Physicochemical and Biochemical Characterization, Total Phenolic and Energy Value from Bulbs of Different Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in Senegal

The purpose of this study is to investigate the physicochemical properties of some local varieties of onion (Allium cepa L.) and compare them with an imported variety, all collected in May 2021. Proteins, reducing sugars, lipids, and polyphenol content were estimated according to the AFNOR standardized methods. The determination of calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium, potassium and phosphorus was performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer coupled with a CCD detector. The results highlighted an average acidity of 0.377% ± 0.002% lower than the value of the imported variety which is 0.520% ± 0.001%. Local varieties have a pH ranging from 6.35 ± 0.003 to 6.42 ± 0.004, while the variety has a pH of 6.36 ± 0.003. The ash and dry matter contents vary respectively from 4.788% ± 0.004% to 8.253% ± 0.003% and 7.945% ± 0.021% to 11.945% ± 0.007% for the local varieties. Moreover, the imported one has ash and dry matter contents of 5.175% ± 0.007% and 10.035% ± 0.021% respectively. The results show that the protein, reducing sugar and lipid contents in the local onion varieties vary respectively from 2.815 ± 0.000 to 15.634 ± 0.001 g·100 g-1;4.691 ± 0.001 to 12.596 ± 0.002 g·100 g-1 and 0.006 ± 0.001 to 0.050 ± 0.057 g·100 g-1. Furthermore, the imported variety has a protein, reducing sugar and lipid content of 5.649 ± 0.002;8.565 ± 0.002 g·100 g-1 and 0.011 ± 0.010 g·100 g-1 respectively. The maximum levels of total polyphenols are obtained in the imported variety, Bellani and Gandiol, respectively 9.973 ± 0.001, 4.535 ± 0.002, and 3.425 ± 0.006 mg EAG/g of dry matter. The local varieties have a significant calorific intake of between 35.451 ± 0.001 and 112.980 ± 0.003 kcal·100 g-1 compared to the imported one with an energy value of 56.953 ± 0.001 kcal·100 g-1 of dry matter. The bulbs of different onion varieties studied have a fairly high content of mineral elements. The potassium content of local varieties is between 502.16 ± 0.06 mg·100 g-1 and 582.77 ± 0.04 mg·100 g-1 while the imported variety has a content of 536.62 ± 1.30 mg·100 g-1. They note that the local varieties have a better calcium content (249.75 ± 0.07 to 434.20 ± 0.57 mg·100 g-1) and magnesium (142.15 ± 0.07 to 162.60 ± 0.42 mg·100 g-1) than the imported variety (229.58 ± 0.04 mg·100 g-1) except for the varieties White Grano (228.29 ± 0.01 mg·100 g-1) and Rouge Amposta (117.00 ± 0.42 mg·100 g-1) respectively. These results reveal that Gandiol, Dayo and Orient F1 are nutritionally found better due to their higher antioxidant property, proteins, carbohydrates, and reducing sugar and should be included in diets to supplement our daily allowance needed by the body.

洋葱(Alliumcepa L.)RAPD-PCR反应体系及扩增程序的优化

为建立多态性高、稳定性好的洋葱RAPD-PCR反应体系,采用正交设计,研究了Taq酶、Mg2+、引物和dNTP 4种RAPD-PCR反应组分浓度变化对扩增结果的影响,在此基础上对模板DNA用量、扩增程序中退火温度和反应循环次数进行了筛选。试验结果表明,洋葱20μl RAPD-PCR优化反应体系为1×Buffer、2.0 mmo1/L Mg2+、1.0 UTaqDNA聚合酶、200μmo1/L dNTP、0.6μmo1/L引物、2%甘油和15 ng DNA模板;PCR扩增程序为94℃预变性4 m in;94℃变性30 s,35℃退火40 s,72℃延长1.5 m in,45个循环;72℃保温延伸7 m in。

Effects of Cadmium Pollution in Soil on Physiological and Biochemical Index of Allium sativum L.

