Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in soybean meal fed to non-pregnant and pregnant sows

Background Two studies were designed to determine standard ileal crude protein(CP)and amino acid(AA)digestibility of soybean meal(SBM)from different origins fed to non-pregnant and pregnant sows.Seven solvent-extracted SBMs from soybeans produced in the USA,Brazil,and China were selected.In Exp.1,eight different diets were created:a nitrogen(N)-free diet and 7 experimental diets containing SBM from different origins as the only N source.Eight non-pregnant,multiparous sows were arranged in an 8×8 Latin square design(8 periods and 8 diets).In Exp.2,the diet formula was the same as in Exp.1.Eight gestating sows(parity 3)were assigned to 4 different diets in a replicated 4×3 Youden square design(three periods and four diets)in mid-gestation and again in late-gestation stages.Results When fed to non-pregnant and late-gestating sows,the standardized ileal digestibility(SID)of CP and most AAs from different SBM were not significantly different(P>0.05).When fed to mid-gestating sows,the SID values for Arg,His,Lys,Phe,Cys,Gly,Ser,and Tyr in SBM 1 were lower than in SBM 4 and 5(P<0.05),whereas SID for Leu from SBM 5 was higher than in SBM 1 and 4(P<0.05).SID values for Ile,Ala,and Asp from SBM 4 were lower than in SBM 1 and 5(P<0.05).Sows had significantly greater SID values for Lys,Ala,and Asp during mid-gestation when compared with late-gestation stages(P<0.05).Mid-gestating sows had greater SID value for Val and lower SID value for Tyr when compared with non-pregnant and late-gestating sows(P<0.01),whereas non-pregnant sows had significantly greater SID value for Met when compared with gestating sows(P<0.01).Conclusions When fed to mid-gestating sows,the SID values for most AAs varied among SBM samples.The SID values for Lys,Met,Val,Ala,Asp,and Tyr in SBM were affected by sow gestation stages.Our findings provide a cornerstone for accurate SBM use in sow diets.

Nutritional value of a partially defatted and a highly defatted black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.) meal for broiler chickens: apparent nutrient digestibility,apparent metabolizable energy and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility

Background: The study aimed to determine the apparent total tract digestibility coefficients(ATTDC) of nutrients, the apparent metabolizable energy(AME and AMEn) and the amino acid(AA) apparent ileal digestibility coefficients(AIDC)of a partially defatted(BSFp) and a highly defatted(BSFh) black soldier fly larvae meal. The experimental diets were: a basal diet and two diets prepared by substituting 250 g/kg(w/w) of the basal diet with BSFp or BSFh, respectively.Results: Significant differences were found between BSFp and BSFh meals for ATTDC of the nutrients: BSFp resulted more digestible than BSFh, except for ATTDC of CP which did not differed between meals, while a statistical trend was observed for ATTDC of DM and EE. The AME and AMEn values were significantly(P < 0.05) different between the two BSF meals, with higher levels for BSFp(16.25 and 14.87 MJ/kg DM, respectively). The AIDC of the AA in BSFp ranged from 0.44 to 0.92, while in BSFh they ranged from 0.45 to 0.99. No significant differences were observed for the AA digestibility(0.77 and 0.80 for BSFp and BSFh, respectively), except for glutamic acid, proline and serine that were more digestible in the BSFh meal(P < 0.05).Conclusions: Defatted BSF meals can be considered as an excellent source of AME and digestible AA for broilers with a better efficient nutrient digestion. These considerations suggested the effective utilization of defatted BSF larvae meal in poultry feed formulation.

Chemical composition,energy and amino acid digestibility in double-low rapeseed meal fed to growing pigs

