Analysis of the Game for the Air Pollution in the Perspective of the Amendment about Environmental Law

The haze has become the necessary thing to talk about everywhere for the Chinese people nowadays and the main report object in the news. It becomes increasingly urgent to develop the circular economy and build a beautiful China. But there exists secretly a game between the central and local governments when the air protection is enforced. The central government calls for implementing the total control system of the key pollutant emission,but the local governments are blandly ignoring the central government＇s requirement as they have to face the pressures of the assessment and performance. And the games among the local governments at the same level and between the governments and enterprises lead that the existing incentive policy through the legislation is inefficiency in China. The amendment about Environmental Law has laid foundation of the legal system for it.

Improving the Law Teaching System Review of Foreign-Related Arbitration in China: From the Perspective of the Amendment to the Arbitration Law

To cultivate high-quality rule-of-law talents, XI Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law must be fully carried out, the spirit of the Opinions on Strengthening Law Education and Law Theory Research in the New Era must be implemented, the law teaching system must be improved, and the paths of talent cultivation must be optimized. The first is improving the ideological and political education and legal professional ethics education, teaching the ideological and political courses and legal professional ethics courses well in line with the essence of “bringing out the facts and reasons,” and doing an excellent job in ideological and political theory teaching in all courses from the perspective of all persons, the whole process, and all-around education. The second is improving the multi-level law education and teaching system and quality certification system, supporting and developing legal vocational education, consolidating undergraduate law education, boosting graduate law education, and developing professional degree education in law. The third is improving the curriculum system for law majors, accelerating the construction of courses reflecting the achievements in the practice of state governance and administration in the new era, such as the science of intra-Party regulations, the science of oversight law, and social governance jurisprudence, and so on, exploring the availability of the characteristic new course “science of field law,” and setting up diversified major-oriented modules to accommodate a large number of new courses. The fourth is improving the practical teaching and cooperative education system, adapting to the new form and requirement of “internet + education” to innovate education and teaching methods and means, strengthening the cooperation between law schools and rule-of-law work departments and legal service providers, enhancing education through work practice, and improving the in-service education system for rule-of-law talents.

Several Controversial Issues on Judicial Review of Foreign-Related Arbitration in China: From the Perspective of the Amendment to the Arbitration Law

With the continuous development of China's market economic system,the arbitration judicial review system based on the Arbitration Law promulgated in 1994,including the dual-track review of foreign-related and domestic cases,and the dual-supervision on procedural and substantive matters,has shown some issues that need to be studied and solved in practice.On July 30,2021,the Ministry of Justice officially announced the Arbitration Law of the People's Republic of China(Amendment)(Draft for Comment),which unified the provisions on setting aside domestic and foreign-related arbitrament,and partially revised the scope of judicial review.However,heated debate arose and many problems remained unsolved such as the setting of the scope of supervision on foreign-related arbitration cases,how to grasp the principles of procedural review,and how to place the substantive supervision after the dual-track systems were changed into unified ones.Based on the Draft for Comments,this paper analyzes several prominent issues at present,and puts forward suggestions such as expanding the criteria for identifying foreign-related factors,converging to the original supervision scope of foreign-related arbitration,adhering to the principle of procedural review,and permitting the parties concerned to agree on the scope of supervision to maximize respect for the autonomy of the will of parties,so as to build a judicial supervision mechanism for commercial arbitration betterfitting into the era.

Improvement of Legislation System of Protecting Women’s Rights and Interests in China——Taking the Amendment of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests as an Opportunity

The Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and interests has been amended twice since it was promulgated 1992,and it has formed a relatively complete legislation system together with relevant laws and regulations,accumulating experience of judicial application in practice.In the current proposed amendment of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and interests,the main issues that should be considered are:First,the legislative purpose of this law should be reviewed to clarify the three legislative positions of the Law on Women’s Rights and interests,in terms of protection,practice and foundation.Second,it is necessary to grasp whether the text content is appropriate and rectify any defects in the existing text.Third,it should explore how to reform and implement specific systems from the micro perspective to improve the specific systems of women’s personal,property,and social rights and interests.Fourth,it should strengthen the systematic interaction with other norms at different levels and implement the principle of gender equality stipulated in the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China.Fifth,attention should be paid to the necessity of invoking the Law in judicial practice,the possibility of operation and the effectiveness of enforcement.The proposed amendment of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and interests should also sum up the experience of local legislation and judicial decisions and improve the quality of judicial application of the law so that is truly responds to the practical needs and challenges of the protection of women’s rights and interests and the implementation of gender equality in the new era.

