收入分化如何影响道德发展——基于家庭教育价值取向流变的实证研究

本文利用横跨近二十年的世界价值观调查数据,分析了新世纪以来我国家庭教育价值取向的时期变化趋势及其与收入分化的关系。主要发现如下:第一,爱敬、宽容、勤俭等传统价值观仍在家庭教育中扮演重要角色。第二,新世纪以来,传统家庭教育价值观经历了消极化过程,十八大后趋于积极。这种由消极转向积极的趋势与收入分化的变化相一致。第三,总体而言,收入分化对道德发展具有显著的负面影响,侵蚀了他人及社会取向和自律取向的家庭教育价值选择。第四,收入分化对他人及社会取向的负面影响受个体社会经济特征调节,只存在于中、低教育程度及收入群体中;但对自律取向的影响无显著群体差异。

不同人际关系取向下的权力对利他行为的影响

考察了在独裁者博弈中,权力感和人际关系取向对利他行为的影响。从调查网站征集了180名被试,随机分为两组,首先对被试进行了人际关系取向的调查,再对两组被试分别启动高、低权力感,最后让被试在独裁者博弈中做出利益分配的决策,被试分给搭档的数额可以反映其利他行为的程度。结果显示,低权力组给出数额更多,且只有低权力的共享被试给出数额更多。因此得出结论,只有共享取向的人在低权力情境才会更利他。

服务型企业人力资源外包对员工行为的引导研究

我国的人力资源外包业务发展迅速,但是人力资源服务的内容较为单一,服务对象覆盖范围相对狭窄。而且由于服务型企业的类型不同,从业人员素质也就参差不齐。这样不仅对员工行为造成负面影响,也限制了企业在市场中的竞争力。本文通过案例分析服务型企业人力资源外包对员工行为的引导,从而帮助企业了解应该在企业生命周期的哪一个阶段,选择什么样的人力资源外包服务以促进员工的利他行为。

主观社会阶层对亲社会行为的影响

从特质性的主观阶层感和情境性的主观阶层感两个角度考察了主观社会阶层对个体亲社会行为的影响。实验1采用问卷调查法,发现主观社会阶层较高的被试在人际关系取向上更倾向于共享关系取向。实验2采用材料启动法,发现对社会距离近的他人,高阶层与低阶层利他行为差异不显著;对社会距离远的他人,高阶层的利他行为显著大于低阶层组。研究结论:主观社会阶层较高的个体表现出更多的亲社会行为;社会距离起调节作用。

Pro-social control of connected automated vehicles in mixed-autonomy multi-lane highway traffic

We propose pro-social control strategies for connected automated vehicles(CAVs)to mitigate jamming waves in mixed-autonomy multi-lane traffic,resulting from car-following dynamics of human-driven vehicles(HDVs).Different from existing studies,which focus mostly on ego vehicle objectives to control CAVs in an individualistic manner,we devise a pro-social control algorithm.The latter takes into account the objectives(i.e.,driving comfort and traffic efficiency)of both the ego vehicle and surrounding HDVs to improve smoothness of the entire observable traffic.Under a model predictive control(MPC)framework that uses acceleration and lane change sequences of CAVs as optimization variables,the problem of individualistic,altruistic,and pro-social control is formulated as a non-convex mixed-integer nonlinear program(MINLP)and relaxed to a convex quadratic program through converting the piece-wise-linear constraints due to the optimal velocity with relative velocity(OVRV)car-following model into linear constraints by introducing slack variables.Low-fidelity simulations using the OVRV model and high-fidelity simulations using PTV VISSIM simulator show that pro-social and altruistic control can provide significant performance gains over individualistic driving in terms of efficiency and comfort on both single-and multi-lane roads.