Background： The nutritional value of rapeseed meal may be variable due to the variation of its chemical composition. And a precise understandin9 of the nutritional value of an ingredient is beneficial for the accurate diet formulation and reduction of feed costs. This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition, dicjestible energy （DE） and metabolizable enercjy （ME） content, and apparent ileal digestibility （AID） and standardized ileal dicjestibility （SID） of amino acids （AA） for growincj pigs. Thirteen solvent-extracted double-low rapeseed meal （DLIRSM） samples were obtained from the main double-low rapeseed producing areas in China. Methods： The DE and ME contents of the 13 DLRSM samples were measured in cjrowin9 pigs （six pigs per DLRSM sample, average initial body weicjht （BW） =48.3 kg）. The AID and SID of AA of 10 DLRSM samples were determined in 12 crossbred barrows （average initial BW = 35.3 kcj） by using two 6 x 6 Latin square designs. Each Latin square comprised one N-flee diet and 5 DLRSM test diets. Results： The chemical composition of DLRSM varied among samples, and the coefficient of variation was greater than ]0 % for ether extract （EE）, neutral detergent fiber （NDF）, acid detergent fiber （ADF）, calcium （Ca）, and total 91ucosinolates. The AA content of DLRSM varied among samples especially for lysine （Lys） and methionine （Met）. On a dry matter （DM） basis, the apparent total tract digestibility （ATFD） of gross energy （GE）, the DE and ME and the ME：DE ratio of DLRSM averaged 62.39 %, 2862 kcal/k9 and 2723 kcal/kcj, and 94.95 %, respectively. The mean value of S1D of Lys was 70.52 % which varied from 66.54-76.54 %. The SID of crude protein （CP）, Met, and threonine （Thr） averaged 72.81%, 82.41%, and 69.76 %, respectively. Conclusions： There was great variability in chemical composition especially in the concentration of EE, NDF and ADF, but no significant differences in energy content of the DLIRSM samples were observed. In addition, the AID and SID of all AA were relatively similar amoncj DLRSM samples except for that of Lys.

Amino acid fortified diets for weanling pigs replacing fish meal and whey protein concentrate:Effects on growth,immune status,and gut health

Background： Limited availability of fish meal and whey protein concentrate increases overall feed costs. Availability of increased number of supplemental amino acids including Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Val, and lie allows replacing expensive protein supplements to reduce feed costs. This study was to evaluate the effect of replacing fish meal and/or whey protein concentrate in nursery diets with 6 supplemental amino acids on growth performance and gut health of post-weaning pigs. Treatments were 1） FM-WPC： diet with fish meal （FM） and whey protein concentrate （WPC）; 2） FM-AA： diet with FM and crystalline amino acids （L-Lys, L-Thr, L-Trp, DL-Met, L-Val, and L-lie）; 3） WPC-AA： diet with WPC and crystalline amino acid; and 4） AA： diet with crystalline amino acid. Results： Pigs in FM-AA, WPC-AA, and AA had greater （P 〈 0.0.5） ADG and gain：feed than pigs in FM-WPC during wk ] （phase 1）. Plasma insulin concentration of pigs in AA tended to be greater （P = 0.064） than that of FM-WPC at the end of wk 1 （phase 1）. Plasma concentrations of IgG in AA was lower （P 〈 0.05） compared with WPC-AA and FW, and FM-AA had lower （P 〈 0.05） IgG concentration than WPC-AA at the end of wk 1 （phase 1）. Concentration of acetate in cecum digesta in FM-AA tended to be greater （P = 0.054） than that of FM-WPC and WPC-AA. Concentration of isovalerate in cecum digesta of pigs in FM-AA was greater （P 〈 0.05） than that of FW and WPC-AA. Conclusions： This study indicates that use of 6 supplemental amino acids can replace fish meal and/or whey protein concentrate without adverse effects on growth performance, immune status, and gut health of pigs at d 21 to 49 of age. Positive response with the use of 6 supplemental amino acids in growth during the first week of post-weaning may due to increased plasma insulin potentially improving uptake of nutrients for protein synthesis and energy utilization. The replacement of fish meal and/or whey protein concentrate with 6 supplemental amino acids could decrease the crude protein level in nursery diets, and potentially lead to substantial cost savings in expensive nursery diets.

Comparative Nutritional Analysis on Fish Meal and Meat and Bone Meal of Harmless Treatment of Dead Pig Carcass

In order to explore the resource utilization of the harmless treatment product(pork meat and bone meal,abbreviated PM)of pigs died of non-communicable diseases,the general nutritional components and amino acid composition of PM and fish meal were determined and compared.The results showed that the contents of moisture,crude protein,crude fat and ash in PM and fish meal were 3.25%and 8.92%,66.65%and 66.67%,13.52%and 8.23%,18.25%and 21.50%,respectively.The contents of essential amino acids(EAA)in PM and fish meal were 19.94%and 22.35%,respectively.For PM and fish meal,the first limiting amino acid was Met(methionine)+Cys(cysteine),and the second limiting amino acid was Lys(lysine);their essential amino acid indexes(EAAI)were 66.60 and 77.04,respectively;and their delicious amino acid(DAA)contents were 26.89%and 23.15%,respectively.In summary,the meat and bone meal of pigs died of non-communicable diseases has the characteristics of high protein and low ash contents,and has certain development and utilization potential as a recycled waste resource,especially in aquatic feed to replace fish meal.

