An analysis of the monetary synchronization of the Union of South American Nations （UNASUR） for the decade 2004 through 2013 has been conducted using the optimum currency area （OCA） theories in order to evaluate t...An analysis of the monetary synchronization of the Union of South American Nations （UNASUR） for the decade 2004 through 2013 has been conducted using the optimum currency area （OCA） theories in order to evaluate the economic integration. By applying Bayoumi and Eichengreen＇s equation, it was found that with a decent adjustment, a high percentage of countries show a tendency to harmonize their currencies in function of the four independent variables： output disturbances, the dissimilarity in exports composition, the trade linkages, and the size of the economies. To extend the model, mobility of labor and level of the integration in good＇s market were added by modifying Behrens＇ proposal, founding that the six variables are indeed related to the exchange rate harmonization at different significant levels, with a considerable moderate fitting. Additionally an analysis of variance （ANOVA） has been considered in order to study the following economic indicators： gross domestic product （GDP）, population, GDP per capita, exports to group vs. total exports, unemployment, and inflation rates so as to visualize the economic asymmetries of the Union, for the same period. Differences were inferred for all of them but not for their annual speed of change. The least significant differences （LSD） provide further results and Duncan＇s multiple range tests lead to defining groups of countries with similar characteristics.展开更多
This paper seeks to demonstrate that in the Inter-American human rights system, there is a form of multilevel human rights protection. To do so, a number of institutions where this protection is present are reviewed. ...This paper seeks to demonstrate that in the Inter-American human rights system, there is a form of multilevel human rights protection. To do so, a number of institutions where this protection is present are reviewed. In addition, regulatory and practical bases having made this form of protection possible are outlined. Lastly, the issue of the relationship produced at the level of the judiciary from this multilevel discussion between national and international systems is discussed.展开更多
Objective:We conducted an analysis of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database for minimally-invasive partial nephrectomy cases reported with the goal to identify pre-and...Objective:We conducted an analysis of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database for minimally-invasive partial nephrectomy cases reported with the goal to identify pre-and peri-operative variables associated with length of stay(LOS)greater than 3 days and readmission within 30 days.Methods:Records from 2008 to 2018 for“laparoscopy,surgical;partial nephrectomy”for prolonged LOS and readmission cohorts were compiled.Univariate analysis with Chi-square,t-tests,and multivariable logistic regression analysis with odds ratios(ORs),p-values,and 95%confidence intervals assessed statistical associations.Results:Totally,20306 records for LOS greater than 3 days and 15854 for readmission within 30 days were available.Univariate and multivariable analysis exhibited similar results.For LOS greater than 3 days,undergoing non-elective surgery(OR=5.247),transfusion of greater than four units within 72 h prior to surgery(OR=5.072),pre-operative renal failure or dialysis(OR=2.941),and poor pre-operative functional status(OR=2.540)exhibited the strongest statistically significant associations.For hospital readmission within 30 days,loss in body weight greater than 10%in 6 months prior to surgery(OR=2.227)and bleeding disorders(OR=2.081)exhibited strongest statistically significant associations.Conclusion:Multiple pre-and peri-operative risk factors are independently associated with prolonged LOS and hospital readmission within 30 days of surgery using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data.Recognizing the risks factors that can potentially be improved prior to minimally-invasive partial nephrectomy is crucial to informing patient selection,optimization strategies,and patient education.展开更多
