American ginseng, Panax quinquefolius L., is an herbaceous perennial species that is destructively harvested for its bioactive compounds called ginsenosides. The demand for this herb fosters illegal poaching and over-...American ginseng, Panax quinquefolius L., is an herbaceous perennial species that is destructively harvested for its bioactive compounds called ginsenosides. The demand for this herb fosters illegal poaching and over-harvesting that reduces genetic variability and population viability. Five wild populations in western North Carolina were studied to better understand the production of ginsenosides in leaf and root tissues. Total ginsenoside concentration was significantly higher in leaves than roots, though total yield was higher in roots due to greater root biomass. However, some ginsensosides (Rb2, Rd and Re) had higher or more consistent yields in leaves than roots, so might be developed into a sustainable source of these medicinally-active compounds. Additionally, we identified regional root chemotypes that differed in the production of the ginsenosides Rg1 and Re and could be developed into regional cultivars depending on the desired panel of ginsenosides.展开更多
The compositions and contents of ginsenbsides in Panax ginseng,P.quinquefolium and P.notoginseng were determined and compared by reversed-phase High-Performance Liquid Chro- matography(HPLC).The method was performed o...The compositions and contents of ginsenbsides in Panax ginseng,P.quinquefolium and P.notoginseng were determined and compared by reversed-phase High-Performance Liquid Chro- matography(HPLC).The method was performed on an Alltech Adsorbosphere HS C_(18) column,using 5×10^(-3)M NaH_2PO_4-H_3PO_4 buffer solution(pH 3.0)and acetonitrile-water(50:50)as gradient eluents. The baseline separation of ginsenosides Rb_1,Rb_2,Rb_1,Rc,Rd,Rf,Ro,and Re+Rg_1 was obtained in one analytical run.The ginsenosides are directly detected at 203 nm.The detection limit is 40μg at a signal to noise ratio of 3:1.The improved sample preparation and clean-up prior to injection with SEP-PAK C_(18)cartridge strongly reduced the front peaks caused by the impurities in the methanolic extracts of samples to afford a smooth baseline and clear background.The HPLC patterns of methanolic extracts mainly including the ginsenosides were found capable of serving as chemical fingerprints to differentiate the three species from each other.It was also found that there are no significant diffe- rences of the HPLC patterns between the wild Panax ginseng and the cultivated,the white and the red ginsengs,Chinese and Korean red ginsengs,and the tap roots of Panax ginseng collected in four consecutive months,only certain differences in contents of ginsenosides do exist.The contents of the nine major ginsenosides present in the rhizome,tap root and rootlet as well as the leaf of Panax quinquefolium were also determined and compared.展开更多
AIM: To investigate whether American ginseng (AG, Panax quinquefolium) supplementation was able to improve endurance exercise performance.METHODS: Thirteen physically active male college students were divided into two...AIM: To investigate whether American ginseng (AG, Panax quinquefolium) supplementation was able to improve endurance exercise performance.METHODS: Thirteen physically active male college students were divided into two groups (AG or placebo)and received supplementation for 4 wk, before the exhaustive running exercise. Treadmill speed was increased to a pace equivalent to 80% VO2max of the subject. A 4-wk washout period followed before the subjects crossed over and received the alternate supplement for the next 4 wk.They then completed a second exhaustive running exercise. The physiological variables that were examined included time to exhaustion and oxygen pulse. Moreover,the plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate were measured prior to the exercise, at 15 and 30 min during exercise,immediately after exercise, and 20, 40, 60, and 120 min after exercise.RESULTS: The major finding of this investigation was that the production plasma CK during the exercise significantly decreased for group AG than for group P. Secondary physiological finding was that 80% VO2max running was not improved over a 4-wk AG supplementation regimen.CONCLUSION: Supplementation with AG for 4 wk prior to an exhaustive aerobic treadmill running reduced the leakage of CK during exercise, but did not enhance aerobic work capacity. The reduction of plasma CK may be due to the fact that AG is effective for the decrease of skeletal muscle cell membrane damage, induced by exercise during the high-intensity treadmill run.展开更多
Objective： American ginseng is a medicinal plant with large market demands,however,its producing areas are shrinking because of the continuous cropping obstacles in China.Therefore,it is urgent to establish a suitabl...Objective： American ginseng is a medicinal plant with large market demands,however,its producing areas are shrinking because of the continuous cropping obstacles in China.Therefore,it is urgent to establish a suitable model to determine the new producing areas.Here we evaluated and predicted the suitable areas of American ginseng using the maximum entropy model（Max Ent）.Methods： Based on the 37 environmental variables over thirty years from 1970 to 20 0 0 and 226 global distribution points of American ginseng,Max Ent was used to determine the global ecological suitable areas for American ginseng.The Receiver Operating Curve（ROC）was used to evaluate the model prediction accuracy.Meanwhile,an innovative ecological variable,the precipitation–temperature ratio,was established to indicate the climate characteristic in the American ginseng suitable areas based on the monthly precipitation and temperature.Results： The potential ecological suitable areas of American ginseng were primarily in Appalachian Mountain in America and Changbai Mountain in China,about in the range of 35 °N–50 °N,60 °W–120 °W and 35 °N–50 °N,110 °E–145 °E,respectively,including the United States,Canada,China,North Korea,South Korea,Russia and Japan.South Korea and Japan were the potential producing regions.The precipitation–temperature ratios were stable at（0.22,0.56）of the vigorous growth period（April–October）in the best suitable areas of American ginseng,serving as characteristic parameters to optimize the prediction model.The model showed that the common soil parameters were pH 4.5–7.2,Base Saturation（BS）above 80%,Cation Exchange Capacity（CEC）10–20 cmol/kg,organic carbon（OC）〈 1.4%,and the soil types were sandy loam or loam.Conclusion： An optimized Max Ent model was established to predict the producing area for American ginseng that needed to be validated by a field test.展开更多
文摘American ginseng, Panax quinquefolius L., is an herbaceous perennial species that is destructively harvested for its bioactive compounds called ginsenosides. The demand for this herb fosters illegal poaching and over-harvesting that reduces genetic variability and population viability. Five wild populations in western North Carolina were studied to better understand the production of ginsenosides in leaf and root tissues. Total ginsenoside concentration was significantly higher in leaves than roots, though total yield was higher in roots due to greater root biomass. However, some ginsensosides (Rb2, Rd and Re) had higher or more consistent yields in leaves than roots, so might be developed into a sustainable source of these medicinally-active compounds. Additionally, we identified regional root chemotypes that differed in the production of the ginsenosides Rg1 and Re and could be developed into regional cultivars depending on the desired panel of ginsenosides.