菌酶协同发酵对玉米蛋白粉消化率的影响研究

研究旨在优化菌酶协同发酵玉米蛋白粉工艺条件,从而提高玉米蛋白粉的消化性。该研究是在酸性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶最优条件作用下,以玉米蛋白粉水溶性蛋白质含量为指标,通过单因素和正交试验确定最佳发酵条件。并对菌酶协同发酵玉米蛋白粉产物的游离巯基含量、二硫键含量、表面疏水性、氨基酸和体外消化率等理化特性进行测定分析。结果表明,最佳发酵条件:乳酸菌发酵料液比1∶4(g∶mL),接种量0.3%,发酵温度39℃,发酵时间24 h。协同发酵处理后,亲水氨基酸含量从32.19 mg/g升高至35.25 mg/g,游离巯基含量由65.43μmol/g升高至88.42μmol/g,体外消化率由60.15%升高至80.42%。综上,菌酶协同发酵可显著增加玉米蛋白粉的体外消化率,具有良好的应用前景。

湿法膨化和发酵豆粕对断奶仔猪生长性能、免疫功能及氨基酸消化率的影响

[目的]本试验旨在探究湿法膨化和发酵豆粕对断奶仔猪生长性能、免疫功能及氨基酸消化率的影响。[方法]选用21日龄、体重相近,公母各半的288头断奶仔猪,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复12头。常规组(Con)饲喂常规豆粕,3个试验组分别为湿法膨化1组(WeSM1)、湿法膨化2组(WeSM2)和发酵组(FSM),分别饲喂湿法膨化豆粕和发酵豆粕。在试验的14和49 d,于每个重复中随机选取1只健康状况良好的断奶仔猪采血。在试验的47~49 d,连续收集3 d的粪便用于养分及氨基酸消化率的测定。[结果]湿法膨化1组和湿法膨化2组断奶仔猪平均日增重和采食量均高于常规组(P>0.05),以湿法膨化1组的效果最优。发酵组料重比显著高于常规组(P<0.05)。与常规豆粕和发酵豆粕相比,饲喂湿法膨化豆粕可以显著提高断奶仔猪总能、粗灰分的表观消化率(P<0.05);与常规组相比,其他3组赖氨酸、精氨酸、丝氨酸和天冬氨酸表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05),以湿法膨化1组效果最好。与常规组相比,湿法膨化2组和发酵组仔猪血清游离精氨酸、赖氨酸、酪氨酸含量显著提高(P<0.05)。在试验14 d,与常规组相比,发酵组血清球蛋白含量显著提高,白蛋白与球蛋白之比显著降低(P<0.05),发酵组和湿法膨化2组断奶仔猪血清中IgM含量显著提高(P<0.05),湿法膨化1组和2组及发酵组仔猪血清中MDA的含量均显著降低(P<0.05);与湿法膨化1组、湿法膨化2组相比,发酵组试验49 d血清中GSH-Px的活性显著提高(P<0.05)。[结论]豆粕经湿法膨化和发酵处理能够提高断奶仔猪的生长性能、养分消化率、血清抗氧化和免疫相关指标及游离氨基酸含量,且发酵豆粕在提高血清抗氧化及免疫功能方面优于湿法膨化豆粕,但在提高仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率方面不及湿法膨化豆粕。

椰子粕养分含量分析及体外仿生法评定其在黄羽肉鸡上的营养价值

本试验旨在分析海南省地源性饲料原料椰子粕的常规养分含量,并利用体外仿生法评定其在黄羽肉鸡上的营养价值,探讨常规养分含量与酶水解物能值(EHGE)的关系。试验采集了海南省不同地区的14种椰子粕,测定了常规养分、氨基酸和矿物元素含量,并利用单胃动物仿生消化系统测定了体外干物质消化率(IVDMD)、体外粗蛋白质消化率(IVCPD)、体外总能消化率(IVGED)和EHGE。结果表明:1)椰子粕的干物质含量平均值为93.56%,粗蛋白质含量平均值为17.15%,粗脂肪含量平均值为22.39%,总能平均值为23.20 MJ/kg,粗纤维含量平均值为16.20%,中性洗涤纤维含量平均值为43.06%,酸性洗涤纤维含量平均值为29.38%。2)椰子粕的总氨基酸含量平均值为13.73%,其中蛋氨酸含量平均值为0.23%,赖氨酸含量平均值为0.70%。3)椰子粕的钙含量较低,平均值为673.69 mg/kg;磷含量较高,平均值为5549.49 mg/kg。4)利用单胃动物仿生消化系统模拟黄羽肉鸡消化过程,测定椰子粕的EHGE平均值为12.05 MJ/kg,IVDMD平均值为37.29%,IVCPD平均值为70.81%,IVGED平均值为51.44%。椰子粕的EHGE和IVGED与粗脂肪含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。由此可见,海南省地源性饲料原料椰子粕常规养分含量变异较大。

