Hippeastrum, a highly diverse genus in the Amaryllidaceae family, is a valuable ornamental bulbous flowering plant. Somatic embryogenesis(SE) is an efficient method for mass production of Hippeastrum plantlets. Previo...Hippeastrum, a highly diverse genus in the Amaryllidaceae family, is a valuable ornamental bulbous flowering plant. Somatic embryogenesis(SE) is an efficient method for mass production of Hippeastrum plantlets. Previous studies have been devoted to the in vitro propagation of Hippeastrum, but the SE and its regulatory networks are rarely reported. In this study, we established a direct SE method of Hippeastrum Bangkok Rose' using leaf bases as explants. MS supplemented with 1.00 mg·L^(-1)NAA +1.00 mg·L^(-1)KT + 0.25 mg·L^(-1)TDZ was the optimal medium for SE. Histological observations showed that the bipolar somatic embryo originated from the epidermal cell layer and underwent initiation,globular, scutellar and coleoptile stages. During SE, endogenous hormones of IAA, CTK, ABA, and SA were highly accumulated. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the genes encoding auxin biosynthesis/metabolic enzymes and efflux carriers were induced, while the auxin receptor of TIR1 and ARF transcriptional repressor of Aux/IAA were down-regulated and up-regulated, respectively, leading to suppression of auxin signaling. In contrast, cytokine signaling was promoted at the early stage of SE, as biosynthesis, transport, and signaling components were up-regulated.Various stress-related genes were up-regulated at the early or late stages of SE. Chromatin remodeling could also be dynamically regulated via distinct expression enzymes that control histone methylation and acetylation during SE. Moreover, key SE regulators, including WOXs and SERKs were highly expressed along with SE. Overall, the present study provides insights into the SE regulatory mechanisms of the Hippeastrum.展开更多
Structural and organizational changes of the vegetative cell in Amaryllis vittata Ait. during such dynamic processes of pollen as hydration, activation and germination have been examined with electron microscopy. The ...Structural and organizational changes of the vegetative cell in Amaryllis vittata Ait. during such dynamic processes of pollen as hydration, activation and germination have been examined with electron microscopy. The mature pollen grain is composed of such organelles as plastids, mitochondria,endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes and lipid bodies which are in their resting state. Microfilaments appear as aggregates. After pollen activation, however,the organelles undergo great changes in number and shape: the lamellae of plastids and the cristae of mitochondria increase conspicuously in number, the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum become narrower; the dictyosomes produce vesicles actively the lipid bodies become degraded and the microfilament aggregates disperse. Cortical microtubules and spiny vesicles appear in the cytoplasm after germination of the pollen tube. No apparent structural changes of the organelles were noticed any longer during this period and microfilaments are distributed throughout the entire pollen tube as a three-dimensional network.展开更多
The cytokinesis process of generative cells in Amaryllis vitiata Ait. wasexamined with electron microscopy. Investigation of 14 pollen tubes showed that 70percent of the generative cells were divided by a cell plate, ...The cytokinesis process of generative cells in Amaryllis vitiata Ait. wasexamined with electron microscopy. Investigation of 14 pollen tubes showed that 70percent of the generative cells were divided by a cell plate, while the other, 30 percentshowed a cleavage furrow which occurred at the position where a cell plate should takeplace. The cell plate appeared at First as a subunit in late anaphase, which was assembledin the midzone of the phragmoplast and coalesced as one large continued unit in telophase.On the other hand, just in anaphase, as two identical chromosome masses were segregatedfrom each other, the plasma membrane of the generative cell were furrowing inside fromthe tWo sides in the interzonal region. In some instances, the cell was almost divided intotwo parts by the constriction furrow. The occurrence of cleavage seemed to be associatedwith the re-establishment of the nuclear envelope and the disorder of microtubular arrays,as well as the unusual behavior of the chromosomes.展开更多
