"Nigger Jeff"is a short story,It was written by Theodore Dreiser,a famous American novel-ist in the twentieth century. It was no accident that such a work snould appear during the era of racial discrimanatio..."Nigger Jeff"is a short story,It was written by Theodore Dreiser,a famous American novel-ist in the twentieth century. It was no accident that such a work snould appear during the era of racial discrimanation.The setting of the story is the South. The balcks were slaves before the Civil War there. They re-mained the second class citizens after. Southern whites often used lynching without trial to pur-nish imdividuals and intimeidate the balcks in general. In this story,Jeff,a typical of all the展开更多
Breast cancer deaths are more common among Black American women than White women. In 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that Black American women had a higher incidence rate (130.0) compared...Breast cancer deaths are more common among Black American women than White women. In 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that Black American women had a higher incidence rate (130.0) compared to White women (128.9). But it is the double burden of incidence and low survival that is particularly alarming (American Cancer Society, 2011). While research is underway to better understand the role that genes play, such as those that are associated with the aggressive triple negative breast cancer which is more commonly diagnosed in Black American women, there is more to learn about the utilization of the screening mammography. At the time this study was conducted the age controversy to receive a baseline screening was just beginning. The American Medical Association, the American College of Radiology, and the American Cancer Society all supported baseline screenings at age 40 but, currently the United States Preventive Services Task Force guidelines recommend biennial screening for women aged 50 to 74 years who are at average risk for breast cancer. Furthermore, mammograms are not routinely recommended for women age 40 to 49 because they are more likely to have false biopsies. We do not yet know the long-term impact of implementing a longer timeline to screen for breast cancer. Although Black American women, have narrowed the gap, they still lag behind regarding mammography screening and are more likely to be diagnosed with an aggressive form of breast cancer. This paper investigates the predictors of mammography use among a small, low-income, U.S. community-based sample of Black African American women age 42 and older.展开更多
In this paper, by using the optimal stopping theory, the semilinear Black-Scholes partial differential equation （PDE） was invesigated in a fixed domain for valuing two assets of American （call-max/put-min） options...In this paper, by using the optimal stopping theory, the semilinear Black-Scholes partial differential equation （PDE） was invesigated in a fixed domain for valuing two assets of American （call-max/put-min） options. From the viscosity solution of a PDE, a unique viscosity solution was obtained for the semilinear Black-Scholes PDE.展开更多
AIM: To compare adherence, response, and remission with light treatment in African-American and Caucasian patients with Seasonal Affective Disorder.METHODS: Seventy-eight study participants, agerange 18-64(51 African-...AIM: To compare adherence, response, and remission with light treatment in African-American and Caucasian patients with Seasonal Affective Disorder.METHODS: Seventy-eight study participants, agerange 18-64(51 African-Americans and 27 Caucasians)recruited from the Greater Baltimore Metropolitan area, with diagnoses of recurrent mood disorder with seasonal pattern, and confirmed by a Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Ⅳ, were enrolled in an open label study of daily bright light treatment. The trial lasted6 wk with flexible dosing of light starting with 10000 lux bright light for 60 min daily in the morning. At the end of six weeks there were 65 completers. Three patients had Bipolar Ⅱ disorder and the remainder had Major depressive disorder. Outcome measures were remission(score ≤ 8) and response(50% reduction)in symptoms on the Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression(SIGH-SAD)as well as symptomatic improvement on SIGH-SAD and Beck Depression Inventory-Ⅱ. Adherence was measured using participant daily log. Participant groups were compared using t-tests, chi square, linear and logistic regressions. RESULTS: The study did not find any significant group difference between African-Americans and their Caucasian counterparts in adherence with light treatment as well as in symptomatic improvement.While symptomatic improvement and rate of treatment response were not different between the two groups,African-Americans, after adjustment for age, gender and adherence, achieved a significantly lower remission rate(African-Americans 46.3%; Caucasians 75%; P =0.02).CONCLUSION: This is the first study of light treatment in African-Americans, continuing our previous work reporting a similar frequency but a lower awareness of SAD and its treatment in African-Americans. Similar rates of adherence, symptomatic improvement and treatment response suggest that light treatment is a feasible, acceptable, and beneficial treatment for SAD in African-American patients. These results should lead to intensifying education initiatives to increase awareness of SAD and its treatment in African-American communities to increased SAD treatment engagement.In African-American vs Caucasian SAD patients a remission gap was identified, as reported before with antidepressant medications for non-seasonal depression, demanding sustained efforts to investigate and then address its causes.展开更多
Gwendolyn Brooks is one of the most significant American poets.She mainly depicts the ordinary black people and their daily lives,especially the complexity of the lives of the poor black people in her later poetry.Thi...Gwendolyn Brooks is one of the most significant American poets.She mainly depicts the ordinary black people and their daily lives,especially the complexity of the lives of the poor black people in her later poetry.This paper attempts to employ her several typical poems to explore the image of African-American black people from the perspective of post-colonialism.展开更多
We give a new way to price American options by using Samuelson’s formula. We first obtain the option price corresponding to a European option at time t, weighing it by the probability that the underlying asset takes ...We give a new way to price American options by using Samuelson’s formula. We first obtain the option price corresponding to a European option at time t, weighing it by the probability that the underlying asset takes the value S at time t. We then use Samuelson’s formula with this factor which is given by the solution of the Fokker-Planck (Kolmogorov) equation for the transition probability density. The main advantage of this approach is that we can systematically introduce the effect of macroeconomic factors. If a macroeconomic framework is given by a dynamical system in the form of a set of ordinary differential equations we only have to solve a partial differential equation for the transition probability density. In this context, we verify, for the sake of consistency, that this formula coincides with the Black-Scholes model and compare several numerical implementations.展开更多