全脂黑水虻幼虫粉的营养价值评定及其在蛋鸡饲粮中的应用效果

本试验旨在评定全脂黑水虻幼虫粉的营养价值及其在蛋鸡饲粮中的应用效果。试验1:选用体重相近、健康的42周龄海兰褐蛋鸡16只,随机分为2组,每组8个重复,每个重复1只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂以全脂黑水虻幼虫粉替代基础饲粮中10%能量原料的试验饲粮。试验期10 d。采用全收粪法测定全脂黑水虻幼虫粉在蛋鸡饲粮中的代谢能和营养物质消化率。试验2:选用24只体重相近、健康的42周龄海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为2个组,每组6个重复,每个重复2只鸡。对照组饲喂无氮饲粮,试验组饲喂含60%全脂黑水虻幼虫粉的试验饲粮。试验期10 d。测定全脂黑水虻幼虫粉的回肠氨基酸消化率。试验3:选用体重相近、健康的36周龄罗曼粉蛋鸡1080只,随机分为5个组,每组6个重复,每个重复36只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加2.5%、5.0%、7.5%和10.0%的全脂黑水虻幼虫粉。试验期35 d。测定蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和血清生化指标。结果表明:1)全脂黑水虻幼虫粉表观代谢能和氮校正表观代谢能分别为13.34和13.20 MJ/kg。与对照组相比,试验组的干物质消化率、表观代谢能、氮校正表观代谢能、表观代谢能/总能和氮校正表观代谢能/总能均显著降低(P<0.05),粗蛋白质消化率显著提高(P<0.05)。2)全脂黑水虻幼虫粉的表观回肠氨基酸消化率为41.87%~82.22%,标准回肠氨基酸消化率为50.83%~92.47%;必需氨基酸中,组氨酸的消化率最高,其次是精氨酸和蛋氨酸,苏氨酸最低。3)随着饲粮中全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平的增加,产蛋率呈线性升高(P<0.05),料蛋比呈线性降低(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,5.0%、7.5%和10.0%全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平组的料蛋比显著降低(P<0.05)。4)随着饲粮中全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平的增加,蛋黄颜色呈二次变化(P<0.05),而蛋壳颜色的红度(a^(*))和黄度(b^(*))值呈线性降低(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,10.0%全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平组的蛋壳强度显著降低(P<0.05),2.5%全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平组的蛋黄颜色显著降低(P<0.05)。5)随着饲粮中全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平的增加,血清碱性磷酸酶活性和尿酸含量呈二次变化(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加10%全脂黑水虻幼虫粉可提高蛋鸡产蛋率,降低料蛋比,增加蛋黄颜色,对蛋鸡血清生化指标无负面影响。本试验条件下,以产蛋率和料蛋比为参考指标,全脂黑水虻幼虫粉在蛋鸡饲粮中的适宜添加水平为10.0%。

杂粕饲粮中添加水解鱼蛋白肽对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质及氨基酸表观回肠消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究杂粕饲粮中添加不同水平的水解鱼蛋白肽对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质及氨基酸表观回肠消化率的影响。选用300只体重相近、体况良好的1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。对照组饲喂玉米-杂粕型基础饲粮(4%菜籽粕+5%棉籽粕),试验组分别在杂粕饲粮中添加1%、2%、3%和4%水解鱼蛋白肽,并配制成等能等氮的全价饲料。试验期42 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,添加1%水解鱼蛋白肽显著提高肉鸡42日龄体重、22~42日龄平均日采食量以及1~42日龄平均日增重和平均日采食量(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,添加4%水解鱼蛋白肽显著提高肉鸡半净膛率和全净膛率(P<0.05),添加2%水解鱼蛋白肽显著提高全净膛率(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,添加1%水解鱼蛋白肽显著提高肉鸡胸肌红度(a)和黄度(b)值(P<0.05),显著降低胸肌pH 45 min和剪切力(P<0.05),显著降低腿肌pH 45 min和pH_(2)4 h(P<0.05)。4)与对照组相比,1%水解鱼蛋白肽组蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、天冬氨酸和脯氨酸表观回肠消化率显著提高(P<0.05)。综上所述,肉鸡杂粕饲粮中添加1%水解鱼蛋白肽可提高其生长性能,改善肉品质,同时促进氨基酸的消化吸收。

