The superplastic deformation of electron beam welded aluminum lithium alloy

The superplastic deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of electron beam welded 5A90 aluminum lithium alloy were investigated. The results indicated that the electron beam weld joint had good superplasticity under a suitable deformation condition. The elongation increased first and then decreased with increasing deformation temperature and initial strain rate,and the maximal elongation of 171.1% was obtained at the temperature of 450 ℃ and the strain rate of 5 × 10^(-3) s^(-1).The microstructure observation indicated that the fine equiaxed dendrite of weld bead transformed into coarse equiaxed in the initial stage( strain ε≤0.7),then refined in the later stage of superplastic deformation.The eutectic structure gradually decreased with the increase of strain. While the microstructure of HAZ was refined and equiaxed with the increase of strain.

Joint performance of CO_2 laser beam welding 5083-H321 aluminum alloy

Laser beam welding of aluminum alloys is expected to offer good mechanical properties of welded joints. In this experimental work reported, CO2 laser beam autogenoas welding and wire feed welding are conducted on 4 mm thick 5083- H321 aluminum alloy sheets at different welding variables. The mechanical properties and microstructure characteristics of the welds are evaluated through tensile tests, micro-hardness tests, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. Experimental results indicate that both the tensile strength and hardness of laser beam welds are affected by the constitution of filler material, except the yield strength. The soften region of laser beam welds is not in the heat-affected zone （ HAZ ）. The tensile fracture of laser beam welded specimens takes place in the weld zone and close to the weld boundary because of different filler materials. Some pores are found on the fracture face, including hydrogen porosities and blow holes, but these pores have no influence on the tensile strength of laser beam welds. Tensile strength values of laser beam welds with filler wire are up to 345.57 MPa, 93% of base material values, and yield strengths of laser beam welds are equivalent to those of base metal （264. 50 MPa）.

Effects of electron beam welding parameters on the microstructure of titanium to aluminum alloy joints

Electron beam welding of titanium alloy to aluminum alloy was carried out by melting and melt-brazing to investigate the effects of welding parameters on microstructure of the joint. The results indicated that the joint of the specimen welded by melting was well-formed but contained a large amount of intermetallic compounds. These intermetallic compounds were mainly composed of brittle phases such as TiAl and TiAl3 that decreased the ductility of the joints and resulted in a tensile strength 50 % lower than that of the base metal. In the melt-brazing experiment, direct heat was applied to the aluminum alloy to melt the aluminum rather than the titanium alloy, creating a well-formed joint. The weld was mainly composed of Al element and only a 3 ~m thickness of intermetallic compounds formed near the fusion line at the Ti side. The ductility and the performauce of the joint were significantly improved compared with those of the melting-only joint. In addition, the tensile strength of the joint reached 80 % of that of the aluminum base metal.

Electron beam welding of SiCp/2024 and 2219 aluminum alloy

SiCp/2024 matrix composites reinforced with SiC particles and 2219 aluminum alloy were joined via centered electron beam welding and deflection beam welding,respectively,and the microstructures and mechanical properties of these joints were investigated.The results revealed that SiC particle segregation was more likely during centered electron beam welding(than during deflection beam welding),and strong interface reactions led to the formation of many Al4C3 brittle intermetallic compounds.Moreover,the tensile strength of the joints was 104 MPa.The interface reaction was restrained via deflection electron beam welding,and only a few Al4C3 intermetallic compounds formed at the top of the joint and heat affected zone of SiCp/Al.Quasi-cleavage fracture occurred at the interface reaction layer of the base metal.Both methods yielded a hardness transition zone near the SiCp/2024 fusion zone,and the brittle intermetallic Al4C3compounds formed in this zone resulted in high hardness.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of laser beam welding 6061 aluminum alloy with different states

With the diversification of manufacture methods, joining the same materials with different states becomes indispensable in practical application. In present work, 6061 aluminum alloys with different states were welded by laser beam welding （LBW）. The microstructures of welded joint, before and after heat treating, were investigated. The mechanical properties, such as the tensile properties and microhardness , were tested. And the fracture characteristic was observed by means of scanning electron microscope （SEM）. The results show that the 6061 aluminum alloys have superior weldability and the microstructures are different significantly in different states. Besides, the grain boundaries of the joint microstructures become unclear after the heat treating. The strength and the elongations of welded joints could reach to those of the base metal. The tensile fracture occurs in the fusion zone and near 6061-0 alloy. And the fracture presents ductile rupture. Therefore, the LBW is an effective method for 6061 aluminum alloy.

