Anti-cancer mechanisms of action of therapeutic alternating electric fields(tumor treating fields[TTFields])

Despite improved survival outcomes across many cancer types,the prognosis remains grim for certain solid organ cancers including glioblastoma and pancreatic cancer.Invariably in these cancers,the control achieved by time-limited interventions such as traditional surgical resection,radiation therapy,and chemotherapy is short-lived.A new form of anti-cancer therapy called therapeutic alternating electric fields(AEFs)or tumor treating fields(TTFields)has been shown,either by itself or in combination with chemotherapy,to have anti-cancer effects that translate to improved survival outcomes in patients.Although the pre-clinical and clinical data are promising,the mechanisms of TTFields are not fully elucidated.Many investigations are underway to better understand how and why TTFields is able to selectively kill cancer cells and impede their proliferation.The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss the reported mechanisms of action of TTFields from pre-clinical studies(both in vitro and in vivo).An improved understanding of how TTFields works will guide strategies focused on the timing and combination of TTFields with other therapies,to further improve survival outcomes in patients with solid organ cancers.

Electron-Cyclotron Laser Using Free-Electron Two-Quantum Stark Radiation in a Strong Uniform Axial Magnetic Field and an Alternating Axial Electric Field in a Voltage-Supplied Pill-Box Cavity

We consider the radiation from the beam electrons traveling in a strong uniform axial magnetic field and an axial alternating electric field of wavelength Aw generated by a voltage-supplied pill-box cavity. The beam electrons emit genuine laser radiation that propagates only in the axial direction through free-electron two- quantum Stark radiation. We find that laser radiation takes place only at the expense of the axial kinetic energy when Aw 〈〈 c/（ωc/γ）, where ωc/γ is the relativistic electron--cyclotron frequency. We formulate the laser power based on quantum-wiggler electrodynamics, and envision a laser of length lore with estimated power 0.1 GW/（kA） in the 10-4 cm wavelength range.

Study on the effects of alternating capacitive electric fields with different frequencies on promoting wound healing

Some researches to facilitate wound healing by using electrical stimulation are based on electric current stimulation,which may cause secondary damage and the imbalance of the microenvironment in vivo.In this study,alternating capacitive electric field(ACEF)was applied via a self-designed system so as to avoid direct contact with cells and to maintain stable microenvironment for cell growth.The influences of 58 mV/mm ACEFs with various frequencies of 10,60 and 110 Hz on epidermal cells,fibroblasts and macrophages which involve in wound healing were comprehensively explored.The results suggested that ACEFs of 10,60 and 110 Hz all significantly promoted the proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts(HDFs)and human epidermal keratinocyte cell line(HaCaT)cells,and 60 Hz ACEF furtherly accelerated the migration of these two kinds of cells.Moreover,ACEFs of all different studied frequencies facilitated M2-type polarization of macrophages,and YAP/TAZ expression of macrophages were enhanced under the stimulations of 10 and 60 Hz ACEFs.The enhancements in cell activity,migration rate and M2-type polarizability indicated that 58 mV/mm ACEFs especially at 60 Hz possessing potentially affirmative applications for wound healing without the risks of secondary damage and microenvironment imbalance.

Material Design and Experimental Analysis of a New Type of Semiconductor ER Fluids

To improve the electrorheological effect of electrorheological fluid (ERF), a new type of the electrosensitive particle material, polynaphthalene quinone was prepared, whose molecules contain blended atoms of nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur and big π bond conjugate system. In both DC and AC electric fields, the ERF material showed a distinct ER effect. Especially, in the alternating electric field, the shear stress of this material versus AC voltage has a better quadratic relation than that of the other materials. The experimental data showed that organic semiconductor polymers with big π bond conjugate system are a new type of electrosensitive particle materials which are worth well developing.

Bipolar charged aerosol agglomeration and collection by a two-zone agglomerator

In older to collect fine particles more efficiently, a new-type electrostatic agglomerator with two zones was developed. The distinguishing feature of this electrostatic agglomerator is that the particles are bipolarly charged and coagulated in the same alternating electric field simultaneously. The silica flour with 2 fun mass median diameter and the smoke from burning wood powder were used as test aerosol. The comparison experimental results have shown that when the mean electric field is 4 kV/cm the collection efficiency of the new electrostatic agglomerator was 98.2% for silica flour and 67.4% for wood powder smoke, Under the same experimental condition. the collection efficiency of the electrostatic agglomerator with three zones was 97.4% for collecting silica flour and the collection efficiency of the electrostatic precipitator was 56.3% for wood powder smoke.