发酵花生粕的营养价值评定及其对仔猪生长性能的影响

研究旨在评定发酵花生粕(FPM)的营养价值并研究其对断奶仔猪生长性能影响。试验分为3个部分。试验1:将12头初重为(10.0±2.0) kg的“杜×长×大”三元去势公猪随机分为2组,分别饲喂基础饲粮和FPM饲粮,每组6个重复,每个重复1头猪。利用全收粪法测定两种饲粮的有效能值,并通过套算法计算FPM的猪消化能与代谢能。试验2:选取12头回肠末端安装T型瘘管的初重为(15.0±2.0) kg的“杜×长×大”三元去势公猪随机分为2组,分别饲喂无氮饲粮和以30%FPM为唯一氮源的半纯合饲粮,每组6个重复,每个重复1头猪。试验期7 d,于最后2 d收集回肠末端食糜以测定FPM的表观回肠消化率(AID)和标准回肠消化率(SID)。试验3:将50头初重为(8.0±1.0) kg的断奶仔猪(公、母各半)随机分为5组,每组10个重复,每个重复1头猪。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂添加2%、4%、6%、8%的FPM试验饲粮,试验期21 d。结果显示:FPM (风干基础)的消化能和代谢能分别为15.17和13.83 MJ/kg,其赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸的SID分别为85.85%、92.44%、87.80%、84.09%。与对照组相比,饲粮中添加FPM对断奶仔猪的平均日采食量和腹泻率无显著影响(P>0.05);添加2%~8%FPM可显著增加平均日增重(P<0.05),降低料重比(P<0.05)。研究表明,FPM的有效能值和氨基酸利用率较高,在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加2%~8%FPM可降低仔猪料重比,其中6%添加比例的饲喂效果较好。

发酵菜籽粕的营养价值测定及其对育肥猪生长性能的影响

本研究旨在通过消化代谢试验测定发酵菜籽粕(FRSM)和菜籽粕(RSM)的生长猪消化能和代谢能,同时通过T型瘘管手术进行生长猪的回肠末端氨基酸消化率测定,并测定FRSM和RSM对育肥猪生长性能的影响。试验1:采用全收粪法测定RSM和FRSM的生长猪消化能和代谢能。选取18头初始体重为(26.41±3.08)kg的“杜×长×大”三元杂交去势公猪,随机分成3组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头猪。对照组饲喂玉米基础饲粮,试验组以FRSM和RSM替代基础饲粮中25%的玉米。试验期为19 d,包括适应期7 d,预试期7 d,正试期5 d。试验2:采用无氮饲粮和半纯合饲粮法测定FRSM和RSM的氨基酸回肠末端消化率。选取18头初始体重为(22.47±1.74)kg的“杜×长×大”三元杂交去势公猪,随机分成3组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头猪。对照组饲喂无氮饲粮,试验组分别饲喂添加30%的FRSM和RSM的饲粮。试验期为14 d,包括恢复期7 d,预试期5 d,正试期2 d。试验3:选取20头初始体重为(68.43±2.63)kg的“杜×长×大”三元杂交猪,随机分成2组,每组10个重复,每个重复1头猪。2组分别饲喂含11.2%的RSM和FRSM的试验饲粮。试验期45 d。结果表明:1)在饲喂基础下,FRSM的消化能和代谢能分别为12.00和10.79 MJ/kg,RSM的消化能和代谢能分别为11.12和10.06 MJ/kg。FRSM和RSM的消化能和代谢能存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。2)FRSM的氨基酸表观回肠消化率(AID)和标准回肠消化率(SID)分别为55.62%~78.72%和62.71%~83.14%,其中FRSM的赖氨酸、苏氨酸、蛋氨酸、色氨酸和缬氨酸的SID分别为71.51%、71.45%、81.69%、76.79%和74.36%。RSM的氨基酸AID和SID分别为47.74%~77.11%和53.94%~79.98%,其中RSM的赖氨酸、苏氨酸、蛋氨酸、色氨酸和缬氨酸的SID分别为65.17%、63.65%、79.98%、67.47%和66.26%。3)与RSM组相比,FRSM组的平均日增重(ADG)显著提高(P<0.05),料重比(F/G)极显著降低(P<0.01)。综上所述,与RSM相比,FRSM具有较高的生长猪消化能、代谢能和氨基酸AID、SID,可以提高育肥猪ADG,降低F/G。