Ultrastructure of sperm cells in pollen tube of Amaryllis vittata Ait. has been investigated in details by electron microscopy ,with particular emphasis on the organization and distribution of microtubules.The two new...Ultrastructure of sperm cells in pollen tube of Amaryllis vittata Ait. has been investigated in details by electron microscopy ,with particular emphasis on the organization and distribution of microtubules.The two newly formed sperm cells are arranged in tandem and sometimes in transverse at the right angle to the long axis of the pollen tube.Thevegetative nucleus is ahead and closely associated with the two sperm cells in all examined pollen tubes. The microtubules are distributed in the region between the common cell wall and the proximity of the sperm nucleus,they are singles and dispersed with mainly orientation of longitudinal and oblique,forming a loose bucket-like structure as a whole.In late stage of development,all of the microtubule array longitudinally and enclose the sperm nucleus.This configuration is very similar to the basket-like structure of microtubule in the generative cell. These results show that the organization and distribution of microtubules in the sperm cells are dynamic during cell development.展开更多
Amaryllis plants (Hippeastrum hybrid, in the family Amaryllidaceae) are cultivated in Brazil mainly for bulb export. Studies about the nutrient accumulation dynamics by the species are yet incipient when considering B...Amaryllis plants (Hippeastrum hybrid, in the family Amaryllidaceae) are cultivated in Brazil mainly for bulb export. Studies about the nutrient accumulation dynamics by the species are yet incipient when considering Brazilian cultivation conditions. The objective was to determine the nutrient accumulation in amaryllis “Orange Souvereign” cultivated in the field. The experimental design was entirely randomized with four replications and 14 collection periods (at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, 360, 390, and 420 days after planting). Sampled plants were divided into leaves, bulb, and roots, which were used for determination of nutrient accumulation by leaves (aerial part) and bulb + roots (underground part). Nutrient accumulation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn was calculated for each collection period, and then represented by curves of macro and micronutrient accumulation, as well as accumulation percentages for each plant part. For most macro and micronutrients, the interval of maximum accumulation fell from 301 to 420 days after planting, matching with the cycle final stage of plants cultivated in the field. Accumulated macronutrients by amaryllis plants along the cultivation cycle was, in g·plant-1: 1.57 N;0.19 P;2.58 K;0.64 Ca;0.20 Mg;and 0.29 S, following the descending order: K > N > Ca > S > Mg > P. Accumulated micronutrients, in mg·plant-1, was: 2.18 B;1.17 Cu;22.33 Fe;2.19 Mn;and 4.09 Zn, following the descending order: Fe > Zn > Mn > B > Cu.展开更多
Actin filaments (AFs) in un-fixed pollen tubes of Amaryllis vittata Ait were visualized after TRITC-phalloidin staining with DMSO as a permeabilising agent. Typically, strands or hundles of microfilaments (Mfs) were d...Actin filaments (AFs) in un-fixed pollen tubes of Amaryllis vittata Ait were visualized after TRITC-phalloidin staining with DMSO as a permeabilising agent. Typically, strands or hundles of microfilaments (Mfs) were distributed in the extreme tip as well as pollen tubes in a form of network.Fluorescent granules or circles of various sizes were frequently found that continued with the filamentous structures. In addition, a more brightly stained structure, possibly Mf organizing center, was observed. Treatment of pollen tubes with cytochalasin D(CD)for increasing time intervals (5-40 minutes) caused gradual reduction of strands until flurescent granules filled up the pollen tubes. Mcanwhile, cytoplasmie streaming was inhibited completely. Though closely associated with vegetative nuclei (VN) and generative cells (GC), AFs were not found in the cytoplasm of GC.Mg++concentration greatly affected the isolated Mfs.展开更多