Commentary on the Newly Implemented Amendment Ⅷ to the Criminal Law Concerning Children’s Rights in China

Amendment VIII to the Criminal Law of the PRC, which went into effect on hMay 1, 2011, is not only in line with the basic spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and relevant international human rights treaties, but also is related to the priority area of the Program for The Development of Chinese Children （2011- 2020）. Thus, it helps to safeguard the rights of juveniles and strengthens criminal law protection of their rights and interests. In consideration of the weak position of juveniles and the criminal law means of protecting their rights and interests,

On the Constitutional Review of Correction Activity of Chinese Criminal Law

Chinese criminal law has been amended ten times, which includes a single line criminal law and nine amendments. By taking into account the provisions of the constitution, democracy, the essence of the rule of law and safeguarding the human rights, Chinese criminal law amendment activities have different degrees of violation of the constitution. Criminal law as a restriction of civil rights of the harsh laws, its final decision of correction should be held by the National People＇s Congress. At the same time, the time interval of the amendment of the criminal law is controlled within a reasonable range, unreasonable charges and actions whose main purpose is to explain that the criminal law are constantly decreased, and the criminal law that protects the rights to security is gradually created.

Pay Attention to Vulnerable Groups & Safeguard Citizens' Marriage, Family Rights——On New Marriage Law

Marriage and family remain a universal and eternal subject of study. It covers law, ethics, sociology, psychology and even economics. Law and ethics play the most outstanding role in it. Family ethics and moral standards constitute an important part of social ethical system while marriage and family constitute part of the legal system nearest to the life of the common people. Since the founding of New China, the Party and the State have paid full attention to the marriage and family system. Compared with other laws, the law about marriage and family was the first to be legislated. On May 1, 1950, New China’s first law, the 1950 version of Marriage Law, was promulgated. Commenting on the legal document, Chairman Mao Zedong had this to say: Marriage law concerns

From Power to Rights: Interpreting Inscribing “To Respect and Protect Human Rights” in the Amended Criminal Procedure Law

Human rights are one of the widely acknowledged value systems in the international ,community. The core of human rights lies in the life and dignity of human beings. On the one hand, criminal procedure law is related to life and freedom, which is the concern of everybody. On the other hand, it involves direct dialogue between national power and citizens＇ fights.

Balancing Between the New Family Law and Religious Practices and Its Impact on Moroccan Women＇s Lives

The present paper seeks to shed light on the main factors lying behind the non-implementation of Article 20 of the New Moroccan Family Law reformed in 2004 which is concerned with legal minimum age of marriage for both sexes, 18 years old for both. This study aims at investigating why the number of marriages of young girls continue to increase despite the establishment of the Law. The author takes the region of Fez as a case in point to explore this social behavior in Moroccan society. A qualitative approach has been adopted by interviewing 10 persons including Family Affairs Judges, lawyers and University Professors of Islamic studies at the University of Fez. Added to this, the technique of observation has equally been utilized to have everyday life concrete experiences of young girls ＂marriages＂. It has been argued that a unilateral approach to this social phenomenon cannot succeed to understand the complex nature of this bad social habit that is still predominant among rural areas and marginalized urban districts. A rather global approach taking into account the economic, socio-cultural, and legal dimension of the issue under investigation proves to be much more adequate to explore the intricate nature of this problems in which a number of diverse variables interact. The paper ends up with a conclusion and a number of recommendations on how to reduce this social act.