磺基水杨酸提取鱼粉中生物胺条件优化研究

本实验旨在对磺基水杨酸提取鱼粉中3种生物胺的条件进行优化。通过单因素实验和正交实验考察提取溶液种类、称量质量、提取溶液浓度、超声时间4种因素对生物胺提取效果的影响,并对优化后的条件,进行加标回收率实验及质控样品实验,验证结果的准确性。结果表明:正交实验优选生物胺提取的最佳条件为:称量质量0.5~1.0 g、磺基水杨酸浓度1.0%、超声时间30 min。加标回收率101%~105%,组胺质控样品实测值458 mg/kg,指定值(452.8±64.9)mg/kg,结果可靠。通过磺基水杨酸提取鱼粉中的生物胺、茚三酮作为衍生试剂,氨基酸分析仪检测,达到很好的检测效果,提供了一种简单、快捷的检测方法。

Evaluation of the suitability of a partially defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae meal as ingredient for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) diets

Background: Two trials were performed to evaluate a partially defatted Hermetia illucens(HI) larvae meal as potential feed ingredient in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) diets. In the first trial, 360 trout(178.9 ± 9.8 g of mean initial body weight) were randomly divided into three experimental groups(4 tanks/treatment, 30 fish/tank). The fish were fed for 78 days with isonitrogenous, isolipidic and isoenergetic diets containing increasing levels of HI, on as fed basis: 0%(HI0, control diet), 25%(HI25) and 50%(HI50) of fish meal substitution, corresponding to dietary inclusion levels of 0, 20% and 40%. In the second trial, 36 trout(4 tanks/treatment, 3 fish/tank) were used to evaluate the in vivo apparent digestibility coefficients(ADC) of the same diets used in the first trial.Results: Survival, growth performance, condition factor, somatic indexes, and dorsal fillet physical quality parameters were not affected by diet. The highest dietary inclusion of HI larvae meal increased dry matter and ether extract contents of trout dorsal fillet. The use of HI larvae meal induced a decrease of valuable polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA) even if differences were only reported at the highest level of HI inclusion. The insect meal worsened the lipids health indexes of the same muscle. Dietary inclusion of insect meal did not alter the villus height of the fish. No differences were found among treatments in relation to ADC of ether extract and gross energy, while ADC of dry matter and crude protein were higher in HI25 if compared to HI50.Conclusions: The obtained results showed that a partially defatted HI larvae meal can be used as feed ingredient in trout diets up to 40% of inclusion level without impacting survival, growth performance, condition factor, somatic indexes, dorsal fillet physical quality parameters, and intestinal morphology of the fish. However, further investigations on specific feeding strategies and diet formulations are needed to limit the observed negative effects of the insect meal on the FA composition of dorsal muscle.

Determination of the available energy,standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids of fermented corn germ meal replacing soybean meal in growing pig diets

Three experiments were conducted to compare the digestible(DE),metabolizable energy(ME),and standardized ileal digestibility(SID)of amino acids(AA)in fermented corn germ meal(FCGM)and soybean meal(SBM),and evaluate the effects of FCGM replacing SBM in growing pig diets.In Exp.1,18 barrows with initial body weight(BW)of 60.2±3.40 kg were randomly allotted to 3 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment.The control diet used corn as the only energy ingredient,and 2 test diets were made by replacing 25.8%of corn with FCGM or SBM.The DE and ME of FCGM were less(P<0.01)than those of SBM.In Exp.2,18 barrows(59.3±2.52 kg BW)with ileal T-cannulas were randomly allotted to 3 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment.The SID of arginine,tryptophan and proline were greater(P<0.05)and the tyrosine was less(P=0.01)in SBM compared with FCGM.In Exp.3,144 growing pigs(56.1±5.22 kg BW)were randomly allotted to 4 treatments with 6 pens per treatment(3 barrows and 3 gilts per pen).Four diets(FCGM0,FCGM10,FCGM20 and FCGM30)were formulated using FCGM to replace 0%,10%,20%and 30%of SBM,respectively.The ME and SID values of AA of SBM and FCGM were determined by Exp.1 and 2.Results showed that increasing FCGM inclusion quadratically(P<0.05)increased the average daily gain(ADG),average daily feed intake,and the levels of serum immunoglobulin G(IgG)and urea nitrogen,and linearly(P<0.05)increased the serum IgM,the propanoic acid,butyric acid,total volatile fatty acid(VFA)and the Shannon index of microbiota in feces.Besides,the relative abundance of genus Streptococcus in FCGM0,Lactobacillus in FCGM10 and Lachnospiraceae in FCGM30 were increased(P<0.05)compared with other treatments.In conclusion,we recommend replacing 11.80%of SBM with FCGM to obtain the optimal ADG of growing pigs.Moreover,as the ratio of FCGM replacing SBM increased in diet,the immunity,intestinal microbiota and total VFA composition of growing pigs were improved.