Hippeastrum (Hippeastrum hybridum), a native of Central and South America, is a bulbous ornamental flowering plant in the Amaryllidaceae family. However, the correct balance of NH4 to NO3-nitrogen in a fertilizer mix ...Hippeastrum (Hippeastrum hybridum), a native of Central and South America, is a bulbous ornamental flowering plant in the Amaryllidaceae family. However, the correct balance of NH4 to NO3-nitrogen in a fertilizer mix for Hippeastrum plants is largely unknown. Nitrogen was applied 2x weekly following irrigation at either 0.6 g (high), 0.3 g (medium) or 0.15 g (low) total N every four months. Nitrogen was supplied in different combinations of NO3 and/or NH4. Nitrate:NH4-N ratios were either 100% NO3:0% NH4 (100NO3), 70% NO3:30% NH4 (70NO3), 50% NO3:50% NH4 (50NO3) (second group only), 30%NO3:70%NH4 (30NO3), or 0% NO3/100% NH4 (100NH4). Growth in bulb diameter after one year of fertilizer treatments not only increased from 0.15 to 0.6 g N (low to high level), but also differed with the form of N supplied to the plant. The largest diameter bulbs were produced in the 70NO3 and 50NO3 high N treatments. Within any NO3/NH4-N ratio grouping, fertilization at the high N rate resulted in larger diameter bulbs. No significant differences existed between treatments in the number of bulbs produced. Bulb growth was greater with a portion of N supplied as NO3 than with NH4-N alone. These results indicate that application of N as a mixture of NH4 and NO3 at 0.6 g per 4 months produces the largest increase in bulb diameter.展开更多
In this study, an embryogenic callus induction and proliferation system for Hippeastrum vittatum was established, with the tender bulbs as explants. And then the sensitivity of the explants and calli to kanamycin and ...In this study, an embryogenic callus induction and proliferation system for Hippeastrum vittatum was established, with the tender bulbs as explants. And then the sensitivity of the explants and calli to kanamycin and hygromycin was evaluated. The results suggested that the embryogenic calli were induced from tender bulbs and cultured in Murashige and Skoog （MS） medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L N-phenyl-N＇-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea （TDZ）, 1.0 mg/L 2,4-diehloro- phenoxyacetic acid （2,4-D）, and 30 g/L sucrose （ pH5. 8） in the dark at 25 ±1℃. Further study of the influence of kanamyein and hygromycin on callus induction and multiplication showed that, the lethal doses of kanamycin and hygromycin to bulb explants were 100 and 30 mg/L, respectively. All explants of H. vittatum died on the medium supplemented with 100 mg/L kanamycin or 30 mg/L hygromycin at the induction stage, and callus proliferation was completely inhibited by 100 mg/L kanamycin or 25 mg,/L hygromyein, and all the calli died at last. These results will provide important reference for further studies of trausgenic H. vittaturn.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of Hippeastrum hybridum(HH)as a free radical scavenger,and an inhibitor of the two enzymes i-e Alpha-amylase(α-amylase)and acetylcholinesterase(AChE).METHODS:In this study,HH plan...OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of Hippeastrum hybridum(HH)as a free radical scavenger,and an inhibitor of the two enzymes i-e Alpha-amylase(α-amylase)and acetylcholinesterase(AChE).METHODS:In this study,HH plant was preliminary analyzed for phytochemical screening and then tested for its antioxidant,anti-α-amylase,and anti-AChE efficiency via standard procedures.RESULTS:Phytochemical analysis shows the existence of different compounds;while Coumarins and quinones were absent.The total phenolic,flavonoid,and tannins content were found to be(78.52±0.69)mg GAE/g,(2.01±0.04)mg RUE/g,and(58.12±0.23)mg TAE/g of plant extract respectively.28.02%±0.02%alkaloid and 2.02%±0.05%saponins were present in the HH extract.The HH extract showed the anti-oxidant property with IC50(50%inhibition)of(151.01±0.13)(HH),(79.01±0.04)(Ascorbic acid)for ferric reducing,(91.48±0.13)(HH),(48.02±0.11)(Ascorbic acid)against Ammonium molybdenum,(156.02±0.31)(HH),(52.38±0.21)(Ascorbic acid)against DPPH,136.01±0.21(HH),52.02±0.31(Ascorbic acid)against H_(2)O_(2),and 154.12±0.03(HH),(40.05±0.15)(Ascorbic acid)μg/mL against ABTS respectively.Statistical analysis indicated that HH caused a competitive type of inhibition ofα-amylase(V_(max)remained constant and Km increases from 10.65 to84.37%)while Glucophage caused the un-competitive type of inhibition i-e both Km and V_(max)decreased from40.49 to 69.15%and 38.86 to 69.61%respectively.The K_(i),(inhibition constant);K_(I),(dissociation constant),K_(m),(Michaelis-Menten constant),and IC50 were found to be62,364,68.1,and 38.08±0.22 for HH and 12,101.05,195,34.01±0.21 for Glucophage.Similarly,HH causes an anon-competitive type of inhibition of AChE i-e Km remains constant while V_(max)decreases from 60.5%to74.1%.The calculated K_(i),K_(I),K_(m),and IC50 were found to be 32,36.2,0.05,and 18.117±0.018.CONCLUSION:From the current results,it is concluded that HH extract contains bioactive compounds,and could be a good alternative to controlling oxidants,Alzheimer‘s and Type-Ⅱdiabetic diseases.展开更多
