) and compare them with an imported variety, all collected in May 2021. Proteins, reducing sugars, lipids, and polyphenol content were estimated according to the AFNOR standardized methods. The determination of calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium, potassium and phosphorus was performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer coupled with a CCD detector. The results highlighted an average acidity of 0.377% ± 0.002% lower than the value of the imported variety which is 0.520% ± 0.001%. Local varieties have a pH ranging from 6.35 ± 0.003 to 6.42 ± 0.004, while the variety has a pH of 6.36 ± 0.003. The ash and dry matter contents vary respectively from 4.788% ± 0.004% to 8.253% ± 0.003% and 7.945% ± 0.021% to 11.945% ± 0.007% for the local varieties. Moreover, the imported one has ash and dry matter contents of 5.175% ± 0.007% and 10.035% ± 0.021% respectively. The results show that the protein, reducing sugar and lipid contents in the local onion varieties vary respectively from 2.815 ± 0.000 to 15.634 ± 0.001 g·100 g-1;4.691 ± 0.001 to 12.596 ± 0.002 g·100 g-1 and 0.006 ± 0.001 to 0.050 ± 0.057 g·100 g-1. Furthermore, the imported variety has a protein, reducing sugar and lipid content of 5.649 ± 0.002;8.565 ± 0.002 g·100 g-1 and 0.011 ± 0.010 g·100 g-1 respectively. The maximum levels of total polyphenols are obtained in the imported variety, Bellani and Gandiol, respectively 9.973 ± 0.001, 4.535 ± 0.002, and 3.425 ± 0.006 mg EAG/g of dry matter. The local varieties have a significant calorific intake of between 35.451 ± 0.001 and 112.980 ± 0.003 kcal·100 g-1 compared to the imported one with an energy value of 56.953 ± 0.001 kcal·100 g-1 of dry matter. The bulbs of different onion varieties studied have a fairly high content of mineral elements. The potassium content of local varieties is between 502.16 ± 0.06 mg·100 g-1 and 582.77 ± 0.04 mg·100 g-1 while the imported variety has a content of 536.62 ± 1.30 mg·100 g-1. They note that the local varieties have a better calcium content (249.75 ± 0.07 to 434.20 ± 0.57 mg·100 g-1) and magnesium (142.15 ± 0.07 to 162.60 ± 0.42 mg·100 g-1) than the imported variety (229.58 ± 0.04 mg·100 g-1) except for the varieties White Grano (228.29 ± 0.01 mg·100 g-1) and Rouge Amposta (117.00 ± 0.42 mg·100 g-1) respectively. These results reveal that Gandiol, Dayo and Orient F1 are nutritionally found better due to their higher antioxidant property, proteins, carbohydrates, and reducing sugar and should be included in diets to supplement our daily allowance needed by the body.

Effect of Different Mulching Types on Insect and Disease Infestation and Yield of Onions (Allium cepa L.) in Loamy Sand

This research was carried out to assess the effect of different varieties and mulching types on insect and disease infestation,and the yield of onions.The experiment was conducted in Sangkat TuekVil,KrongSiem Reap,in Cambodia.A 2×4 factorial in RCBD(Randomized Complete Blocks Design)was used to layout the trial,in which two varieties(Texas Early Grano 502 PRR and Earth F1)and four mulch types(non-mulch,rice Straw,silver plastic mulching and black plastic mulching)were used as the treatments.Application of these treatments was to enhance soil temperature,leaf number plant-1,stand count,bulb diameter,single bulb weight,insect incidence,disease incidence and bulb yield are different to all treatments.As the result,the bulb yields of onions among these treatments were found superior in Texas Early Grano 502 PRR combined with Black Plastic mulch followed by Texas Early Grano 502 PRR combined with silver plastic mulch and Texas Early Grano 502 PRR combined rice straw mulch,whereas the lowest was found in Earth F1combined with non-mulch.

Two new furostanol saponins from the seeds of Allium cepa L.