[Objective] The experiment aimed to study the effects of cadmium pollution in soil on physiological and biochemical index of Allium sativum L. and provided reference for the recovery of cadmium pollution in soil. [Method]By setting eleven Cd concentrations from 0.21 to 500 mg/kg in soil and the pot test, ecological corresponding mechanism of plant height, chlorophyll (Chl) content, catalase (CAT) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) of Allium sativum L. was analyzed. [Result] The plant height had a strong tolerance to cadmium pollution in soil, while the total chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a content had no significant difference compared with control treatment, except Cd concentration was 500 mg/kg. The high Cd concentration would increase the damage to membrane of Allium sativum L. however with the regulation of physiological mechanism, the damage was gradually decreased.[Conclusion] Allium sativum L. had strong eco-physiological adaptability to Cd contaminated soil and it had potential for recovering Cd contaminated soil.

大葱（Allium fistulosum L．）花蕾培养再生植株的研究

以大葱花蕾培养，成功地诱导出再生植株。附加ＮＡＡ４ｍｇ·ｌ－１和ＢＡ５．５ｍｇ·ｌ－１的ＭＳ培养基适于诱导愈伤组织；附加ＮＡＡ１ｍｇ·ｌ－１和ＢＡ１ｍｇ·ｌ－１的ＭＳ培养基最易于诱导不定芽；在无任何激素的ＭＳ培养基上不定芽的生根状况良好。经检验，再生植株均为二倍体，保持了大葱染色体固有的数目。利用此项技术，２５０天内的繁殖系数可达１６３４８倍。

大蒜(Allium Sativum L.)对钉螺酯酶同工酶作用的初步研究

为研究在浓度0.05 %大蒜叶水浸液作用下,钉螺的酯酶同工酶谱特征及其变化情况,对采自武汉汉阳的钉螺进行去壳、匀浆,应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶对匀浆物电泳,进行酯酶同工酶(EST)染色.EST共分离出6～9 条酶带,6 d中相似的酶带有6条,处理不同天数的相应酶带,宽度及染色深浅出现变化,酶带数也出现增减.大蒜水浸液对钉螺的酯酶同工酶有明显影响,开始2天,因受刺激,酶活性(比较对照)增强,随着处理时间延长,酶活性变弱.

中国葱属(Allium L.)食用植物资源种类的调查研究

通过实地调查与文献研究相结合的方法,对中国葱属食用植物资源种类进行了研究。结果表明:68种、6变种为食用植物,其中栽培作物7种、2变种,野菜49种、3变种,野菜、调味品兼用11种,调味品1种、1变种。同时,讨论了不同地区民间利用野生葱属植物种类的差异性与野生葱属植物的引种栽培。

浑善达克沙地4种葱属(Allium L.)植物的花粉形态研究

本文通过采用扫描电镜(SEM),对浑善达克沙地葱属(AlliumL.)4种植物的花粉形态进行了详细的观察描述。掌握了它们在扫描电镜水平上的形状、大小、表面纹饰、萌发器官类型及数量等形态特征。为生态建设、环境保护、地质地貌、植物分类及遗传育种等相关研究提供了可靠的孢粉学参考。

Dynamic Study of Microbial Population and Enzyme Activity in Rhizosphere Soil of Allium sativum L.

[Objective] The aim was to investigate the changes in microbial population and soil enzyme activities in rhizosphere soil of two cultivars of Allium sativum L.at different growth stages.[Method]By using white garlic and purple garlic as the experimental materials,the microbial population,and the activities of urease,acid phosphatase and catalase in their rhizosphere soil at different growth stages were measured.[Result]The root exudates of the two garlic cultivars could promote the growth of bacteria,fungi and actinomycetes,and indirectly increase the urease,acid phosphatase and catalase activities in the rhizosphere soil,thereby improving the turnover and circulation of the soil nutrition elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus,and providing a better micro-ecological environment for the later crop.[Conclusion]The study had provided theoretical basis for the ecological research on garlic used as a preceding crop.