第四次《刑事诉讼法》修改的法治现代化期待

《刑事诉讼法》第四次修改已经纳入立法规划,本次修法的指导思想是吸收司法解释和解释性文件的合理规定,巩固司法改革成果,回应司法实践需要,遵循联合国刑事司法准则和国际通行的标准,反映社会发展的现实需要。此次改革不应采取“修正案”模式,而是采用法典化模式。该次修改应从体例结构到原则、制度和程序进行全面修改。在基本原则中当务之急是增加“无罪推定”和“直接言词”等原则。此次修法应当大幅度增加相关条文,至少增加至500条以上,一审程序应当增加至70条以上。修改应具有前瞻性,能保证适用30年以上。修改内容除了一审程序外,此次修法重点是辩护制度和证据制度。“特别程序”中应增设“涉案企业合规改革诉讼程序”“涉外犯罪案件诉讼程序”和“涉老案件诉讼程序”。

《刑事诉讼法》第四次修改与中国特色未成年人司法的发展完善

《刑事诉讼法》对于我国未成年人司法的发展起到了重要的支撑与引领作用,中国特色未成年人司法具有与刑事诉讼紧密捆绑的阶段性特征。更好地调整《刑事诉讼法》与未成年人司法之间的互动关系,以推动我国未成年人司法的进一步发展完善,应当作为《刑事诉讼法》第四次修改中涉未成年人部分修改的基本立场,并处理好两个整体性问题。一是通过吸收未成年人专门法律的普适性内容、根据其他涉未法律的新规定新增或调整专章规定、为其他法律中新增的涉未制度提供程序支撑和吸收已有司法解释或规范性文件的合理内容,来有效对接其他涉未法律规范。二是通过减少刑事诉讼整体框架和普通程序对涉未特别程序的限制,明确与成年人案件规定的梯级递进关系,来处理好与普通程序的关系。本次修改还应当整体增补与未成年被害人相关的规定,对转处制度和犯罪记录封存制度进行体系化与优化,并明确低龄严重暴力犯罪核准追诉程序的基本设置。

《刑法修正案(十二)》行贿犯罪的立法修订及其适用

行贿犯罪的刑事立法经历了逐渐完善的过程,《刑法修正案(十二)》对行贿犯罪的立法修订也是这一过程的体现。《刑法修正案(十二)》对行贿犯罪的修订集中于刑罚层面,说明刑事立法并不以单纯的犯罪圈扩张为己任,刑罚完善与犯罪治理具有密切关联。行贿犯罪的立法修订有助于改变“重受贿轻行贿”的格局,尽力修复刑罚需求的体系协调性,注重情节对刑罚的调节功能。《刑法修正案(十二)》明确列举的从重情节提供了量刑裁决的合法性依据,但是也为规范适用留下了诸多困惑,需要立足立法规定及其刑事法治原则进行教义展开,确保罪刑法定原则司法化的精准实现,防范泛化蔓延或者随意适用带来的刑罚失衡问题。

香港第三方资助仲裁制度及其对《仲裁法》修订的启示

香港《2017年仲裁及调解(第三方资助)(修订)条例》的颁布为第三方资助仲裁的合法化扫除了障碍,《第三方资助仲裁实务守则》则详细规定了出资第三方所需遵从的常规和标准。对于第三方资助仲裁,香港地区依循的是轻度规管的路线。从内容上来看,相关规定较为全面,更好地保护了受资助方的利益,保障了第三方资助仲裁的健康发展,有利于提高香港地区作为国际仲裁中心的竞争力。与此同时,立法者也为第三方资助仲裁的未来发展预留了充分的空间。这些都对中国内地具有借鉴与启示作用。鉴于已出现第三方资助仲裁的实践,在《仲裁法》的修订中应当借鉴香港地区分阶段规管的思路,在立法上明确承认其合法地位,日后通过司法解释和仲裁规则对其予以具体化和制度化。

《刑法修正案(十二)》下行贿犯罪的均衡适用

《刑法修正案(十二)》对行贿犯罪的修改,旨在实现与受贿犯罪惩处的实质均衡,并增强行贿犯罪处罚条款的积极预防功能。这体现的是对行贿犯罪的预防性严惩,而非单纯对其进行严厉惩治。司法应遵循该修法精神指引,确保罪名适用的稳健性。为实现修正案关于贿赂犯罪的处罚均衡性目标,需要将预防性严惩的修法精神与宽严相济、从严治吏等一贯的刑事政策相结合,将“入罪认定总体稳健,量刑评价适度从严”作为新法适用方向。贿赂犯罪的保护法益为职务行为的自主决策权,对行贿犯罪的惩处力度取决于侵害该法益的具体形式,而非“受贿行贿同等罚”。新增的行贿罪从重处罚情节仅为量刑情节,应根据从重处罚的实质依据对各个情节进行目的性限缩解释,以确保司法适用的精确性与均衡性。