文摘"Nigger Jeff"is a short story,It was written by Theodore Dreiser,a famous American novel-ist in the twentieth century. It was no accident that such a work snould appear during the era of racial discrimanation.The setting of the story is the South. The balcks were slaves before the Civil War there. They re-mained the second class citizens after. Southern whites often used lynching without trial to pur-nish imdividuals and intimeidate the balcks in general. In this story,Jeff,a typical of all the
文摘Breast cancer deaths are more common among Black American women than White women. In 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that Black American women had a higher incidence rate (130.0) compared to White women (128.9). But it is the double burden of incidence and low survival that is particularly alarming (American Cancer Society, 2011). While research is underway to better understand the role that genes play, such as those that are associated with the aggressive triple negative breast cancer which is more commonly diagnosed in Black American women, there is more to learn about the utilization of the screening mammography. At the time this study was conducted the age controversy to receive a baseline screening was just beginning. The American Medical Association, the American College of Radiology, and the American Cancer Society all supported baseline screenings at age 40 but, currently the United States Preventive Services Task Force guidelines recommend biennial screening for women aged 50 to 74 years who are at average risk for breast cancer. Furthermore, mammograms are not routinely recommended for women age 40 to 49 because they are more likely to have false biopsies. We do not yet know the long-term impact of implementing a longer timeline to screen for breast cancer. Although Black American women, have narrowed the gap, they still lag behind regarding mammography screening and are more likely to be diagnosed with an aggressive form of breast cancer. This paper investigates the predictors of mammography use among a small, low-income, U.S. community-based sample of Black African American women age 42 and older.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.10271072)
文摘In this paper, by using the optimal stopping theory, the semilinear Black-Scholes partial differential equation （PDE） was invesigated in a fixed domain for valuing two assets of American （call-max/put-min） options. From the viscosity solution of a PDE, a unique viscosity solution was obtained for the semilinear Black-Scholes PDE.
基金Supported by The National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health under award No.1R34MH073797-01A2(PI Postolache TT)in part by the National Institutes of Health award No.K12RR023250-01(PI Reeves GM)by the National Center for Research Resources of the National Institutes of Health award No.M01 RR 16500(General Clinical Research Program)
文摘AIM: To compare adherence, response, and remission with light treatment in African-American and Caucasian patients with Seasonal Affective Disorder.METHODS: Seventy-eight study participants, agerange 18-64(51 African-Americans and 27 Caucasians)recruited from the Greater Baltimore Metropolitan area, with diagnoses of recurrent mood disorder with seasonal pattern, and confirmed by a Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Ⅳ, were enrolled in an open label study of daily bright light treatment. The trial lasted6 wk with flexible dosing of light starting with 10000 lux bright light for 60 min daily in the morning. At the end of six weeks there were 65 completers. Three patients had Bipolar Ⅱ disorder and the remainder had Major depressive disorder. Outcome measures were remission(score ≤ 8) and response(50% reduction)in symptoms on the Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression(SIGH-SAD)as well as symptomatic improvement on SIGH-SAD and Beck Depression Inventory-Ⅱ. Adherence was measured using participant daily log. Participant groups were compared using t-tests, chi square, linear and logistic regressions. RESULTS: The study did not find any significant group difference between African-Americans and their Caucasian counterparts in adherence with light treatment as well as in symptomatic improvement.While symptomatic improvement and rate of treatment response were not different between the two groups,African-Americans, after adjustment for age, gender and adherence, achieved a significantly lower remission rate(African-Americans 46.3%; Caucasians 75%; P =0.02).CONCLUSION: This is the first study of light treatment in African-Americans, continuing our previous work reporting a similar frequency but a lower awareness of SAD and its treatment in African-Americans. Similar rates of adherence, symptomatic improvement and treatment response suggest that light treatment is a feasible, acceptable, and beneficial treatment for SAD in African-American patients. These results should lead to intensifying education initiatives to increase awareness of SAD and its treatment in African-American communities to increased SAD treatment engagement.In African-American vs Caucasian SAD patients a remission gap was identified, as reported before with antidepressant medications for non-seasonal depression, demanding sustained efforts to investigate and then address its causes.
文摘Gwendolyn Brooks is one of the most significant American poets.She mainly depicts the ordinary black people and their daily lives,especially the complexity of the lives of the poor black people in her later poetry.This paper attempts to employ her several typical poems to explore the image of African-American black people from the perspective of post-colonialism.
文摘We give a new way to price American options by using Samuelson’s formula. We first obtain the option price corresponding to a European option at time t, weighing it by the probability that the underlying asset takes the value S at time t. We then use Samuelson’s formula with this factor which is given by the solution of the Fokker-Planck (Kolmogorov) equation for the transition probability density. The main advantage of this approach is that we can systematically introduce the effect of macroeconomic factors. If a macroeconomic framework is given by a dynamical system in the form of a set of ordinary differential equations we only have to solve a partial differential equation for the transition probability density. In this context, we verify, for the sake of consistency, that this formula coincides with the Black-Scholes model and compare several numerical implementations.