糖基化鲐鱼鱼松体外消化产物的抗氧化活性和氨基酸组成

【目的】探究糖基化对鲐鱼(Scomber japonicus)鱼松体外消化产物的抗氧化性及氨基酸组成的影响。【方法】对添加蔗糖、葡萄糖、木糖、果糖、半乳糖炒制的鱼松进行体外模拟消化,研究其一步及两步消化后鱼松消化率、消化产物粒径、抗氧化性及氨基酸组成,并通过消化产物的十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳进一步分析其消化率变化。【结果与结论】除木糖鱼松外,加蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和半乳糖的鱼松较未加糖鱼松均显著提高(P<0.05);粒径分析显示,经过胃肠两步消化产物分子直径相较于胃消化后的更小。抗氧化性分析显示,鱼松消化产物抗氧化性随着自身浓度的升高而升高,胃消化产物的抗氧化性高于胃肠消化产物,其中木糖鱼松消化产物的抗氧化性最强。从氨基酸组成分析可知,胃肠消化产物必需氨基酸占总氨基酸质量比均超过35%,营养价值较高,同时消化产物的抗氧化氨基酸占总氨基酸质量比超过80%,表明鱼松消化产物抗氧化活性与其氨基酸组成有关。

饲料中添加亮氨酸和谷氨酰胺对大菱鲆幼鱼生长和肠道健康的影响

为研究在植物蛋白源替代部分鱼粉的饲料中添加晶体或小肽形式的亮氨酸(Leu)或/和谷氨酰胺(Gln)对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)幼鱼的生长性能、血浆代谢及免疫指标、肠道组织形态和Notch-Hes通路基因表达的影响,实验设计了6组等氮等能饲料:全鱼粉组(FM),阴性对照组(Con,以植物蛋白源替代FM组中40%的鱼粉),在Con组的基础上添加0.2%晶体Leu的L组,添加0.2%晶体Gln的G组,添加晶体Leu和晶体Gln(0.095%∶0.105%)的L+G组,以及添加0.2%Leu-Gln二肽的L-G组。选取初始体质量(8.14±0.03)g的大菱鲆幼鱼,进行为期8周的养殖实验。研究表明,与单独添加Leu和Gln相比,共同添加Leu和Gln能更显著地提高大菱鲆幼鱼的终末体质量、特定生长率、蛋白质沉积率和脂肪沉积率,且这些指标均与FM组差异不显著(P>0.05)。L组和L-G组的血清TCHO含量高于Con组,且与FM组无显著差异(P>0.05)。相比Con组,Leu和Gln共同添加可显著提高大菱鲆幼鱼的血清溶菌酶活性(P<0.05)。此外,Leu和Gln共同添加时,大菱鲆幼鱼的肠绒毛高度显著高于Con组(P<0.05),且L-G组的肠道杯状细胞数量显著高于Con组(P<0.05)。Leu和Gln共同添加可提高大菱鲆幼鱼肠道hes1基因的表达水平,且L-G组的肠道hes1基因表达水平显著高于Con组(P<0.05);L+G组的肠道notch1基因表达水平显著高于Con组(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,在植物蛋白源替代鱼粉的饲料中添加Leu和Gln,可以提高鱼体生长性能、饲料利用和免疫力,改善肠道健康状态,并能够通过上调Notch-Hes通路的基因表达来调节肠道细胞分化,且Leu和Gln共同添加(在0.2%的添加量下)效果优于单一添加。