Phytochemical analysis of the n-BuOH extract from the seeds ofAllium cepa L.led to isolation of four furostanol saponins,two of which were new compounds,named ceparoside A（la）and ceparoside B（2a）.The chemical structures of the new compounds were elucidated through a combination of NMR,MS spectral data and chemical analysis.

Toxicity Screening of Water Sources in Flooded Agricultural Areas of Nen-Shkodra Lowland Using Allium cepa L. Assay

The reaction ofAllium cepa root tips to the presence of potential toxic chemicals was used to evaluate the cyto/genotoxic effects of some water sources of Nen-Shkodra lowland agricultural area after massive 2010-2011 flooding. MRL （Mean root length）, MI （mitotic index）, PI （phase index） and CA （chromosome abnormalities） endpoints of onion roots, grown in four water samples, were measured and compared with tap water and Cu solution 0.5 mg/L （negative and positive controls）. Inhibition of root growth, cell division and induction of mitotic and chromosomal aberrations were detected. The most polluted water sample caused MRL inhibition of 36%, MI decrease of 38%, and a considerable increase in chromosomal aberrations （7.8%） compared to the negative control. Most frequent CA types were： bridges and fragments, stickiness and C-metaphase. The results indicated a slight toxic tendency of analyzed natural waters, serving as an alert of environmental impact that chemical pollution had after flooding.

Identification of Fusarium Species Associated with Onion(Allium cepa L.)Plants in Field in Burkina Faso

Many fungi limit onion production in Burkina Faso. This study aims to identify the main Fusarium species associated with onion plant in field in order to determine those involved in seedling damping-off and bulb rot, and develop adequate management strategies of these diseases. For this purpose, 36 isolates of Fusarium were isolated from onion plants in 17 sites and subjected to molecular analysis and biometric characterization. The results revealed that the isolates belong to five Fusarium species: Fusarium oxysporum (44.44% of the isolates), Fusarium proliferatum (41.66%), Fusarium solani (5.55%), Fusarium fujikuroi (5.55%) and Fusarium thapsinum (2.77%). Fusarium oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. solani and F. fujikuroi had faster mycelial development, with a growth rate of 7.72 - 8.27 mm/d, than F. thapsinum (6.52 mm/d). Conidia of F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum and F. solani were longer (4.74 - 5.96 μm) than those of F. fujikuroi and F. thapsinum (3.20 - 4.04 μm). Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum, respectively, had the largest and most partitioned conidia.

Radioprotective Potencies of Allium Cepa Extract (ACE) against Radiation-Induced Hepatoxicity in Wistar Rats

Background and Purpose: All types of ionizing radiations generate ions which can lead to the formation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excess production of free radicals or decrease in antioxidants level leads to oxidative stress. It is a harmful process that induces damage to cell structures, lipids, proteins, RNA and DNA which leads to a number of diseases. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of plant extract (Allium Cepa Extract (ACE)) on the kidney of wistar rats exposed to radiation using and assaying some biochemical enzymes. Material and Method: 60 wistar rats weighing 170 ± 20 g were equally divided into six groups for the study. Group 1 (control): neither received ACE nor irradiation. Group 2 (ACE): received 1000 mg/Kg b.wt of ACE. Group 3 (4 Gy-Irradiated): were exposed to 4 Gy TBI on day 14. Group 4 (6 Gy-Irradiated): were exposed to 6 Gy TBI on day 14. Group 5 (ACE + 4 Gy): were treated with 1000 mg/Kg b.wt of ACE once daily for twenty-eight days but exposed to 4 Gy TBI on day 14. Group 6 (ACE + 6 Gy): were treated with 1000 mg/Kg b.wt of ACE once daily for twenty-eight days but exposed to 6 Gy TBI on day 14. All the groups received distilled water and feed ad libitum during the acclimatization and experimental periods. Four animals in each group were sacrificed 24 h after irradiation and the 4 remaining animals were sacrificed on day 29 for biochemical assay and histopathological evaluation, the statistical analysis was done using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the data editor SPSS version 28. Results: From the biochemical enzymes, the level of Malondialdehyde (MDA) in group 2 when compared to group 1 was almost the same, which was not statically significant with (p > 0.05), but groups 3 and 4 show a significant increase in the level of MDA with (p < 0.05) while group 5 and 6 showed no significant increase in MAD with (p > 0.05). The other enzymes like SOD, CAT, GST, and GSH followed suit. Conclusion: From the results it is a clear indication that Allium Cepa Extract can ameliorate the effect of radiation induced disease.

