Preparation and Application of the Hydrophilic Amino-Silicone Softener by Emulsion Polymerization

The amino poly-siloxane was modified with self-made polyether silicones by the crafts of emulsion polymerization. We studied the emulsifier, the dosage of emulsifier initiator, polyether/silane coupling agent, pH value. There are some results of the research indicated in the following. First, there are many factors for the hydrophilic amino-silicone softener both on the polymerization process and the performance, such as the proportion and amount of emulsifier, initiator dosage, the mass ratio of the polyether and hydrogen silicone oil, the choice of silicone coupling agent, and the ratio and dosage of polyether silicones silane coupling agent. Second, the amount of hydrogen of the hydrogen silicones and the choice of catalyst are the key points on the synthesis of polyether silicones. The amount of hydrogen should be low and the catalyst must be economical and efficient and its introduction should be small and times, other more the holding time is not too long. The next one is that, in the process of hydrolysis of silane coupling agent, we need some acid to adjust pH value, or they will be broken down. The most important one but not the last is that the epoxy group can improve the products low-temperature supple and the persistence of the finishing fabric, furthermore it can reduce yellowing and has a good stability of the inorganic salt, however, it will be destroyed if the reaction temperature for epoxy is too high. What’s more, it is very economical and environmental that the process of emulsion is simple and with less emulsifier.

A vector sum analysis method for stability evolution of expansive soil slope considering shear zone damage softening

Slope stability analysis is a classical mechanical problem in geotechnical engineering and engineering geology.It is of great significance to study the stability evolution of expansive soil slopes for engineering construction in expansive soil areas.Most of the existing studies evaluate the slope stability by analyzing the limit equilibrium state of the slope,and the analysis method for the stability evolution considering the damage softening of the shear zone is lacking.In this study,the large deformation shear mechanical behavior of expansive soil was investigated by ring shear test.The damage softening characteristic of expansive soil in the shear zone was analyzed,and a shear damage model reflecting the damage softening behavior of expansive soil was derived based on the damage theory.Finally,by skillfully combining the vector sum method and the shear damage model,an analysis method for the stability evolution of the expansive soil slope considering the shear zone damage softening was proposed.The results show that the shear zone subjected to large displacement shear deformation exhibits an obvious damage softening phenomenon.The damage variable equation based on the logistic function can be well used to describe the shear damage characteristics of expansive soil,and the proposed shear damage model is in good agreement with the ring shear test results.The vector sum method considering the damage softening behavior of the shear zone can be well applied to analyze the stability evolution characteristics of the expansive soil slope.The stability factor of the expansive soil slope decreases with the increase of shear displacement,showing an obvious progressive failure behavior.

Alternative splicing of the PECTINESTERASE gene encoding a cell wall-degrading enzyme affects postharvest softening in grape

The firmness of table grape berries is a crucial quality parameter. Despite extensive research on postharvest fruit softening, its precise molecular mechanisms remain elusive. To enhance our comprehension of the underlying molecular factors, we initially identified differentially expressed genes(DEGs) by comparing the transcriptomes of folic acid(FA)-treated and water-treated(CK) berries at different time points. We then analyzed the sequences to detect alternatively spliced(AS) genes associated with postharvest softening. A total of 2,559 DEGs were identified and categorized into four subclusters based on their expression patterns, with subcluster-4 genes exhibiting higher expression in the CK group compared with the FA treatment group. There were 1,045 AS-associated genes specific to FA-treated berries and 1,042 in the CK-treated berries, respectively. Gene Ontology(GO) annotation indicated that the AS-associated genes in CK-treated berries were predominantly enriched in cell wall metabolic processes,particularly cell wall degradation processes. Through a comparison between treatment-associated AS genes and subcluster-4 DEGs, we identified eight genes, including Pectinesterase 2(VvPE2, Vitvi15g00704), which encodes a cell wall-degrading enzyme and was predicted to undergo an A3SS event. The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction further confirmed the presence of a truncated transcript variant of VvPE2 in the FA-treated berries.Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of AS events in postharvest grape berries using transcriptome sequencing and underscores the pivotal role of VvPE2 during the postharvest storage of grape berries.

