Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding Al Alloy to Copper via Pure Metallurgical Joining Mechanism

The current investigation of refill friction stir spot welding(refill FSSW)Al alloy to copper primarily involved plunging the tool into bottom copper sheet to achieve both metallurgical and mechanical interfacial bonding.Compared to conventional FSSW and pinless FSSW,weld strength can be significantly improved by using this method.Nevertheless,tool wear is a critical issue during refill FSSW.In this study,defect-free Al/copper dissimilar welds were successfully fabricated using refill FSSW by only plunging the tool into top Al alloy sheet.Overall,two types of continuous and ultra-thin intermetallic compounds(IMCs)layers were identified at the whole Al/copper interface.Also,strong evidence of melting and resolidification was observed in the localized region.The peak temperature obtained at the center of Al/copper interface was 591℃,and the heating rate reached up to 916℃/s during the sleeve penetration phase.A softened weld region was produced via refill FSSW process,the hardness profile exhibited a W-shaped appearance along middle thickness of top Al alloy.The weld lap shear load was insensitive to the welding condition,whose scatter was rather small.The fracture path exclusively propagated along the IMCs layer of Cu_(9)Al_(4) under the external lap shear loadings,both CuAl_(2) and Cu_(9)Al_(4) were detected on the fractured surface on the copper side.This research indicated that acceptable weld strength can be achieved via pure metallurgical joining mechanism,which has significant potential for the industrial applications.

Material flow behavior and microstructural evolution during refill friction stir spot welding of alclad 2A12-T4 aluminum alloy

In this study, we used the stop-action technique to experimentally investigate the material flow and microstructural evolution of alclad 2A12-T4 aluminum alloy during refill friction stir spot welding.There are two material flow components, i.e., the inward-or outward-directed spiral flow on the horizontal plane and the upward-or downward-directed flow on the vertical plane.In the plunge stage, the flow of plasticized metal into the cavity is similar to that of a stack, whereby the upper layer is pushed upward by the lower layer.In the refill stage, this is process reversed.As such, there is no obvious vertical plasticized metal flow between adjacent layers.Welding leads to the coarsening of S(Al2CuMg) in the thermo-mechanically affected zone and the diminishing of S in the stir zone.Continuous dynamic recrystallization results in the formation of fine equiaxed grains in the stir zone, but this process becomes difficult in the thermo-mechanically affected zone due to the lower deformation rate and the pinning action of S precipitates on the dislocations and sub-grain boundaries, which leads to a high fraction of low-angle grain boundaries in this zone.

Development of liquid-nitrogen-cooling friction stir spot welding for AZ31 magnesium alloy joints

A liquid-nitrogen-cooling friction stir spot welding(C-FSSW) technology was developed for welding AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets. The liquid-nitrogen cooling degraded the deformability of the welded materials such that the width of interfacial cracks increased with increasing cooling time. The grain size of the stirred zone(SZ) and the heat-affected zone(HAZ) of the C-FSSW-welded joints decreased, whereas that of the thermomechanically affected zone(TMAZ) increased with increasing cooling time. The maximum tensile shear load of the C-FSSW-welded joints welded with a cooling time of 5 or 7 s was larger than that of the friction stir spot welding(FSSW)-welded joint, and the tensile shear load decreased with increasing cooling time. The microhardness of the C-FSSW-welded joints was greater than that of the FSSW-welded joint. Moreover, the microhardness of the SZ and the HAZ of the C-FSSW-welded joints increased, whereas that of the TMAZ decreased, with increasing cooling time.

