Objectives: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is multifactorial with the contribution of multiple genetic factors. We questioned the...Objectives: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is multifactorial with the contribution of multiple genetic factors. We questioned the association of polymorphisms in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ?2 (PPAR?2) gene (Pro12Ala and C161T) with DR in an Egyptian population. Methods: This case control study included one hundred healthy individuals and 252 T2DM among them 122 with DR and 130 without DR. Genotyping was done by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results: The Pro12Ala Ala allele was associated with decreased risk of DR with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.484, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.254 - 0.920), and a p value = 0.024. The C161T T allele was associated with increased risk of DR with OR = 2.593, 95% CI (1.672 - 4.020), p < 0.001. However, when considering other covariates such as glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA<sub>1c</sub>) in multivariate regression analysis only C161T was associated with increased risk of DR with OR = 3.479, 95% CI (1.907 - 6.346), p < 0.001, while the significant association with Pro12Ala was lost. HbA<sub>1c</sub> was higher in Pro/Pro genotype when compared to those with Ala/Ala and Pro/Ala genotypes. Conclusion: We report that T allele of C161T increased risk of DR in the studied population. Further studies are warranted to investigate functional implications of polymorphisms of the PPAR-? gene in DR development.展开更多
In this work, with excellent environmental characteristics and thermodynamic properties, R161 is considered as a drop-in replacement of R407C used in small-scale air conditioning systems. In order to study the potenti...In this work, with excellent environmental characteristics and thermodynamic properties, R161 is considered as a drop-in replacement of R407C used in small-scale air conditioning systems. In order to study the potential of R161 in the application, the theoretical and experimental cycle performances of R161 and R407C were compared under different working conditions. The experimental results agreed well with theoretical results. In the experiment, COPs of R161 were about 15% higher than those of R407C. The compressor power consumptions of R161 were about 18% lower than those of R407C. The discharge temperatures of R161 were about 0-4℃ lower than those of R407C. Besides, the annual electric consumption of a small-scale split air conditioning in Beijing, Shanghai and Hongkong could be reduced by about 19.5%, when the working fluid was changed from R407C to R161. Overall, the results indicated that R161 has a better cycle performance and good compatibility with the existing systems designed for R407C.展开更多
文摘Objectives: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is multifactorial with the contribution of multiple genetic factors. We questioned the association of polymorphisms in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ?2 (PPAR?2) gene (Pro12Ala and C161T) with DR in an Egyptian population. Methods: This case control study included one hundred healthy individuals and 252 T2DM among them 122 with DR and 130 without DR. Genotyping was done by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results: The Pro12Ala Ala allele was associated with decreased risk of DR with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.484, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.254 - 0.920), and a p value = 0.024. The C161T T allele was associated with increased risk of DR with OR = 2.593, 95% CI (1.672 - 4.020), p < 0.001. However, when considering other covariates such as glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA<sub>1c</sub>) in multivariate regression analysis only C161T was associated with increased risk of DR with OR = 3.479, 95% CI (1.907 - 6.346), p < 0.001, while the significant association with Pro12Ala was lost. HbA<sub>1c</sub> was higher in Pro/Pro genotype when compared to those with Ala/Ala and Pro/Ala genotypes. Conclusion: We report that T allele of C161T increased risk of DR in the studied population. Further studies are warranted to investigate functional implications of polymorphisms of the PPAR-? gene in DR development.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51936007 and No.51576171)。
文摘In this work, with excellent environmental characteristics and thermodynamic properties, R161 is considered as a drop-in replacement of R407C used in small-scale air conditioning systems. In order to study the potential of R161 in the application, the theoretical and experimental cycle performances of R161 and R407C were compared under different working conditions. The experimental results agreed well with theoretical results. In the experiment, COPs of R161 were about 15% higher than those of R407C. The compressor power consumptions of R161 were about 18% lower than those of R407C. The discharge temperatures of R161 were about 0-4℃ lower than those of R407C. Besides, the annual electric consumption of a small-scale split air conditioning in Beijing, Shanghai and Hongkong could be reduced by about 19.5%, when the working fluid was changed from R407C to R161. Overall, the results indicated that R161 has a better cycle performance and good compatibility with the existing systems designed for R407C.