Fatigue Characterization on a Cast Aluminum Beam of a High-Speed Train Through Numerical Simulation and Experiments

The cast aluminum beam is a key structure for carrying the body-hung traction motor of a high-speed train;its fatigue property is fundamental for predicting the residual life and service mileage of the structure.To characterize the structural fatigue property,a finite element-based method is developed to compute the stress concentration factor,which is used to obtain the structural fatigue strength reduction factors.A full-scale fatigue test on the cast aluminum beam is designed and implemented for up to ten million cycles,and the corresponding finite element model of the beam is validated using the measured data of the gauges.The results show that the maximum stress concentration occurs at the fillet of the supporting seat,where the structural fatigue strength reduction factor is 2.45 and the calculated fatigue limit is 35.4 MPa.Moreover,no surface cracks are detected using the liquid penetrant test.Both the experimental and simulation results indicate that the cast aluminum beam can satisfy the service life requirements under the designed loading conditions.

Effect of Al_2O_3 film on weld appearance of stationary electron beam welded aluminum

Aluminum specimens with and without chemically cleaning were welded by electron beam to investigate the effect of Al2O3 film on weld appearance. The removal mechanism of Al2O3 film during vacuum electron beam welding of aluminum was analyzed and the effect of Al2O3 film on molten pool flow behavior and weld appearance was investigated. The results showed that the weld width of the specimen was enlarged by chemically cleaning. The solid Al2O3 film transformed into gaseous Al2O3 via the reaction with liquid aluminum at the temperature higher than 1 350 K was the main reason for the removal of the film. The weld width was narrowed down by the oxide film due to the inhibition of outward flow driven by the surface tension gradient and the drag force between the Al2O3 film and liquid Al. The weld penetration was reduced in the initial stage and then enhanced in the metastable stage.

Comparison of Calculated Fit and Experimental Calculations of Average Dose Deposited in Aluminum by High Energy Electron Beams

This paper presents the formalism for absorbed dose determination to Aluminum in high-energy electron beams using Rhodotron accelerator. Depth dose curve for Aluminum at electron energy of 10 MeV was calculated. The calculated curve in the model as a function of the depth is compared to the experimental. The agreement of the final results remained well within the expected acceptable range. The calculated values of dose-to-Aluminum are completely fit with the measured values in the range of 0.07% for electron energy of 10 MeV.

Microstructure of Nitrided Aluminum Alloys Using an Electron-Beam-Excited-Plasma (EBEP)

Nitriding of surface of aluminum alloys was carried out with using an electron-beam-excited-plasma (EBEP) technique. The EBEP is sustained by electron impact ionization with energetic electron beam. Two kinds of substrates, aluminum alloys AA5052 and AA5083, were exposed to the down flow of EBEP source at 843 K for 45min. The specimens were characterized with respect to following properties: crystallographic structure (XRD), morphology (SEM) and the cross sectional microstructures of the nitrided layer was observed using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). There are some A12O3 particles on the surface of the nitrided AA5052 and AA5083. The A1N layers were formed on the substrates with the thickness of 4.5 fi m for AA5052 and 0.5 /z m for AA5083 . A relatively uniform nitrided surface layer composed of A1N can be observed on the AA5052 substrate. The grains size near the interfaces between the substrate and A1N layer were smaller than that near the surface. On the surface of A1N layer, the concentration of nitrogen was high and in the middle of A1N layer it had a constant concentration like the aluminum and the concentration was decreased with approaching to the interface. On the surface of nitrided AA5083, a uniform A1N layer was not formed as the reason for the high nitriding temperature.

铝合金-混凝土组合梁抗剪承载力计算方法

为了改善部分外包混凝土组合梁在使用中腐蚀生锈、钢筋混凝土劣化等问题,本文提出了铝合金-混凝土组合梁的结构形式,建立了有限元模型并进行参数分析,分析了铝合金-混凝土组合梁抗剪承载力在不同参数下的变化规律。根据改进拉压杆计算模型得到混凝土的应力传递路径,采用叠加法提出考虑铝合金梁腹板和腹部混凝土抗剪贡献的铝合金-混凝土组合梁抗剪承载力计算公式。研究结果表明:公式计算值与有限元值比值的平均值为1.018,标准差σ为0.151,表明该计算公式离散性较小,具有可行性,可以为相关研究提供理论参考。