山楂(Crataegus L.)饮料及大蒜(Allium sativum L.)防腐效果研究

以山楂叶、山楂果、蜂蜜、白糖等为原料,用大蒜作为天然防腐剂,研制含天然植物黄酮的健康饮料。通过3×3正交试验确定产品的最佳配方.结果表明,以5％山楂叶汁、50％山楂果汁、8％蜂蜜配制的饮料口感和理化性质较好,并含有保健黄酮;大蒜能有效地防止饮料腐败,有很好的防腐效果。

Molecular Cloning and Expression Analysis of AcFT3 in Allium cepa

Onion （Allium cepa L.） was an economic vegetable and a strictly biennial herb, which was widely distributed in the world. In the past, it was a strictly biennial plant, the studies had shown that FT （FLOWERING LOCUS T） gene was involved in the photoperiod pathway to regulate fowering in the model plant. In this study, transcriptome sequencing method was used to obtain cDNA sequence of FT homologous gene in onion, named AcFT3 （KF864665）. AcFT3 had a full-length of 540 bp, encoded 179 amino acids, with 98.31% homology to AfFT （Allium fstulosum）, and 63.0%-84.0% homology to other higher plants. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that AcFT3 had the closest relationship with AfFT. The results of quantitative RT-PCR showed the expression pattern of AcFT3 both in vegetative growth of onion and in different organs of bolting and fowering, the expression level of AcFT3 reached the highest in the leaves before bolting and in the fower organs after bolting.

Effect of Se-S Cooperated Application on the Mineral Content and Nutrition Quality of Garlic （Allium Sativum L.）

Eleven nutrition elements and 5 quality elements of garlic （Allium sativum L.） in different Se, S level and their interaction pot experiments were analyzed by atom absorbing spectrophotometer, titration and fixing sulfur method. The mineral elements were analyzed by the Principal Component Analysis and the Factor Analysis on the SPSS 10.0 and three main factors were picked. The results showed that Se, S and Se-S cooperated application enhanced the garlic nutrition quality by increasing mineral nutrition. The garlic Vc was the highest after using higher Se compared middle S level （S 20 mg/kg soil ＋ Se 40 mg/kg soil）. Lower Se level compared middle S level （S 40 mg/kg soil ＋ Se 20 mg/kg soil） get the highest garlic abio-Se in all treatments. The garlic organic Se content was the highest after using higher Se compared middle S （S 40 mg/kg soil ＋ Se 40 mg/kg soil）. The treatment lower S compared lower Se level get the highest garlic allicin in all treatment. It showed that the fresh eating factor was affected by the element Se. The flavor factor and health care factor were affected by both Se and S.

The Transfer of Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe between Soils and <i>Allium</i>Plants (Garlic and Onion), and Tomato in the Southwest of the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina

Chemical extraction methods are generally used to evaluate trace element concentrations in soils. The adequacy of these soil tests is commonly assessed by comparing the extraction results with the metal contents in the plants. In this study, soil and leaf samples were collected in the southwest area of the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Garlic (Allium sativum L.), onion (Allium cepa L.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) are species of great regional economic importance. These crops need good mineral nutrition for optimum growth and sustainable production. Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe micronutrient uptake by plants was analyzed together with the trace element contents in the soil in which those plants were grown. A single EDTA-extraction procedure was performed to determine soil micronutrients. The amount of extractable-trace elements increased as the concentration of the chelating agent EDTA increased. The range of total element content in soil was: 15.68-31.5 mg·kg-1 for Cu, 75.0-386.3 mg·kg-1 for Zn, 542.5 -1686 mg·kg-1 for Mn and 28,325-32,675 mg·kg-1 for Fe. Micronutrient contents in mature leaf tissue were determined by the acid digestion method. Total and available micronutrient content in soil as well as total content in leaves were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Total micronutrient content and the available extractable-fraction in soils were below the critical values for plant growth. This was in agreement with the amount of micronutrients present in the leaf tissue. A strong relationship between the extraction data and the soil-plant transfer coefficients suggested an appropriate exchange of trace elements from soils to garlic, onion and tomato plants.