基金funded by Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (Grant No.2023A1515010237)the 2021 Dongguan Provincial Rural Revitalization Program (Grant No.20211800400022)+2 种基金the Guangdong Key Technology Research and Development Program (Grant Nos.2020B020220005,2022B1111040003)the Guangdong Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Program (Grant No.2023KJ121)the South China Botanical Garden,the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.QNXM-02)。
文摘Hippeastrum, a highly diverse genus in the Amaryllidaceae family, is a valuable ornamental bulbous flowering plant. Somatic embryogenesis(SE) is an efficient method for mass production of Hippeastrum plantlets. Previous studies have been devoted to the in vitro propagation of Hippeastrum, but the SE and its regulatory networks are rarely reported. In this study, we established a direct SE method of Hippeastrum Bangkok Rose' using leaf bases as explants. MS supplemented with 1.00 mg·L^(-1)NAA +1.00 mg·L^(-1)KT + 0.25 mg·L^(-1)TDZ was the optimal medium for SE. Histological observations showed that the bipolar somatic embryo originated from the epidermal cell layer and underwent initiation,globular, scutellar and coleoptile stages. During SE, endogenous hormones of IAA, CTK, ABA, and SA were highly accumulated. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the genes encoding auxin biosynthesis/metabolic enzymes and efflux carriers were induced, while the auxin receptor of TIR1 and ARF transcriptional repressor of Aux/IAA were down-regulated and up-regulated, respectively, leading to suppression of auxin signaling. In contrast, cytokine signaling was promoted at the early stage of SE, as biosynthesis, transport, and signaling components were up-regulated.Various stress-related genes were up-regulated at the early or late stages of SE. Chromatin remodeling could also be dynamically regulated via distinct expression enzymes that control histone methylation and acetylation during SE. Moreover, key SE regulators, including WOXs and SERKs were highly expressed along with SE. Overall, the present study provides insights into the SE regulatory mechanisms of the Hippeastrum.
文摘Structural and organizational changes of the vegetative cell in Amaryllis vittata Ait. during such dynamic processes of pollen as hydration, activation and germination have been examined with electron microscopy. The mature pollen grain is composed of such organelles as plastids, mitochondria,endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes and lipid bodies which are in their resting state. Microfilaments appear as aggregates. After pollen activation, however,the organelles undergo great changes in number and shape: the lamellae of plastids and the cristae of mitochondria increase conspicuously in number, the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum become narrower; the dictyosomes produce vesicles actively the lipid bodies become degraded and the microfilament aggregates disperse. Cortical microtubules and spiny vesicles appear in the cytoplasm after germination of the pollen tube. No apparent structural changes of the organelles were noticed any longer during this period and microfilaments are distributed throughout the entire pollen tube as a three-dimensional network.
文摘The cytokinesis process of generative cells in Amaryllis vitiata Ait. wasexamined with electron microscopy. Investigation of 14 pollen tubes showed that 70percent of the generative cells were divided by a cell plate, while the other, 30 percentshowed a cleavage furrow which occurred at the position where a cell plate should takeplace. The cell plate appeared at First as a subunit in late anaphase, which was assembledin the midzone of the phragmoplast and coalesced as one large continued unit in telophase.On the other hand, just in anaphase, as two identical chromosome masses were segregatedfrom each other, the plasma membrane of the generative cell were furrowing inside fromthe tWo sides in the interzonal region. In some instances, the cell was almost divided intotwo parts by the constriction furrow. The occurrence of cleavage seemed to be associatedwith the re-establishment of the nuclear envelope and the disorder of microtubular arrays,as well as the unusual behavior of the chromosomes.