[研究目的]防范西方精英的意识操纵行为是维护国家安全的重要课题,意识操纵的结果往往是民众产生对指涉对象的认知偏差。探究美国智库学者的报告话语是否具备操纵意图,为遏制不良价值观的传播、稳固国家意识形态安全提供依据。[研究方法...[研究目的]防范西方精英的意识操纵行为是维护国家安全的重要课题,意识操纵的结果往往是民众产生对指涉对象的认知偏差。探究美国智库学者的报告话语是否具备操纵意图,为遏制不良价值观的传播、稳固国家意识形态安全提供依据。[研究方法]在社会建构主义理论的指导下,基于内容分析的结果,围绕中立语料进行James Paul Gee的七项话语构建任务分析:意义、活动、身份、关系、立场策略、联系、符号系统和知识。[研究结论]分析得出智库报告塑造出迥然相异的中美国家形象,对华持中立态度的美国智库学者在相关研究中并不是保持绝对的客观理性,他们否定中国的价值体系和意识形态,试图塑造和巩固西方价值观,具备操纵意识的意图。展开更多
文摘An analysis of the monetary synchronization of the Union of South American Nations （UNASUR） for the decade 2004 through 2013 has been conducted using the optimum currency area （OCA） theories in order to evaluate the economic integration. By applying Bayoumi and Eichengreen＇s equation, it was found that with a decent adjustment, a high percentage of countries show a tendency to harmonize their currencies in function of the four independent variables： output disturbances, the dissimilarity in exports composition, the trade linkages, and the size of the economies. To extend the model, mobility of labor and level of the integration in good＇s market were added by modifying Behrens＇ proposal, founding that the six variables are indeed related to the exchange rate harmonization at different significant levels, with a considerable moderate fitting. Additionally an analysis of variance （ANOVA） has been considered in order to study the following economic indicators： gross domestic product （GDP）, population, GDP per capita, exports to group vs. total exports, unemployment, and inflation rates so as to visualize the economic asymmetries of the Union, for the same period. Differences were inferred for all of them but not for their annual speed of change. The least significant differences （LSD） provide further results and Duncan＇s multiple range tests lead to defining groups of countries with similar characteristics.
文摘This paper seeks to demonstrate that in the Inter-American human rights system, there is a form of multilevel human rights protection. To do so, a number of institutions where this protection is present are reviewed. In addition, regulatory and practical bases having made this form of protection possible are outlined. Lastly, the issue of the relationship produced at the level of the judiciary from this multilevel discussion between national and international systems is discussed.
文摘Objective:We conducted an analysis of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database for minimally-invasive partial nephrectomy cases reported with the goal to identify pre-and peri-operative variables associated with length of stay(LOS)greater than 3 days and readmission within 30 days.Methods:Records from 2008 to 2018 for“laparoscopy,surgical;partial nephrectomy”for prolonged LOS and readmission cohorts were compiled.Univariate analysis with Chi-square,t-tests,and multivariable logistic regression analysis with odds ratios(ORs),p-values,and 95%confidence intervals assessed statistical associations.Results:Totally,20306 records for LOS greater than 3 days and 15854 for readmission within 30 days were available.Univariate and multivariable analysis exhibited similar results.For LOS greater than 3 days,undergoing non-elective surgery(OR=5.247),transfusion of greater than four units within 72 h prior to surgery(OR=5.072),pre-operative renal failure or dialysis(OR=2.941),and poor pre-operative functional status(OR=2.540)exhibited the strongest statistically significant associations.For hospital readmission within 30 days,loss in body weight greater than 10%in 6 months prior to surgery(OR=2.227)and bleeding disorders(OR=2.081)exhibited strongest statistically significant associations.Conclusion:Multiple pre-and peri-operative risk factors are independently associated with prolonged LOS and hospital readmission within 30 days of surgery using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data.Recognizing the risks factors that can potentially be improved prior to minimally-invasive partial nephrectomy is crucial to informing patient selection,optimization strategies,and patient education.
文摘[研究目的]防范西方精英的意识操纵行为是维护国家安全的重要课题,意识操纵的结果往往是民众产生对指涉对象的认知偏差。探究美国智库学者的报告话语是否具备操纵意图,为遏制不良价值观的传播、稳固国家意识形态安全提供依据。[研究方法]在社会建构主义理论的指导下,基于内容分析的结果,围绕中立语料进行James Paul Gee的七项话语构建任务分析:意义、活动、身份、关系、立场策略、联系、符号系统和知识。[研究结论]分析得出智库报告塑造出迥然相异的中美国家形象,对华持中立态度的美国智库学者在相关研究中并不是保持绝对的客观理性,他们否定中国的价值体系和意识形态,试图塑造和巩固西方价值观,具备操纵意识的意图。