Effect of tool plunge depth on the microstructure and fracture behavior of refill friction stir spot welded AZ91 magnesium alloy joints

We used refill friction stir spot welding(RFSSW)to join 2-mm-thick AZ91D-H24 magnesium alloy sheets,and we investigated in detail the effect of tool plunge depth on the microstructure and fracture behavior of the joints.A sound joint surface can be obtained using plunge depths of 2.0 and 2.5 mm.Plunge depth was found to significantly affect the height of the hook,with greater plunge depths corresponding to more severe upward bending of the hook,which compromised the tensile-shear properties of the joints.The hardness reached a minimum at the thermo-mechanically affected zone due to the precipitation phases of this zone as it dissolved into theα-matrix during the welding process.The fracture modes of RFSSW joints can be divided into three types:shear fracture,plug fracture,and shear–plug fracture.Of these,the joint with a shear–plug fracture exhibited the best tensile-shear load of 6400 N.

Filling technique for keyhole of friction stir spot welding based on the principles of resistance spot welding

Keyhole at the end of a weld prepared by friction stir welding(FSW)is one of the major issues that impede the application of FSW.To address this issue,a keyhole filling technique was proposed in this paper,which is based on the principles of resistance spot welding(RSW).A three-phase secondary rectifier resistance spot welder was applied as the experimental instrument for filling the keyhole in the center of friction stir spot weld(FSSW).The test sheet is a 2024-T4 aluminium alloy with a thickness of 6.0mm.The experiments results show that the filled joint strength is improved by 26.12%since the area is increased for the plug in the keyhole.And there are two kinds of dimples in the tensile fracture-equiaxial dimples and long dimples.The filled joint involves the fusion welding zone(FWZ),pressure welding zone(PWZ),melted plug zone(MPZ),and plastic deformation zone(PDZ).The FWZ and the PWZ is the melting bond and diffusion bond between the plug and keyhole,respectively.The MPZ is the center part and the PDZ is upper or lower part of the plug.

Galvanic corrosion of AZ31B joined to dual-phase steel with and without Zn layer by ultrasonic and friction stir welding

Galvanic corrosion of AZ31B joined with bare or Zn-coated DP590 steel by ultrasonic spot welding or linear friction stir welding was quantitatively studied by pre-defining anode and cathode in the lap joint samples. Corrosion volume and depth from Mg anode surfaces exposed to 0.1 M sodium chloride solution was analyzed as functions of cathode surface type and welding method. Characterization of as-welded joints was performed to identify any microstructural feature of the bonding zone that could impact galvanic corrosion behavior.COMSOL modeling with modified user subroutine was conducted to simulate the progression of Mg corrosion in the same joint and electrode configurations used for the corrosion experiments. The experimental results indicated that Zn-coated cathode surface can reduce Mg galvanic corrosion significantly as galvanic polarization and cathodic current on Zn-coated surface remained relatively low for Mg in the weld joints.COMSOL modeling described the growth of Mg galvanic corrosion in a reasonable manner but showed limitation by underestimating the corrosion volume as it did not capture self-corrosion.

Material properties of friction stir spot welded joints of dissimilar aluminum alloys

Mechanical properties and material mixing patterns of friction stir spot welded (FSSW) joints of dissimilar aluminum alloys were investigated.Two aluminum alloys typically used in automotive applications,5052-H32 and 6061-T6,were selected.During the experiment,the process parameters including the z-axis force and torque histories were measured as a function of the tool displacement.The mechanical properties were investigated by microhardness measurements of the joint,and the material mixing in the stir zone was investigated by EPMA.The experimental results illustrate different process parameter histories,material mixing in the stir zone and material properties including microhardness distributions for FSSW joints of dissimilar aluminum alloys,likely due to different mechanical behaviors of the selected aluminum alloys in the FSSW process temperature range.