不同浓度NaCl胁迫对洋葱种子发芽的影响

为明确不同浓度NaCl胁迫对洋葱种子发芽的影响,本研究采用模拟试验方法,设置5个浓度NaCl溶液处理即0(CK)、50、100、150 mmol/L和200 mmol/L,测定并分析其对洋葱品种‘早黄金’‘天正105’‘火星1号’种子发芽势、发芽率、根长、活力指数、盐害系数等指标的影响,并对各洋葱品种进行耐盐性筛选。结果表明,随着NaCl溶液浓度升高,3个洋葱品种的种子发芽势、发芽率、活力指数都随之降低,根长不同程度缩短,盐害系数增大。NaCl溶液浓度为200 mmol/L时,3个洋葱品种间的种子发芽势和发芽率均差异显著(P<0.05)。综合来看,洋葱种子发芽对中等浓度盐胁迫敏感,对低浓度盐胁迫敏感性低且种子萌发受到的抑制作用不强,高浓度盐胁迫显著抑制种子萌发。3个洋葱品种种子萌发期的耐盐能力表现为‘火星1号’>‘天正105’>‘早黄金’。

Effect of Different Mulching Types on Insect and Disease Infestation and Yield of Onions (Allium cepa L.) in Loamy Sand

This research was carried out to assess the effect of different varieties and mulching types on insect and disease infestation,and the yield of onions.The experiment was conducted in Sangkat TuekVil,KrongSiem Reap,in Cambodia.A 2×4 factorial in RCBD(Randomized Complete Blocks Design)was used to layout the trial,in which two varieties(Texas Early Grano 502 PRR and Earth F1)and four mulch types(non-mulch,rice Straw,silver plastic mulching and black plastic mulching)were used as the treatments.Application of these treatments was to enhance soil temperature,leaf number plant-1,stand count,bulb diameter,single bulb weight,insect incidence,disease incidence and bulb yield are different to all treatments.As the result,the bulb yields of onions among these treatments were found superior in Texas Early Grano 502 PRR combined with Black Plastic mulch followed by Texas Early Grano 502 PRR combined with silver plastic mulch and Texas Early Grano 502 PRR combined rice straw mulch,whereas the lowest was found in Earth F1combined with non-mulch.

大蒜MtN3/saliva/SWEET基因家族的全基因组鉴定及表达分析

探究大蒜AsSWEETs基因家族特征和生物学功能,可为大蒜鳞茎发育调控的分子机制提供参考。本研究基于大蒜“二水早”全基因组数据,通过HMM搜索对AsSWEETs成员进行筛选和鉴定,并利用实时荧光定量PCR分析其在不同激素处理下的表达模式。结果表明:在大蒜基因组中共鉴定到35个AsSWEETs基因,均为疏水蛋白,含2~7个不等的跨膜螺旋,除AsSWEET 1、AsSWEET 2位于scaffold外,其余均分布于染色体上,成员间差异显著。综合系统进化和表达模式发现,AsSWEET5、14、21、23、26、28(第III支系,转运蔗糖)可能是参与鳞茎膨大的主要调控基因;AsSWEET 2、30、33(IV分支)的表达量在鳞茎发育不同阶段变化较大,可能参与鳞茎发育过程中的果糖代谢调节。qRT-PCR定量表明,在不同激素处理下,AsSWEET5、11、16呈现出不同的表达模式,预示AsSWEETs家族成员功能存在分化和差异。综上,大蒜AsSWEET s基因的糖转运活性参与了鳞茎的生长发育,有助于解释鳞茎膨大发育过程。