文摘Ultrastructure of sperm cells in pollen tube of Amaryllis vittata Ait. has been investigated in details by electron microscopy ,with particular emphasis on the organization and distribution of microtubules.The two newly formed sperm cells are arranged in tandem and sometimes in transverse at the right angle to the long axis of the pollen tube.Thevegetative nucleus is ahead and closely associated with the two sperm cells in all examined pollen tubes. The microtubules are distributed in the region between the common cell wall and the proximity of the sperm nucleus,they are singles and dispersed with mainly orientation of longitudinal and oblique,forming a loose bucket-like structure as a whole.In late stage of development,all of the microtubule array longitudinally and enclose the sperm nucleus.This configuration is very similar to the basket-like structure of microtubule in the generative cell. These results show that the organization and distribution of microtubules in the sperm cells are dynamic during cell development.
文摘Amaryllis plants (Hippeastrum hybrid, in the family Amaryllidaceae) are cultivated in Brazil mainly for bulb export. Studies about the nutrient accumulation dynamics by the species are yet incipient when considering Brazilian cultivation conditions. The objective was to determine the nutrient accumulation in amaryllis “Orange Souvereign” cultivated in the field. The experimental design was entirely randomized with four replications and 14 collection periods (at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, 360, 390, and 420 days after planting). Sampled plants were divided into leaves, bulb, and roots, which were used for determination of nutrient accumulation by leaves (aerial part) and bulb + roots (underground part). Nutrient accumulation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn was calculated for each collection period, and then represented by curves of macro and micronutrient accumulation, as well as accumulation percentages for each plant part. For most macro and micronutrients, the interval of maximum accumulation fell from 301 to 420 days after planting, matching with the cycle final stage of plants cultivated in the field. Accumulated macronutrients by amaryllis plants along the cultivation cycle was, in g·plant-1: 1.57 N;0.19 P;2.58 K;0.64 Ca;0.20 Mg;and 0.29 S, following the descending order: K > N > Ca > S > Mg > P. Accumulated micronutrients, in mg·plant-1, was: 2.18 B;1.17 Cu;22.33 Fe;2.19 Mn;and 4.09 Zn, following the descending order: Fe > Zn > Mn > B > Cu.
文摘Actin filaments (AFs) in un-fixed pollen tubes of Amaryllis vittata Ait were visualized after TRITC-phalloidin staining with DMSO as a permeabilising agent. Typically, strands or hundles of microfilaments (Mfs) were distributed in the extreme tip as well as pollen tubes in a form of network.Fluorescent granules or circles of various sizes were frequently found that continued with the filamentous structures. In addition, a more brightly stained structure, possibly Mf organizing center, was observed. Treatment of pollen tubes with cytochalasin D(CD)for increasing time intervals (5-40 minutes) caused gradual reduction of strands until flurescent granules filled up the pollen tubes. Mcanwhile, cytoplasmie streaming was inhibited completely. Though closely associated with vegetative nuclei (VN) and generative cells (GC), AFs were not found in the cytoplasm of GC.Mg++concentration greatly affected the isolated Mfs.
文摘Hippeastrum (Hippeastrum hybridum), a native of Central and South America, is a bulbous ornamental flowering plant in the Amaryllidaceae family. However, the correct balance of NH4 to NO3-nitrogen in a fertilizer mix for Hippeastrum plants is largely unknown. Nitrogen was applied 2x weekly following irrigation at either 0.6 g (high), 0.3 g (medium) or 0.15 g (low) total N every four months. Nitrogen was supplied in different combinations of NO3 and/or NH4. Nitrate:NH4-N ratios were either 100% NO3:0% NH4 (100NO3), 70% NO3:30% NH4 (70NO3), 50% NO3:50% NH4 (50NO3) (second group only), 30%NO3:70%NH4 (30NO3), or 0% NO3/100% NH4 (100NH4). Growth in bulb diameter after one year of fertilizer treatments not only increased from 0.15 to 0.6 g N (low to high level), but also differed with the form of N supplied to the plant. The largest diameter bulbs were produced in the 70NO3 and 50NO3 high N treatments. Within any NO3/NH4-N ratio grouping, fertilization at the high N rate resulted in larger diameter bulbs. No significant differences existed between treatments in the number of bulbs produced. Bulb growth was greater with a portion of N supplied as NO3 than with NH4-N alone. These results indicate that application of N as a mixture of NH4 and NO3 at 0.6 g per 4 months produces the largest increase in bulb diameter.