洋葱(Alliumcepa L.)RAPD-PCR反应体系及扩增程序的优化

为建立多态性高、稳定性好的洋葱RAPD-PCR反应体系,采用正交设计,研究了Taq酶、Mg2+、引物和dNTP 4种RAPD-PCR反应组分浓度变化对扩增结果的影响,在此基础上对模板DNA用量、扩增程序中退火温度和反应循环次数进行了筛选。试验结果表明,洋葱20μl RAPD-PCR优化反应体系为1×Buffer、2.0 mmo1/L Mg2+、1.0 UTaqDNA聚合酶、200μmo1/L dNTP、0.6μmo1/L引物、2%甘油和15 ng DNA模板;PCR扩增程序为94℃预变性4 m in;94℃变性30 s,35℃退火40 s,72℃延长1.5 m in,45个循环;72℃保温延伸7 m in。

Ultrastructural Observation on the Intra-and Intercellular Microtrabecular Network of the Pollen Mother Cells in Onion ( Allium cepa )

Using DGD embedment_free electron microscopy, ultrastructural observation on the intra_ and intercellular microtrabecular network (MN) of the pollen mother cells (PMC) of the whole meiotic prophase Ⅰ in onion ( Allium cepa L.) was performed. Complex nuclear MN was observed in the nucleus of PMCs, spreading throughout the nuclear region. The nucleolus and chromosomes were connected with the MN filament network. The uniformity of nuclear MN changed with the development of the PMCs. A lamina_like structure surrounded the nucleus and joined the MN in nucleus and in cytoplasm, but it disassembled at the end of prophase Ⅰ. There was also a complex cytoplasmic MN in PMCs, without obvious variation during the prophase Ⅰ. Furthermore, MN in cytoplasmic connections (plasmodesmata and cytoplasmic channels) was noticed to link the frameworks in two neighboring PMCs into one entity. Cytomixis was observed at synizesis of prophase Ⅰ in this experiment, and MN in cytoplasm and in nucleus was noticed to distribute in these granules which migrated from one PMC into its neighboring cell. At this time the nucleus moved aside from center of the PMC, but the rest of the cell was still fulfilled with MN filaments. The relationships of nuclear MN with nucleolus and chromosomes, lamina with nucleus, as well as intra_ and intercellular MN with cytomixis are discussed in this paper.

Molecular Cloning and Expression Analysis of AcFT3 in Allium cepa

Onion （Allium cepa L.） was an economic vegetable and a strictly biennial herb, which was widely distributed in the world. In the past, it was a strictly biennial plant, the studies had shown that FT （FLOWERING LOCUS T） gene was involved in the photoperiod pathway to regulate fowering in the model plant. In this study, transcriptome sequencing method was used to obtain cDNA sequence of FT homologous gene in onion, named AcFT3 （KF864665）. AcFT3 had a full-length of 540 bp, encoded 179 amino acids, with 98.31% homology to AfFT （Allium fstulosum）, and 63.0%-84.0% homology to other higher plants. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that AcFT3 had the closest relationship with AfFT. The results of quantitative RT-PCR showed the expression pattern of AcFT3 both in vegetative growth of onion and in different organs of bolting and fowering, the expression level of AcFT3 reached the highest in the leaves before bolting and in the fower organs after bolting.