薤白甙J，K和L的结构

进一步用ＨＰＬＣ自小根蒜（ＡｌｌｉｕｍｍａｃｒｏｓｔｅｍｏｎＢｕｎｇｅ）鳞茎中分得两种新的呋甾皂甙，薤白甙Ｊ（１）和薤白甙Ｌ（ＩＩＩ），以及Ｉ的甲基化人工产物薤白甙Ｋ（ＩＩ）。经过化学降解和光谱（１Ｈ－ＮＭＲ，１３Ｃ－ＮＭＲ和ＦＡＢ－ＭＳ等）分析，确定其结构分别为：（２５Ｒ）－２６－Ｏ－β－Ｄ－吡喃葡萄糖基－２２－羟基－５β－呋甾－２β，３β，２６－三醇－３－Ｏ－β－Ｄ－吡喃葡萄糖基（１→２）－β－Ｄ－吡喃半乳糖甙（Ｉ）；（２５Ｒ）－２６－Ｏ－β－Ｄ－吡喃葡萄糖基－２２－甲氧基－５β－呋甾－２β，３β，２６－．三醇－３－Ｏ－β－Ｄ－吡喃葡萄糖基（１→２）－β－Ｄ－吡喃半乳糖甙（ＩＩ）和（２５Ｒ）－２６－Ｏ－β－Ｄ－吡喃葡萄糖基－５β－呋甾－２０（２２）－烯－２６β，３β，２６－三醇－３－Ｏ－β－Ｄ－吡喃葡萄糖基（１→２）－β－Ｄ－吡喃半乳糖甙（ＩＩＩ）。

HPLC内标法测定鲜蒜中蒜氨酸

目的:建立准确、方便的 HPLC 法测定鲜蒜中蒜氨酸。方法:采用微波灭酶,以利巴韦林为内标物,HPLC 紫外检测,测定鲜蒜中蒜氨酸含量。与美国药典蒜氨酸衍生化 HPLC 测定进行比较。结果:同一鲜蒜样品测定蒜氨酸含量,以微波法灭酶大蒜的含量最高,为1.291%(RSD=1.4%),回收率为98.80(±2.0)%;美国药典方法测定结果为1.287%(RSD=3.6%),回收率为96.03(±2.6)%。结论:HPLC 内标法与美国药典方法测定结果一致,操作步骤简化。

内蒙古葱属(A llium L.)5种常见根茎组植物的核型研究

本文利用染色体常规制片法 ,对内蒙古境内分布的 5种葱属 (Allium L.)根茎组植物进行了染色体核型分析。结果表明 ,根茎组植物的染色体以 8为基数 ,属大型染色体 ,绝大多数为中部着丝点染色体 ,并常带随体。其中野韭 (A.ramosum L.)的核型公式为 2 n=4x=32 =30 m(2 SAT) +2 sm,细叶葱 (A.tenuissimum L.)为 2 n=4x=32 =2 8m+2 st+2 sm,黄花葱 (A.condensatum Turcz.)为 2 n=2 x=16 m,矮葱 (A.anisopodium L edeb.)为 2 n=2 x=16 m ,山葱 (A.senescens L .)为 2 n=2 x=16 m 。

大蒜多糖对肝损伤小鼠血清和肝组织ALT、AST的影响及其急性毒性实验

目的观察大蒜多糖A、B、C对四氯化碳(CCl4)肝损伤小鼠血清和肝组织丙氨酸转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)的影响及其急性毒性测定。方法从大蒜球根中提取有效成分大蒜多糖A、B、C,并测定口服给药LD50及急性毒性限量以观察三者急性毒性;采用CCl4灌胃建立小鼠实验性肝损伤模型,测定小鼠血清和肝组织ALT、AST。结果小鼠口服大蒜多糖A、B、C,均未测出LD50,大蒜多糖A、B、C急性毒性限量试验,安全无毒。大蒜多糖A、B、C治疗使CCl4肝损伤小鼠血清ALT及AST活性显著降低(P<0.01),肝组织ALT及AST活性显著增高(P<0.01);其中,以大蒜多糖C作用最强,优于大蒜素;B次之,与大蒜素相似;A作用最弱,弱于大蒜素。结论大蒜多糖A、B、C均有护肝作用,以大蒜多糖C作用最佳,安全无毒。

大蒜多糖C对免疫性肝损伤小鼠血清及肝组织ALT、AST的影响

目的观察大蒜多糖C对免疫性肝损伤小鼠血清和肝组织丙氨酸转氨酶 (ALT)及天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)的影响。方法建立卡介苗(BCG)加脂多糖(LPS)诱发的小鼠免疫性肝损伤模型,测定小鼠血清和肝组织ALT、AST。结果大蒜多糖C能使免疫性肝损伤小鼠血清ALT、AST活性显著降低,肝组织ALT、AST活性显著升高。结论大蒜多糖C对免疫性肝损伤具有保护性作用。