Al/Ti异质合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊数值模拟

采用耦合的欧拉-拉格朗日(CEL)算法对2 mm厚的5A02铝合金/TC4钛合金板异质金属回填式搅拌摩擦点焊过程展开模拟研究,分析了旋转速度和停留时间对焊点成型过程中温度场、等效塑性应变场以及材料流动的影响。结果表明,在扎入初期,热累积作用明显,升温速率相对较快,随焊接过程进行,产热会由摩擦产热转变为摩擦和塑性变形共同产热,升温速率放缓。当搅拌头转速为2000 r/min、扎入速度为1 mm/s、扎入深度为1.9 mm、回填速度为1mm/s、停留时间为0 s时,铝合金焊核区温度峰值达到558℃,等效塑性应变峰值达到120。在模拟的工艺区间内,焊核区峰值温度与旋转速度呈正相关,停留时间对温度的影响并不明显。

Pinless Friction Stir Spot Welding of Mg-3Al-1Zn Alloy with Zn Interlayer

With the addition of a thin Zn interlayer, 2.4 mm thick Mg-3AI-1Zn alloy sheets were friction stir spot welded （FSSW） using a pinless tool with fiat, convex and concave shoulder shapes. The results showed that an alloying reaction took place between the Mg substrate and Zn interlayer during FSSW, forming a discontinuous intermetallics layer composed of dispersive （α-Mg ＋ MgZn） eutectic structure under- neath the shoulder and a Mg-Zn intermetallics bonding zone at the outside of the joints. This alloying reaction increased the bonded area and eliminated the hook defects, thereby producing sound FSSWjoints with a shallow keyhole without hook defects. The increase of plunge depth was beneficial to the Mg-Zn diffusion, thereby increasing the tensile-shear load of the joints. However, excessive plunge depths re- sulted in a decrease of the effective sheet thickness, reducing the strength of the joints. At a small plunge depth, the convex and concave shoulders were more beneficial to the interface reaction than the fiat shoul- der. The maximum joint load of 6.6 kN was achieved by using the concave shoulder at a plunge depth of 1.0 mm. A post-welding heat treatment promoted the dissolution of the discontinuous reaction layer in the joints; however, it led to the occurrence of void defects, influencing the bonding strength.

Interface strengthening in dissimilar double-sided friction stir spot welding of AZ31/ZK60 magnesium alloys by adjustable probes

Dissimilar welding of AZ31/ZK60 magnesium alloys with a thickness of 2 mm was successfully carried out by the double-sided friction stir spot welding with adjustable probes.A dissimilar joint bearing flat surfaces on both sides without a keyhole was obtained and the shear failure load of 8.7±0.5 kN was reached.The role of the adjustable probes has been revealed in detail.In the center of the stir zone,the welding interface structure was heterogeneous around which some distinct oxides still remained,leading to a weak interface strength.On the contrary,the welding interface structure around the shoulder/probe interface was homogeneous with no oxides giving rise to a strong interface strength,which is attributed to the severe material flow introduced by the adjustable probes.In addition,the vicinity outside the shoulder/probe interface,where the fracture occurred during the shear tensile tests,was also strengthened owing to the shearing and torsion by the adju stable probes.Therefore,a stable plug failure can be obtained and the joint properties can be improved.

铝合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊研究现状

回填式搅拌摩擦点焊作为一种先进的固相焊接技术,能够有效避免液相焊接的固有缺陷,同时消除搅拌摩擦点焊带来的匙孔,因此,在铝合金、镁合金等轻质金属点连接领域有着无可替代的优势,受到了国内外学者的广泛关注。经过多年的发展,回填式搅拌摩擦点焊已经不再局限于早期的套筒下扎模式,而是出现了多种不同的类型和模式,如额外填充式搅拌摩擦点焊、两阶段回填式搅拌摩擦点焊等。本文综述了近年来回填式搅拌摩擦点焊在铝合金焊接领域的研究现状,涉及点焊过程的基本工作原理,焊接工艺及接头组织性能研究,以及焊接接头的常见失效行为分析。本文对工程中回填式搅拌摩擦点焊接头性能的优化、工艺参数的合理选择提供一定的借鉴作用。