The Structural Transformation of Nucleolar DNA and Its Arrangement in Nucleolus of Allium cepa Cells

By using the DNA specific cytochemical staining method (NAMA_Ur) and conventional electron microscopic technique, the authors examined the configuration of intranucleolar DNA in Allium cepa L. cells and found that nucleolar DNA within the fibrillar center (FC) underwent a structural transformation process from condensed to extended state. The authors' observations also displayed a continuous arrangement process of nucleolar DNA, i.e., the extranucleolar DNA entered FC through the nucleolar organizer region (NOR) channel, then extended to the periphery of FC or to the border between FC and dense fibrillar component (DFC), and distributed along the periphery of FC. Thence, by passing through the NOR channel between FCs, the nucleolar DNA continued to transfer to other FCs and arranged in the same above_mentioned forms.

不同浓度NaCl胁迫对洋葱种子发芽的影响

为明确不同浓度NaCl胁迫对洋葱种子发芽的影响,本研究采用模拟试验方法,设置5个浓度NaCl溶液处理即0(CK)、50、100、150 mmol/L和200 mmol/L,测定并分析其对洋葱品种‘早黄金’‘天正105’‘火星1号’种子发芽势、发芽率、根长、活力指数、盐害系数等指标的影响,并对各洋葱品种进行耐盐性筛选。结果表明,随着NaCl溶液浓度升高,3个洋葱品种的种子发芽势、发芽率、活力指数都随之降低,根长不同程度缩短,盐害系数增大。NaCl溶液浓度为200 mmol/L时,3个洋葱品种间的种子发芽势和发芽率均差异显著(P<0.05)。综合来看,洋葱种子发芽对中等浓度盐胁迫敏感,对低浓度盐胁迫敏感性低且种子萌发受到的抑制作用不强,高浓度盐胁迫显著抑制种子萌发。3个洋葱品种种子萌发期的耐盐能力表现为‘火星1号’>‘天正105’>‘早黄金’。

Effects of manganous sulphate on root growth,cell division,and nucleoli of Allium cepa

The effects of different concentrations of manganous sulphate on root growth,cell division, chromosome and nucleus morphplogy and nucleoli in root tip-cells of Allium cepa L. were studied. The concentrations of manganous sulphate used were 10-7,10-6,10-5 ,10-4,10-3, 10-2 and 10-1mol/L. The results indicated that manganese had a stimulatory effect on the root growth at lower concentrations (10-7 to 10-4mol/L). With increasing the concentration of Mn (10-3 to 10-1mol/L) and duration of treatment,manganese inhibited root growth and cell division, and had toxic effects on chromosomes,nuclei and nucleoli. Manganese Could induce mitotic irregularities,comprising c-mitosis,anaphase bridges and chromosome stickiness. The nuclei became irregular in shape and many micronuclei were scattered in the cytoplasm. Some similar silver-stained particulate materials were found scattered in the nucleus in root tip cells. The possible mechanism behind these phenomena is also briefly discussed.

Antioxidants in aqueous extract of Myristica fragrans(Houtt.) suppress mitosis and cyclophosphamide-induced chromosomal aberrations in Allium cepa L.cells

In this study, freeze-dried water extract from the leaves of Myristica fragrans （Houtt.） was tested for mutagenic and antimutagenic potentials using the Allium cepa assay. Freeze-dried water extract alone and its combination with cyclophosphamide （CP） （50 mg/kg） were separately dissolved in tap water at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg/kg. Onions （A. cepa） were suspended in the solutions and controls for 48 h in the dark. Root tips were prepared for microscopic evaluation. 2,2-Diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） free radicals＇ scavenging power of the extract was tested using butylated hydroxyanisole （BHA） and butylated hydroxytoluene （BHT） as standards. Water extract of Myristica fragrans scavenged free radicals better than BHA, but worse than BHT. The extract alone, as well as in combination with CP suppressed cell division, and induced chromosomal aberrations that were insignificantly different from the negative control （P≤0.05）. However, cytotoxic and mutagenic actions of CP were considerably suppressed. The observed effects on cell division and chromosomes of A. cepa may be principally connected to the antioxidant properties of the extract. The obtained results suggest mitodepressive and antimutagenic potentials of water extract of the leaves of M. fragrans as desirable properties of a promising anticancer agent.