文摘The compositions and contents of ginsenbsides in Panax ginseng,P.quinquefolium and P.notoginseng were determined and compared by reversed-phase High-Performance Liquid Chro- matography(HPLC).The method was performed on an Alltech Adsorbosphere HS C_(18) column,using 5×10^(-3)M NaH_2PO_4-H_3PO_4 buffer solution(pH 3.0)and acetonitrile-water(50:50)as gradient eluents. The baseline separation of ginsenosides Rb_1,Rb_2,Rb_1,Rc,Rd,Rf,Ro,and Re+Rg_1 was obtained in one analytical run.The ginsenosides are directly detected at 203 nm.The detection limit is 40μg at a signal to noise ratio of 3:1.The improved sample preparation and clean-up prior to injection with SEP-PAK C_(18)cartridge strongly reduced the front peaks caused by the impurities in the methanolic extracts of samples to afford a smooth baseline and clear background.The HPLC patterns of methanolic extracts mainly including the ginsenosides were found capable of serving as chemical fingerprints to differentiate the three species from each other.It was also found that there are no significant diffe- rences of the HPLC patterns between the wild Panax ginseng and the cultivated,the white and the red ginsengs,Chinese and Korean red ginsengs,and the tap roots of Panax ginseng collected in four consecutive months,only certain differences in contents of ginsenosides do exist.The contents of the nine major ginsenosides present in the rhizome,tap root and rootlet as well as the leaf of Panax quinquefolium were also determined and compared.
基金Supported by the Taiwan Biotech Co., Taiwan, China
文摘AIM: To investigate whether American ginseng (AG, Panax quinquefolium) supplementation was able to improve endurance exercise performance.METHODS: Thirteen physically active male college students were divided into two groups (AG or placebo)and received supplementation for 4 wk, before the exhaustive running exercise. Treadmill speed was increased to a pace equivalent to 80% VO2max of the subject. A 4-wk washout period followed before the subjects crossed over and received the alternate supplement for the next 4 wk.They then completed a second exhaustive running exercise. The physiological variables that were examined included time to exhaustion and oxygen pulse. Moreover,the plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate were measured prior to the exercise, at 15 and 30 min during exercise,immediately after exercise, and 20, 40, 60, and 120 min after exercise.RESULTS: The major finding of this investigation was that the production plasma CK during the exercise significantly decreased for group AG than for group P. Secondary physiological finding was that 80% VO2max running was not improved over a 4-wk AG supplementation regimen.CONCLUSION: Supplementation with AG for 4 wk prior to an exhaustive aerobic treadmill running reduced the leakage of CK during exercise, but did not enhance aerobic work capacity. The reduction of plasma CK may be due to the fact that AG is effective for the decrease of skeletal muscle cell membrane damage, induced by exercise during the high-intensity treadmill run.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81473304)National Science and Technology Support Program (2015BAI05B01)
文摘Objective： American ginseng is a medicinal plant with large market demands,however,its producing areas are shrinking because of the continuous cropping obstacles in China.Therefore,it is urgent to establish a suitable model to determine the new producing areas.Here we evaluated and predicted the suitable areas of American ginseng using the maximum entropy model（Max Ent）.Methods： Based on the 37 environmental variables over thirty years from 1970 to 20 0 0 and 226 global distribution points of American ginseng,Max Ent was used to determine the global ecological suitable areas for American ginseng.The Receiver Operating Curve（ROC）was used to evaluate the model prediction accuracy.Meanwhile,an innovative ecological variable,the precipitation–temperature ratio,was established to indicate the climate characteristic in the American ginseng suitable areas based on the monthly precipitation and temperature.Results： The potential ecological suitable areas of American ginseng were primarily in Appalachian Mountain in America and Changbai Mountain in China,about in the range of 35 °N–50 °N,60 °W–120 °W and 35 °N–50 °N,110 °E–145 °E,respectively,including the United States,Canada,China,North Korea,South Korea,Russia and Japan.South Korea and Japan were the potential producing regions.The precipitation–temperature ratios were stable at（0.22,0.56）of the vigorous growth period（April–October）in the best suitable areas of American ginseng,serving as characteristic parameters to optimize the prediction model.The model showed that the common soil parameters were pH 4.5–7.2,Base Saturation（BS）above 80%,Cation Exchange Capacity（CEC）10–20 cmol/kg,organic carbon（OC）〈 1.4%,and the soil types were sandy loam or loam.Conclusion： An optimized Max Ent model was established to predict the producing area for American ginseng that needed to be validated by a field test.