湿态发酵豆粕在快大型黄羽肉鸡上代谢能和氨基酸回肠消化率研究

本研究旨在评价湿态发酵豆粕在快大型黄羽肉鸡上代谢能和氨基酸回肠消化率。试验1:评估湿态发酵豆粕表观代谢能(AME)和氮校正表观代谢能(AME n)。选取48只30日龄快大型黄羽肉公鸡,随机分2组,每组6个重复,每个重复4只鸡。2组分别饲喂基础饲粮和试验饲粮。预试期3 d,全收粪期4 d。试验2:评估湿态发酵豆粕的氨基酸回肠消化率。选取72只30日龄快大型黄羽肉公鸡,随机分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复6只鸡。2组分别饲喂无氮饲粮和试验饲粮。试验期3 d。试验1结果表明:饲喂基础下,湿态发酵豆粕的AME和AME n均显著低于普通豆粕(P<0.05);干物质基础下,湿态发酵豆粕的AME和AME n均显著高于普通豆粕(P<0.05)。试验2结果表明,必需氨基酸表观回肠消化率(AID)前4位分别为蛋氨酸(82.55%)、精氨酸(81.66%)、酪氨酸(80.64%)、色氨酸(80.50%),必需氨基酸标准回肠消化率(SID)前4位分别为色氨酸(97.89%)、蛋氨酸(91.26%)、精氨酸(88.20%)、异亮氨酸(87.52%)。非必需氨基酸AID前3位分别为谷氨酸(80.75%)、天冬氨酸(74.17%)、脯氨酸(72.95%),非必需氨基酸SID前3位由高到低分别为脯氨酸(86.56%)、谷氨酸(84.79%)、丝氨酸(83.17%)。由于湿态发酵豆粕水分含量较高,饲喂基础下,氨基酸含量均明显低于普通豆粕。干物质基础下,湿态发酵豆粕氨基酸含量(除色氨酸外)均略低于普通豆粕。必需氨基酸中,湿态发酵豆粕蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸SID高于普通豆粕。由此可见,湿态发酵豆粕干物质基础的AME和AME n分别为14.38和13.20 MJ/kg,分别比普通豆粕高25.3%和27.3%,表明豆粕发酵后能提升代谢能。豆粕发酵后,蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸SID有所提升。

蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼肌肉品质的影响

选用初始体质量约2.02 g的黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)960尾,随机分为6组,分别投喂6种用蝇蛆粉替代饲料中0%、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%鱼粉配制的等氮(39.5%)等能(16.8 MJ/kg)饲料,分别记为G0、G20、G40、G60、G80和G100。养殖期为60 d。结果显示,黄颡鱼肌肉水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪含量受蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉水平的影响不显著(P>0.05),但G60～G100灰分含量与G0相比显著升高(P<0.05)。蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对肌肉pH、滴水损失(DL)、蒸煮损失(CL)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性影响不显著(P>0.05)。与G0相比,G20～G100肌肉胶原蛋白含量差异不显著(P>0.05),G40～G60肌肉丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低(P<0.05)。与G0相比,G80肌肉精氨酸(Arg)、组氨酸(His)、苯丙氨酸(Phe)、必需氨基酸(TEAA)含量显著高(P<0.05),各替代组总氨基酸含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。各组肌肉谷氨酸(Glu)、甘氨酸(Gly)、丙氨酸(Ala)、天冬氨酸(Asp)等风味氨基酸和总风味氨基酸(TFAA)含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。肌肉C14:0、C18:3n-3、DHA、EPA+DHA、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、n-3 PUFA含量和n-3/n-6比值随蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉水平的升高而降低,其中G60～G100显著低于G0(P<0.05);C16:1、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量随替代水平增加而升高,其中G60和G100显著升高(P<0.05)。结果表明,当蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉水平不超过40%时,除MDA含量显著降低外,蝇蛆粉对黄颡鱼肌肉常规成分、理化指标、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量影响不显著。

玉米蛋白粉部分替代鱼粉对罗氏沼虾生长、氨基酸沉积率和肌肉营养成分的影响

分别用0%(对照组)、5%、10%、15%的玉米蛋白粉替代饲料中0%、9.10%、18.20%、27.30%的鱼粉,配制4种等氮等能的实验饲料,饲养罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)53d后,测定其生长、饲料利用、肌肉营养成分和肌肉氨基酸沉积率,旨在为玉米蛋白粉在罗氏沼虾饲料中的应用提供科学依据。结果表明,5%玉米蛋白粉组虾的生长和饲料利用与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05);10%玉米蛋白粉组的生长与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),但饲料系数明显高于对照组(P<0.05)、蛋白质效率明显低于对照组(P<0.05);15%玉米蛋白粉组虾的生长、饲料利用显著低于对照组、5%组和10%组(P<0.05)。玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉不影响罗氏沼虾肌肉中的水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量;也不显著影响肌肉氨基酸、必需氨基酸和呈味氨基酸总量(P>0.05);对于单种氨基酸而言,除了10%和15%组的苏氨酸和15%组的丝氨酸含量显著低于对照组之外(P<0.05),其他各组各种氨基酸含量与对照组均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对氨基酸总量和必需氨基酸总量沉积率没有显著影响;必需氨基酸中赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和精氨酸的沉积率均较高;5%组和10%组除了苏氨酸的沉积率显著低于对照组之外(P<0.05),这2组的其余氨基酸沉积率与对照组均无显著性差异(P>0.05);15%组除了丙氨基酸沉积率与对照组无显著差异之外(P>0.05),其他氨基酸沉积率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。在本实验条件下,罗氏沼虾饲料中玉米蛋白粉的适宜用量为5%～10%,对鱼粉的适宜替代量为9.10%～18.20%。