Effect of onion (<i>Allium cepa</i>L.) as an antibiotic growth promoter substitution on performance, immune responses and serum biochemical parameters in broiler chicks

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of onion (Allium cepa L.) as an antibiotic growth promoter substitute on growth performance, immune responses and serum biochemistry in broilers. A total of 192 one-d-old as hatched broiler chicks (Ross 308) were weighed and randomly allocated to four treatment groups, each with 4 replicate pens of 12 chicks. The dietary treatments consisted of the basal diet (control), antibiotic (15 mg Virginiamycin/kg), and control +10 or 30 g fresh onion bulb/kg diet. Body weights of broilers were determined at d 1, 21 and 42, feed intake was determined at the same periods, and feed conversion ratio was calculated accordingly. At 14th and 21st days blood samples were taken for measuring antibody titers against NDV and at 42nd day for biochemical analysis. At d 42, two birds per replicate were slaughtered for determination of lymphoid organ weights. Dietary supplementation of30 g/kg onion increased final body weight of broilers at 42nd d of age compared to the other treatments (P < 0.05). Birds fed30 gonion/kg in the diet had the highest feed intake than other treatments at different growth periods (P < 0.05). Dietary treatments failed to induce any significant effect on antibody titers against NDV, although the weight of lymphoid organs was significantly (P Broilers receiving30 g/kg onion had a significantly higher HDL and lower triglyceride concentrations compared to control groups (P . Feeding30 g/kg onion resulted in a marked reduction in the concentration of the glucose compared to control groups (P . The results suggested that dietary inclusion of30 g/kg onion can be applied as alternatives to in-feed antibiotics for broiler diets.

Antimutagenic potential of curcumin on chromosomal aberrations in Allium cepa

Turmeric has long been used as a spice and food colouring agent in Asia. In the present investigation, the antimutagenic potential of curcumin was evaluated in Allium cepa root meristem cells. So far there is no report on the biological properties of curcumin in plant test systems. The root tip cells were treated with sodium azide at 200 and 300 μg/ml for 3 h and curcumin was given at 5, 10 and 20 μg/ml for 16 h, prior to sodium azide treatment. The tips were squashed after colchicine treatment and the cells were analyzed for chromosome aberration and mitotic index. Curcumin induces chromosomal aberration in Allium cepa root tip cells in an insignificant manner, when compared with untreated control. Sodium azide alone induces chromosomal aberrations significantly with increasing concentrations. The total number of aberrations was significantly reduced in root tip cells pretreated with curcumin. The study reveals that curcumin has antimutagenic potential against sodium azide induced chromosomal aberrations in Allium cepa root meristem cells. In addition, it showed mild cytotoxicity by reducing the percentage of mitotic index in all curcumin treated groups, but the mechanism of action remains unknown. The antimutagenic potential of curcumin is effective at 5 μg/ml in Allium cepa root meristem cells.

Immunolcocalization of actin in intact and DNA-and histone-depleted nuclei and chromosomes of allium cepa

The presence of actin in eukaryotic nuclei and chromosomes, and especially in higher plant nuclei and chromosomes, has not been well established. We detected actin in meristematic cells of Allium cepa with indirect immunofluorescence technique and observed bright fluorescence in the intact nuclei and chromosomes, indicating that actin is present in the nuclei and chromosomes of the higher plant. We labeled sections of the meristematic cells of A. cepa with immunogold technique, gold particles were found over the whole nuclei and a number of gold particles were concentrated in condensed chromatin and nucleoli, confirming the results of the immunofluoresence observations. We treated the nuclei and chromosomes of A.cepa with DNase I and 2M NaCl and obtained DNA- and histone-depleted nuclei and chromosomes. Indirect immunofluorescence tests showed that the DNA- and histonedepleted nuclei and chromosomes reacted positively with the anti-actin antibodies. These results demonstrate that actin exists not only in intact nuclei and chromosomes,but also in DNA- and histone-depleted nuclei and chrmosomes of the plant. In addition, our immuno-fluorescence tests indicate that tropomyosin is present in the nuclei and chromosomes of A. cepa.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles Using Onion (<i>Allium cepa</i>) Extract