飞机结构梁多轴铣削加工程序与工艺优化研究

为解决飞机结构梁铣削加工过程中容易产生变形的问题。针对飞机结构梁类的薄壁腔体难加工零件进行了加工工艺分析和流程设计,此类零件的毛坯残余应力是影响零件加工变形的重要因素,有效的应力释放可以提高零件的加工质量。对此利用UGNX软件进行了数控编程,并利用VERICUT软件进行仿真,以最大切削厚度为目标进行了切削参数优化,优化后的程序能够有效的提高加工效率,并且探讨了以保证加工质量目标的刀轨编程策略和方法,有效的解决了飞机结构梁铣削加工过程中产生变形的问题。

厚板5A06铝合金万瓦级扫描激光立焊组织与性能

针对厚板铝合金万瓦级常规激光焊接往往存在焊缝成形差和气孔缺陷严重的问题,文中提出了厚板铝合金万瓦级扫描激光立焊方法,采用厚板5A06铝合金进行了焊接工艺试验,并综合分析了焊接接头焊缝成形、微观组织、力学性能.结果表明,该方法有效的改善了厚板铝合金常规激光的焊缝成形,且减少了气孔缺陷.根据熔池形貌图像,扫描激光大幅增加了熔池尺寸,因此熔池尾部受熔池前沿激光干扰减弱,有利于改善熔池尾部焊缝成形和减少气孔缺陷.针对厚度为50 mm铝合金板,采用万瓦级扫描激光立焊实现了窄间隙坡口形式24 mm厚钝边的双面双道焊接.当扫描幅度增大时,即焊接参数Ⅱ和Ⅲ,焊缝均匀光滑,成形良好,且X射线探伤未见气孔缺陷.焊接参数Ⅱ接头微观组织全部由等轴晶构成,焊接参数Ⅲ接头由等轴晶和少量柱状晶构成.由于焊接参数Ⅲ焊接速度小,热输入更大,焊接参数Ⅲ接头晶粒尺寸更大.焊接参数Ⅱ和Ⅲ接头抗拉强度为337 MPa和322 MPa,分别达到了母材的93.6%和89.4%,焊缝性能良好.焊缝拉伸断口均呈现韧窝形态,为韧性断裂.

2A14-T6铝合金厚板电子束焊接头的显微组织及力学性能

对24 mm厚2A14-T6铝合金板开展了电子束焊接试验,获得了最佳的焊接工艺参数。结果表明:接头变形小、深宽比大,探伤结果为I级。接头各微区组织具有差异性,焊缝中心组织为树枝晶,近熔合线处的焊缝组织为柱状晶,热影响区组织为粗化的扁长纤维状组织,沉淀强化相颗粒增多,过时效区组织与母材相近,均为扁长纤维状组织。焊缝区晶粒内有少量沉淀强化相,晶界上存在由铜、硅等元素与基体相形成的共晶相,呈网络状分布;母材区有细小的Al_(2)Cu沉淀强化相及呈条状分布的大块共晶相。焊缝区显微硬度最低,热影响区硬度随距焊缝中心距离增大先上升后下降,母材区的最高。接头的平均抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别为387.7 MPa和3.4%,微观断口有撕裂棱和少量大而浅的韧窝,为脆性为主的韧脆混合型断裂。

人工时效制度及停放时间对防撞梁用7003铝合金性能的影响

通过对7003铝合金型材进行不同温度、不同时间的加热时效,最终得到最适宜的人工时效制度,即105℃×8 h+145℃×12 h。通过对比不同停放时间下的7003铝合金型材力学性能检测结果,可以知道在铝型材挤压完成后需尽快转序进行深加工,以降低加工难度,避免产生拉弯开裂、橘皮等缺陷。

Simulation on the deformation controlling of T-joint LBW with auxiliary heat source for high strength aluminum alloy

To avoid the angular deformation of aluminum alloy T-joint weldments, a new method named welding with auxiliary heat source is proposed. The welding simulation is performed with the commercial finite element software Abaqus and FORTRAN programme encoding a special conical heat source with Gaussian volumetric distribution of flux. The influence of the local model on the temperature, residual stress, and welding deformation distributions is investigated. The findings show that angular deformation achieved through numerical computation completely consists with the experimental result which has proved the effectiveness of the finite element methods developed. Various measurements performed on small-scale welded test specimens provide a data base of experimental results that serves as a bench mark for qualification of the simulation result. Finally, the residual stress and strain states in a T-joint are predicted.