自我牺牲型领导对员工工作偏离行为的影响机制研究

员工的工作偏离行为会对企业正常运转产生破坏性影响,已有文献表明领导风格是影响员工工作偏离行为的重要因素,具有利他性、奉献精神的自我牺牲型领导在减少员工负面工作行为方面具有积极作用,然而尚未有学者探索有关自我牺牲型领导对员工工作偏离行为的影响机制问题。笔者通过对11家企业的员工进行问卷调研,以回收到的201份有效样本进行统计分析,实证研究了自我牺牲型领导在抑制员工工作偏离行为方面的积极作用,并基于社会认同理论,揭示了员工的组织认同在它们两者关系间的中介作用效果,最后以员工的利他主义导向作为切入点深入剖析了自我牺牲型领导发挥有效性的边界条件,即员工的利他主义导向越高,领导的自我牺牲行为越容易获得员工的认可,员工在领导角色榜样的影响下会减少不利于组织的工作偏离行为。本研究将自我牺牲型领导的影响效果延伸到有损组织利益的员工工作偏离行为,为领导如何降低员工的工作偏离行为提供了一定的理论和实践指导。

Social Enterprises’Institutional Rationale and Its Inspirations for the Modern Market Economy

This study analyzes the ways in which social enterprises contribute to society’s goals.In the new era of human development,many social problems cannot be resolved without the participation of social enterprises(SEs).The study on these enterprises is of great significance for theoretical research and practical observation.In a modern market economy,SEs have pro-social market vitality and compatibility with the market economy;their action gives a glimpse into the truth of human development.As can be seen from the socio-economic reality,numerous entrepreneurs nurture a desire to run SEs at a certain stage of their career development.The tendency of some entrepreneurs to run SEs is of great significance for this study.Social enterprises are hybrid enterprises as opposed to for-profit enterprises and SEs must address complex problems through organizational and institutional innovations.State owned enterprises(SOEs)and SEs share many topics of research and have much to learn from each other,and a key question for SOE reform is what makes SOEs efficient quasi-social enterprises.Both SOEs and SEs assume a social mandate,and their fulfillment of social responsibilities is underpinned by their economic efficiency(market competitiveness).The theoretical rationale and institutional mechanism of SEs-not least their innovation practice and formation of rules-stem from the relationship and coordination between economic and social exchanges under market-based conditions.Social enterprises focus on altruistic social exchange but need to be supported by a certain economic exchange to finance their operations.The biggest social problem for China is its failure to balance economic and social exchanges,as well as the method of reward.Research on SEs should promote the understanding of these questions and the quest for their solutions.Social enterprises may inspire more enterprises to pursue pro-social innovation and development.

心理学对经济学的贡献

随着人类经济活动的日益丰富与多样化,以新古典理论为核心的主流经济学不断与现实经济世界产生矛盾与冲突,许多经济现象仅通过对理性人模型的量变扩张已无法解释。认知心理学的发展为经济学考察人类的经济行为提供了坚实的科学依据。被称作"心理学的经济学"的行为经济学,剥去了假设理性人光鲜的外衣,强调对行为的分析应以行为的真实心理形成机制为基础,不能以主观的先验假定为依据。行为经济学更适合对我国当前整体经济行为的深入研究。将个体行为纳入经济学分析体系,这对我国构建以人为本的和谐社会具有重要的现实意义。行为经济学修正了主流经济理论中"自利人"的假定,吸收社会心理学关于"利他行为"等研究成果,不仅与我国传统道德文化相吻合,对当前构建市场经济条件下社会主义核心价值体系更具借鉴意义。

我国内陆河流域居民价值取向与用水行为研究——张掖城市居民案例

家庭节约用水对于缓解内陆河流域水资源短缺非常重要,而个人可能出于利己、社会-利他和生态价值取向而在日常生活中节约用水,文中研究的目的是了解价值取向是否影响我国内陆河流域城市居民用水行为。基于张掖市区居民问卷调查和应用结构方程分析方法,研究表明:以后果意识来衡量的利己价值取向显著影响受访者的用水行为,受访者主要是因为个人利益而节约用水。在很大程度上,受访者在用水时并没有考虑区域水资源短缺和生态环境问题,也没有考虑下游居民和后代人的用水。文中最后提出了政策启示和建议。