6082铝合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊对接接头的组织和性能研究

将回填式搅拌摩擦点焊首次应用到铝合金的对接过程中。本文研究了搅拌头转速对2 mm厚的6082铝合金对接接头显微组织和性能的影响。结果表明,使用1.6 mm的搅拌头下压量可有效避免接头底部未焊合。但当转速为1950 r/min时,搅拌套筒回抽路径的外沿形成热裂纹。焊核区晶粒明显细化,当转速为1350 r/min时,焊核区平均晶粒尺寸由母材的30.84μm减小至8.43μm;热机影响区和焊核区的织构也发生明显变化。焊缝的硬度整体上高于母材的,这与焊缝中较小的晶粒有关。当转速为1650 r/min时接头的强度最高,达到190 MPa;当转速为1950 r/min时,因热机影响区/焊核区截面的裂纹缺陷影响,接头的抗拉强度仅为121 MPa。

Interfacial bonding mechanism in Al/coated steel dissimilar refill friction stir spot welds

Defect-free dissimilar Al/zinc coated steel and Al/AlSi coated steel welds were successfully fabricated by refill friction stir spot welding. However, Al alloy and uncoated steel could not be welded under the same welding condition. Al-Zn eutectic layer formed at the Al/zinc coated steel interface showed nonuniformity in thickness and nanoscale intermetallic(IMC) produced was discontinuous. The bonding formation between the Al-Zn layer and the surrounding materials was attributed to a liquid/solid reaction mechanism. Bonding formation at Al alloy and AlSi coated steel interface was attributed to a solid/solid reaction mechanism, as the joining process did not involve with melting of base metals or AlSi coating materials. Kissing bond formed at the weld boundary acted as a crack initiation and propagation site,and the present study showed that weld strength of Al 5754/AlSi coated steel was greatly influenced by properties of original IMC layer.

Effect of connection processes on mechanical properties of 7B04 aluminum alloy structures

The static and fatigue properties of 7B04 aluminum alloy structures connected by riveting and refill friction stir spot welding(refill FSSW)were compared and analyzed.Results show that the static compression load of the typical structure connected by riveting and refill FSSW fluctuated in the range of 117-124 kN,and the shear load was in the range of 89-95 kN.Welds spacing had a small influence on the static load of the structures joined by refill FSSW.However,the fatigue life of riveted structures was lower than that joined by refill FSSW.For the welded structure,the heterogeneous microstructures of the welded joint led to the uneven microhardness,and the hook at the lap interface bent upwards at the same time.These factors made the welded structures during the fatigue test failure along the path of sleeve moving.

Al/Mg搅拌摩擦点焊–钎焊接头的微观组织与拉伸剪切性能研究

采用搅拌摩擦点焊–钎焊工艺进行2A14铝合金和AZ31镁合金的连接,使用扫描电子显微镜(Scanning electron microscope,SEM)、能量色散谱(Energy dispersive spectroscopy,EDS)和X射线衍射仪(X–ray diffraction,XRD)研究不同参数下接头的微观组织、化学成分及物相组成,采用电子万能试验机对接头进行拉伸剪切性能测试。研究结果表明,搅拌区主要由Al–Mg系金属间化合物和少量MgZn相、MgZn_(2)相组成;热力影响区主要由富Zn固溶体和Mg_(7)Zn_(3)相组成;热影响区靠近铝合金处的锌钎料没有与其他元素发生反应,靠近镁合金处的锌钎料与镁元素发生反应,生成了Mg–Zn系金属间化合物。当轴肩下压量为0.5 mm,搅拌头旋转速度为950 r/min时,接头的拉伸剪切载荷达到最大值7.6 kN。