In the present research program, cost effective and environment friendly gold nanoparticless were synthesized using the onion (Allium cepa) extract as the reducing agent. The nanoparticless were characterized using UV-visble, XRD, and SEM, TEM methods. The absorption peak at 540 nm was found to be broaden with increase in time indicating the polydispersity nature of the nanoparticles. The XRD results suggested that the crystallization of the bio-organic phase occurs on the surface of the gold nanoparticles or vice versa. The broadening of peaks in the XRD patterns was attributed to particle size effects. The internalization of nanoparticles within cells could occur via processes including phagocytosis, fluid-phase endocytosis and receptor mediated endocytosis.

In vitro antioxidant activity and in vivo hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Allium cepa bulb in ethanol induced liver damage in Wistar rats

The in vitro antioxidant and in vivo hepatoprotective effects of aqueous extract of Allium cepa(A.cepa)bulb were evaluated in male rats against ethanol induced liver damage in preventive and curative models.The antioxidant activity of A.cepa was assayed and activities were compared to standard antioxidant,ascorbic acid.The results revealed that the IC50 values of A.cepa bulb extract for DPPH,hydroxyl,superoxide radical scavenging activities were 195.2±0.2,374.7±0.4 and 182.5±1.7g/mL,respectively.Liver injury was induced by 40%ethanol administration(3.76 g/kg bw,orally)for 25 days.In two different sets of experiments,the A.cepa extracts(100,300 and 600 mg/kg bw)and silymarin(100 mg/kg bw)were administered orally in preventive and curative models.Ethanol administration caused severe hepatic damage in rats as evidenced by elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase(AST),alanine aminotransferase(ALT),alkaline phosphatase(ALP)and total bilirubin levels.The A.cepa and silymarin administration prevented the toxic effect of ethanol on the above serum parameters in both preventive and curative models.The present study concludes that aqueous extract of A.cepa bulb has significant antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity against ethanol induced hepatotoxicity.©2013 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

Joannesia princeps： Evaluation of Aqueous Extracts Genotoxicity Utilizing Allium cepa Assay and Micronucleus Test

Evaluation of the genotoxic and cytotoxic potentials is a part of the analysis process where plant products with therapeutic properties must be submitted for being safely employed, mainly through long time points, doannesia princeps, also known as ＂cotieira＂ has been used on popular medicine as laxative and several diseases treatment. Aiming to analyze genotoxic potential ofd. princeps leaves extract, Allium cepa assay and micronucleus test were employed. No genotoxic activity presented J. princeps leaves extract; however, extracts cytotoxic activity over A. cepa meristematic cells and mice marrow cells was observed. J. princeps leaves extract presented antiproliferative activity at concentrations and systems employed indicating their therapeutic potential for cellular cycle inhibition. Moreover, results showed that in regard to its mutagenic effect, usage of J. princeps leaves tea on popular medicine has been a safe procedure, as well.

Effects of Zn^（2＋） on root growth，cell division，and nucleoli of Allium cepa L．

The effects of different concentrations of Zn￣(2+)ion on root growth,cell division,and nucleoli of Allium cepa were studied. The test Zn￣(2+) ion concentration was made up from zinc sulphate (ZnSO4. 7H2O) ranging from 10￣(-7) to 10￣(-2) mol/L. The solutions were prepared in tap water (pH =6. 5).The results indicated that Zn￣(2+) could obviously inhibit root growth at concentrations from 10￣(-4)to 10￣(-2) mol/L.Roots treated with zinc sulphate showed the presence of c-mitosis, anaphase bridges,including sticky and fluidized bridges (at 10￣(-3) to 10￣(-2) mol/L) , chromosome stickiness, irregularly shaped nuclei, broken nuclei and micronuclei. A toxicity effect was also observed on the nucleoli using silver staining technique after 48h of treatment with 10￣(-4)to 10￣(-2) mol/L Zn￣(2+), e. g,the nucleolar particulate material scattered around the nucleoli in the nucleus of root tip cells.