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou City(2016201604030076)Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province(2014A020208062)+2 种基金Cooperation Project of Industry,Education and Academy of Dongguan City(2015509105105)the Fund for Demonstration and Extension of Introduced Intellectual Achievements in Guangdong "Forcing Cultivation and Flowering Regulation Technology Introduction,Demonstration and Promotion in Hippeastrum vittatum" and "The Characteristics of Taiwan Varieties and Cultivation Technology Introduction and Promotion in Hippeastrum vittatum"Open Project of Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in South China,Ministry of Agriculture,China
文摘In this study, an embryogenic callus induction and proliferation system for Hippeastrum vittatum was established, with the tender bulbs as explants. And then the sensitivity of the explants and calli to kanamycin and hygromycin was evaluated. The results suggested that the embryogenic calli were induced from tender bulbs and cultured in Murashige and Skoog （MS） medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L N-phenyl-N＇-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea （TDZ）, 1.0 mg/L 2,4-diehloro- phenoxyacetic acid （2,4-D）, and 30 g/L sucrose （ pH5. 8） in the dark at 25 ±1℃. Further study of the influence of kanamyein and hygromycin on callus induction and multiplication showed that, the lethal doses of kanamycin and hygromycin to bulb explants were 100 and 30 mg/L, respectively. All explants of H. vittatum died on the medium supplemented with 100 mg/L kanamycin or 30 mg/L hygromycin at the induction stage, and callus proliferation was completely inhibited by 100 mg/L kanamycin or 25 mg,/L hygromyein, and all the calli died at last. These results will provide important reference for further studies of trausgenic H. vittaturn.
基金the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan(HECPAK)(No:20-5082/NRPU/R&D/HEC)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of Hippeastrum hybridum(HH)as a free radical scavenger,and an inhibitor of the two enzymes i-e Alpha-amylase(α-amylase)and acetylcholinesterase(AChE).METHODS:In this study,HH plant was preliminary analyzed for phytochemical screening and then tested for its antioxidant,anti-α-amylase,and anti-AChE efficiency via standard procedures.RESULTS:Phytochemical analysis shows the existence of different compounds;while Coumarins and quinones were absent.The total phenolic,flavonoid,and tannins content were found to be(78.52±0.69)mg GAE/g,(2.01±0.04)mg RUE/g,and(58.12±0.23)mg TAE/g of plant extract respectively.28.02%±0.02%alkaloid and 2.02%±0.05%saponins were present in the HH extract.The HH extract showed the anti-oxidant property with IC50(50%inhibition)of(151.01±0.13)(HH),(79.01±0.04)(Ascorbic acid)for ferric reducing,(91.48±0.13)(HH),(48.02±0.11)(Ascorbic acid)against Ammonium molybdenum,(156.02±0.31)(HH),(52.38±0.21)(Ascorbic acid)against DPPH,136.01±0.21(HH),52.02±0.31(Ascorbic acid)against H_(2)O_(2),and 154.12±0.03(HH),(40.05±0.15)(Ascorbic acid)μg/mL against ABTS respectively.Statistical analysis indicated that HH caused a competitive type of inhibition ofα-amylase(V_(max)remained constant and Km increases from 10.65 to84.37%)while Glucophage caused the un-competitive type of inhibition i-e both Km and V_(max)decreased from40.49 to 69.15%and 38.86 to 69.61%respectively.The K_(i),(inhibition constant);K_(I),(dissociation constant),K_(m),(Michaelis-Menten constant),and IC50 were found to be62,364,68.1,and 38.08±0.22 for HH and 12,101.05,195,34.01±0.21 for Glucophage.Similarly,HH causes an anon-competitive type of inhibition of AChE i-e Km remains constant while V_(max)decreases from 60.5%to74.1%.The calculated K_(i),K_(I),K_(m),and IC50 were found to be 32,36.2,0.05,and 18.117±0.018.CONCLUSION:From the current results,it is concluded that HH extract contains bioactive compounds,and could be a good alternative to controlling oxidants,Alzheimer‘s and Type-Ⅱdiabetic diseases.