Effect of pulse parameters on microstructure of joint in laser beam welding for SiC_p/6063 composite

The restraint effects of pulse frequency and pulse duty cycle on the precipitates of harmful needle like Al 4C 3 phase were studied in CO 2 impulsed laser welding through the experiment on the SiC p/6063 composite, and the microstructures of the weld under the different process parameters (pulse time from 1 ms to 20 ms,duty cycle from 50% to 91%) were analyzed. In order to compare, CO 2 continuous laser was conducted under the same efficiency. The results demonstrate that the proper laser pulse frequency and duty cycle can restrain the formation of Al 4C 3 effectively. However, the burning loss of SiC is more serious and the fluidity of molten pool is less in continuous laser welding than in impulsed laser welding.

Growth and Characterization of AlInAs on InP Substrate by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

AlxIn1-xAs with 0.47&lex&le0.62 onto (100) oriented InP substrate was grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and characterized with X-ray double crystal diffraction, low temperature photoluminescence and an electron probe. Results show their high qualities. Strain and residual stress were studied in detail.

Effects of AlN nucleation layer thickness on crystal quality of AlN grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy

In this paper, the effects of thickness of AlN nucleation layer grown at high temperature on AlN epi-layer crystalline quality are investigated. Crack-ftee AlN samples with various nucleation thicknesses are grown on sapphire substrates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The AlN crystalline quality is analysed by transmission electron microscope and x-ray diffraction （XRD） rocking curves in both （002） and （102） planes. The surface profiles of nucleation layer with different thicknesses after in-situ annealing are also analysed by atomic force microscope. A critical nucleation thickness for realising high quality AlN films is found. When the nucleation thickness is above a certain value, the （102） XRD full width at half maximum （FWHM） of AlN bulk increases with nucleation thickness increasing, whereas the （002） XRD FWHM shows an opposite trend. These phenomena can be attributed to the characteristics of nucleation islands and the evolution of crystal grains during AlN main layer growth.

铝/碳纤维复合材料保险杠轻量化设计

对保险杠进行轻量化设计,并保证碰撞安全性,用铝/碳纤维复合材料替换原保险杠防撞梁钢质材料。分别对保险杠各部分厚度及碳纤维铺层角度进行了设计,确定了铝合金和碳纤维的厚度,探讨了铝合金和碳纤维板的厚度对碰撞性能的影响,通过采用对碳纤维铺层角度优化的方法提高碰撞安全性。通过拉丁超立方采样得到的试验样本,用移动最小二乘法建立近似模型并验证其精度,利用多目标遗传算法对近似模型寻优,确定了碳纤维最佳铺层角度,得到优化后铝/碳纤维复合材料保险杠防撞梁。与原钢质材料的保险杠相比,优化后铝/碳纤维复合材料保险杠质量减轻了36.497%,且满足碰撞安全性要求。

铝合金喷涂Y_(2)O_(3)和Ni混合粉扫描电子束表面合金化的研究

扫描电子束表面合金化技术可改善铝合金表面性能。研究采用等离子热喷涂技术将不同含量的Y_(2)O_(3)与Ni混合粉末涂覆到6061铝合金表面,利用扫描电子束进行表面合金化处理。研究了表面合金化后强化层的组织形态、相结构和硬度的变化规律,探讨了稀土Y_(2)O_(3)含量与电子束工艺参数对强化层组织和性能的影响。结果表明,电子束表面合金化处理,其表面可分为合金化区、热影响区和基体区。合金化区的显微组织主要由YAl_(3)、AlNiY和Ni_(17)Y_(2)等相组成,最高硬度为396 HV0.2,是基体的6倍;热影响区主要由α-Al固溶体和Ni-Al化合物相组成,最高硬度为260 HV0.2,是基体的4倍;基体的相结构主要为α-Al和Mg_(2)Si强化相组成。随着稀土Y_(2)O_(3)含量的增加,合金层组织晶粒得到细化,硬度得到提升。稀土Y_(2)O_(3)含量为5%,组织细化程度与硬度提升最明显。强化层显微硬度随束流的增加先增加后减少,随移动速度的增加而减少,当电子束束流为10 mA、移动速度为10 mm/s,强化层组织晶粒高度细化,硬度提升显著。