Perhaps no region on earth presents such a confusing array of place names as does the area made up of the former provinces of Kham and Amdo in historic Tibet (Xizang). Within these areas, cities, towns, villages, moun...Perhaps no region on earth presents such a confusing array of place names as does the area made up of the former provinces of Kham and Amdo in historic Tibet (Xizang). Within these areas, cities, towns, villages, mountains, lakes and other geographic features have at least two names applied to them, one Tibetan, the other Chinese. Overlying this indigenous nomenclature are the names applied by outsiders, mostly Europeans, each of whom used their native language to transliterate the names they heard or read from Tibetan or Chinese script, and names in the languages of other ethnic minorities who live within the area. Adding to the confusion are the conflicting “standards” for transliterating Tibetan and Chinese names. To resolve the inconsistencies and uncertainties of place names in this region, a multilingual gazetteer and thesaurus was prepared. The gazetteer-thesaurus was compiled to be used as a tool for correlating the often radically different names assigned to a single place or feature and to provide the geographic coordinates for each. The impetus for this project was the need to assign geographic coordinates to plant specimens collected in the area since the latter part of the 19th century up until the advent and widespread use of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers in the 1990s. Georeferencing specimens is necessary for plotting the historical distribution of species and for more completely understanding the information contained on specimen labels. Knowing the distribution of plants is important for answering phylogenetic questions, determining local and widespread biogeographical patterns, identifying areas of unusually high diversity or endemism, and determining areas in need of special protection. The value of such a gazetteer, however, extends well beyond the field of botany. It is intended to be of use to anyone with a desire to know the nomenclatural history of places in the area and for pinpointing with a fair degree of accuracy the location of each of those places.展开更多
本文借助超声仪采集了藏语安多方言元音的生理语音数据,系统分析了安多方言元音的动态舌位和稳定段的静态舌位,以及声学共振峰数据。实验结果显示,在舌位运动过程中确实存在一个稳定阶段,此阶段各帧数据间的差异都较小,将该阶段的舌位...本文借助超声仪采集了藏语安多方言元音的生理语音数据,系统分析了安多方言元音的动态舌位和稳定段的静态舌位,以及声学共振峰数据。实验结果显示,在舌位运动过程中确实存在一个稳定阶段,此阶段各帧数据间的差异都较小,将该阶段的舌位特征与古藏语相比,发现安多方言元音系统已经产生了一定的变化,即元音舌位由低到高依次为/a/、/i, u, o/、/e/,舌位由前到后分别为/e/、/i, u, a/、/o/,其中元音/i/和/u/央化并产生了新的音位变体。最后我们从空间域角度对安多方言元音的舌体音姿进行了总体描述。明确了元音在生理特征与声学特征上具有统一性,这对藏语不同方言之间的发音差异和共性研究均有一定的理论意义和参考价值。展开更多
基金Supported by the U. S. National Science Foundation, Grant No. DEB-0321846, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant No. 40332021.
文摘Perhaps no region on earth presents such a confusing array of place names as does the area made up of the former provinces of Kham and Amdo in historic Tibet (Xizang). Within these areas, cities, towns, villages, mountains, lakes and other geographic features have at least two names applied to them, one Tibetan, the other Chinese. Overlying this indigenous nomenclature are the names applied by outsiders, mostly Europeans, each of whom used their native language to transliterate the names they heard or read from Tibetan or Chinese script, and names in the languages of other ethnic minorities who live within the area. Adding to the confusion are the conflicting “standards” for transliterating Tibetan and Chinese names. To resolve the inconsistencies and uncertainties of place names in this region, a multilingual gazetteer and thesaurus was prepared. The gazetteer-thesaurus was compiled to be used as a tool for correlating the often radically different names assigned to a single place or feature and to provide the geographic coordinates for each. The impetus for this project was the need to assign geographic coordinates to plant specimens collected in the area since the latter part of the 19th century up until the advent and widespread use of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers in the 1990s. Georeferencing specimens is necessary for plotting the historical distribution of species and for more completely understanding the information contained on specimen labels. Knowing the distribution of plants is important for answering phylogenetic questions, determining local and widespread biogeographical patterns, identifying areas of unusually high diversity or endemism, and determining areas in need of special protection. The value of such a gazetteer, however, extends well beyond the field of botany. It is intended to be of use to anyone with a desire to know the nomenclatural history of places in the area and for pinpointing with a fair degree of accuracy the location of each of those places.
文摘本文借助超声仪采集了藏语安多方言元音的生理语音数据,系统分析了安多方言元音的动态舌位和稳定段的静态舌位,以及声学共振峰数据。实验结果显示,在舌位运动过程中确实存在一个稳定阶段,此阶段各帧数据间的差异都较小,将该阶段的舌位特征与古藏语相比,发现安多方言元音系统已经产生了一定的变化,即元音舌位由低到高依次为/a/、/i, u, o/、/e/,舌位由前到后分别为/e/、/i, u, a/、/o/,其中元音/i/和/u/央化并产生了新的音位变体。最后我们从空间域角度对安多方言元音的舌体音姿进行了总体描述。明确了元音在生理特征与声学特征上具有统一性,这对藏语不同方言之间的发音差异和共性研究均有一定的理论意义和参考价值。