新公司法对减资制度的改进及其适用

减资制度是公司资本规范体系中的重要组成部分。2023年12月公布的新公司法对减资制度做了较大改进,其价值考量由单一的债权人保护转为公司自治、股东平等的整体利益平衡,具体体现为构造上新设了适用于弥补亏损的简易减资程序,规则上明确了同比减资的基本原则,并填补了现有违法减资责任的漏洞,将股东及董事、监事、高级管理人员纳入责任主体范围。但从资本制度的体系协调和法律适用来看,减资规则仍有进一步优化和完善空间。后续的司法供给应适当从宽解释简易减资程序的适用条件,并从规则层面上注重简易减资后限制用途的精确化表达。此外,新设的违法减资责任集返还和赔偿于一体,如何将其嵌入公司法整体追责体系来对接董事义务和股东义务、各责任主体间的担责顺序和范围等问题,也需要慎重考量。

我国背信犯罪的教义学阐释——以《刑法修正案(十二)》为起点

背信犯罪的目的型法益是财产,手段型法益是信任,其中“信任”法益居于从属地位。背信犯罪的主体是为他人处理事务者,这里的“事务”应具有财产性和“他人性”,“利他性”不等于“他人性”。非法经营同类营业罪的特征是“干自己的事,使单位受损”,因此不是背信犯罪。背信犯罪的事务应具有裁量性,不包括纯粹机械性劳务。德国将背信罪分为“滥用权限型”与“违背信任型”,将越权代理归入后者。然而,罪名的行为类型应是并列关系,而非包含关系,且滥用代理权与超越代理权在财产损失的认定上没有区别。背信犯罪的行为类型应划分为不当代理行为和非代理行为,前者涉及内部关系和外部关系,后者仅涉及内部关系。传统观点认为,一项罪名要么是针对个别财产的犯罪,要么是针对整体财产的犯罪,这种看法过于绝对。盗窃罪、诈骗罪及背信犯罪均存在针对个别财产的情形和针对整体财产的情形。在三方给付的场合认定整体财产损失,应以全部给付(担保人给付)时为时间标准。

电子数据收集应当被纳入本次《刑事诉讼法》修改

《刑事诉讼法》修改引起了社会广泛关注,但是电子数据收集纳入本次《刑事诉讼法》修改尚未获得足够重视,这与电子数据收集在刑事诉讼中日益重要的客观趋势不相符合。将电子数据收集纳入《刑事诉讼法》的必要性基于以下三个事实:一是电子数据收集在侦查实践中越来越被依赖;二是将电子数据收集手段纳入《刑事诉讼法》进行规制已在全球范围内形成共识;三是我国当前相关立法存在严重不足。当前理论和实践的阶段性成果为将电子数据收集纳入《刑事诉讼法》奠定了可行性基础。理论界对电子数据证据属性、电子数据取证程序构建及个人信息保护等议题已做出大量贡献,为电子数据收集的法治化提供了坚实的理论支持。同时,我国在电子数据收集立法上已积累了丰富经验,相关的技术标准和真实性审查规则已日趋完善。因此,在《刑事诉讼法》修改中纳入电子数据收集的内容,是顺应信息化发展趋势的必然选择,对于平衡追诉犯罪和保护公民权利之间的关系,促进刑事诉讼的公正和效率,具有重大的理论和实践意义。

背信损害公司利益犯罪的修正理路与理解适用——兼评《刑法修正案(十二)》中的背信罪条文

我国背信损害公司利益犯罪的修正历程,揭示出背后的立法逻辑从渎职到背信、从差异保护到平等保护的转变。背信损害公司利益犯罪侵害的法益具有多元性,主要包括公司、企业的财产利益和特殊身份人员职务行为的廉洁性,前者是主要法益,后者是次要法益,经济秩序则属于附随法益。合伙企业和个人独资企业都属于修正后“其他公司、企业”范畴,背信损害公司利益犯罪主体范围的认定不能脱离前置法,但也不局限于“董事、监事、高级管理人员”。基于背信损害公司利益犯罪侵害的主要法益,“公司、企业遭受重大损失”的判断标准只能是直接经济损失,但考虑到法益的多元化和差异性,就加重法定刑而言,对比国有公司、企业,适度提高其他公司、企业背信犯罪的损失数额更具有正当性。