车身用铝薄板搅拌摩擦点焊接头的服役性能研究

结构中的焊点往往同时承受轴向和切向载荷的作用,而焊点的单向力学性能不能反映焊点的真实服役状态.为此,对比了最优参数下的传统搅拌摩擦焊接(Conventional Friction Stir Spot Welding,CFSSW),无针搅拌摩擦焊接(Probeless Friction Stir Spot Welding,PFSSW)以及扫略搅拌摩擦焊接(Swept Friction Stir Spot Welding,SFSSW)接头的拉剪和剥离力学性能.针对某小型全铝电动汽车,提出了焊点多工况服役性能的评价指标,并对3种焊点的服役性能进行了比较.结果表明,最优参数下的SFSSW接头在车身侧围与顶横梁连接区域的服役性能相较于CFSSW和PFSSW分别提高了28.97%和48.86%.在车身结构的前纵梁连接部分,3种焊点均表现出最高的焊点服役性能.地板横梁与地板纵梁的连接部分表现出最低的焊点服役性能.由此可知,应适当增加焊点的数量以保证结构的安全性.

7050/2524铝合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊的工艺优化

采用Box-Behnken design(BBD)响应面法,分析了焊接工艺参数(转速、扎入深度、套筒运动速率)对7050/2524铝合金回填式搅拌点焊(RFSSW)接头拉剪载荷的影响规律,建立了工艺参数与拉剪载荷的回归方程。结果表明,随着转速、扎入深度以及套筒运动速率的增加,拉剪载荷均呈现先上升后下降的趋势。获得的最优工艺参数为转速1493 r/min,扎入深度3 mm,套筒运动速率1.0 mm/s。

2A12-T4/7A09-T6铝合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊接头性能研究

采用机器人搅拌摩擦点焊设备对1.2 mm厚2A12-T4铝合金与4 mm厚7A09-T6铝合金板材进行回填式搅拌摩擦点焊试验,并对焊后试样进行X光检测、力学抗拉力检测,对焊点内部组织进行光学显微镜、扫描电镜观测。试验结果表明:当下扎/回填速率为30 mm/min时,试样抗拉力较低,当下扎/回填速率为40 mm/min、50 mm/min时,试样抗拉伸力较高,且随转速升高的变化趋势相近,试样最高抗拉力出现在转速2100 r/min、速率40 mm/min时;焊点外缘结合区是材料结合最薄弱区域,若该区域表面出现缺陷,则焊点力学性能较差,该区域表面平整,则焊点力学性能高;试样断裂方式均为薄板一侧出现“穿孔”,焊点完整留在厚板一侧,断口断裂机制为韧性断裂、晶间滑移与脆性断裂相互作用的混合断裂。

Influencing mechanism of pre-existing nanoscale Al5Fe2 phase on Mg-Fe interface in friction stir spot welded Al-free ZK60-Q235 joint

Al-free ZK60 magnesium (Mg) alloy sheet was selected as substrate material of Mg-steel pinless friction stir spot welding (FSSW), avoiding the effect of the Al element in the substrate on the alloying reaction of Mg-iron (Fe) interface. The sound FSSW joint of ZK60 Mg alloy and Q235 steel with a hot-dipped aluminum (Al)-containing zinc (Zn) coating was successfully realized. The detailed microstructural examinations proved that Al5Fe2 phase at the Mg-Fe interface came from the pre-existing Al5Fe2 phase in the coating and acted as the transition layer for promoting the metallurgical bonding of Mg and Fe. The interfaces with well-matched lattice sites among Fe, Al5Fe2 and Mg were formed during FSSW. A low energy interface with good match of lattice sites ((002)Al5Fe2//(110)Fe, [110]Al5Fe2//[113]Fe) between Al5Fe2 and Fe was identified. For the interface between Al5Fe2 and Mg, an orientation relationship of (622)Al5Fe2//(3112)Mgand[158]Al5Fe2//[2423]Mg was observed. The tensile-shear load of the ZK60-steel joint could reach 4.6 kN. Moreover, the joint fracture occurred at the interface between the Al5Fe2 layer and the Mg alloy substrate, suggesting the brittle fracture characteristic.

铝合金在汽车车身的应用及连接技术研究

概述了几种常见的连接技术在铝合金汽车车身领域的应用,介绍了这几种连接技术的工艺原理和最新研究进展,为铝合金及其连接技术在汽车车身的日常应用和后续发展提供参考。