Influence of thermomechanical treatment on recrystallization and softening resistance of Cu-6.5Fe-0.3Mg alloy

The recrystallization and softening resistance of a Cu-6.5Fe-0.3Mg(mass fraction,%)alloy prepared by Process 1(cold rolling heat treatment)and Process 2(hot/cold rolling heat treatment)were studied using Vickers hardness tests,tensile tests,scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.The softening temperature,hardness and tensile strength of the alloy prepared by Process 2 were 110°C,HV 15 and 114 MPa higher,respectively,than those of the alloy prepared by Process 1 after aging at 300°C.The recrystallization activation energy of the alloys prepared by Process 1 and Process 2 were 72.83 and 98.11 kJ/mol,respectively.The pinning effects of the precipitates of the two alloys on grain boundaries and dislocations were basically the same.The softening mechanism was mainly attributed to the loss of dislocation strengthening.The higher Fe fiber density inhibited the average free migration path of dislocations and grain boundary migration in the alloy,which was the main reason for higher softening temperature of the alloy prepared by Process 2.

Observation of a Chemical Softener’s Effects on Stem-Specific Lignocellulosic <i>Brassica napus</i>(Type: Canola) (Cultivar: HYHEAR 3) Fiber Quality

Chemical softener (Cepreton UN) is used to soften the cellulosic fiber (cotton) in the textile industries to make clothes better to touch. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of Cepreton UN on both physical (length, aspect ratio, contact angle, and moisture regain) and mechanical (load at break, elongation at break, tensile stress, young’s modulus, and tenacity) properties of the lignocellulosic canola (HYREAR 3) fibers extracted from narrow, medium, and wide stems. ANOVA showed that fiber diameter had strong effects on elongation at break, load at break, tensile stress, young’s modulus, and aspect ratio for all fibers. Corrgram values showed that tensile stress, young’s modulus, and aspect ratio were negatively correlated to fiber diameter whereas load at break and tenacity were mostly positively correlated to fiber diameter. The fibers were treated with 2% and 10% Cepreton UN and compared with control fibers. In most cases, the fiber diameter was decreased in both 2% and 10% treated medium stem fibers. The mean values of elongation at break, load at break, tenacity, and contact angle were decreased for 10% and increased for 2% and the mean values of tensile stress, young’s modulus, and aspect ratio were decreased for 2% and increased for 10% treated medium stem fibers. Moisture regain (%) mostly decreased for 2%, and increased for 10% treated fibers. Low pH (4.5) had an almost similar effect on fibers as 2% Cepreton UN. Overall, 2% Cepreton UN treatment is found to be better than 10% to make canola fibers less stiff and low pH was found to be an alternative softener treatment strategy.

Flow softening and dynamic recrystallization behavior of a Mg-Gd-Y-Nd-Zr alloy under elevated temperature compressions

Flow softening behavior of a homogenized Mg-7Gd-4Y-1Nd-0.5Zr alloy under compression to a final strain of∼1.8 at elevated temperatures of 450∼550℃ and a constant strain rate of 2s^(−1) has been investigated by optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,electron back-scattered diffraction and transmission electron microscopy.The results show that true stress first rises to the peak point and then drops to the bottom value and increases again with further increasing strain at each temperature.Twinning dynamic recrystallization(DRX)and continuous DRX contribute to the formation of new fine grains at temperatures 450∼475℃ when the restoration is caused by both DRX and texture change due to extension twinning,resulting in the larger softening degrees compared with the softening effects owing to continuous DRX and discontinuous DRX at 500∼550℃ when twinning activation is suppressed.500℃ is the transition temperature denoting a significant decline in the contribution of twinning and TDRX to the strain with increasing temperature.The cuboid-shape phase exists in both homogenized and compressed samples,while the compositions are varied.

考虑桩土间黏滑机制的桩基沉降动态特性研究

基于桩基运动控制方程,对荷载作用下的桩基沉降动态特性进行了研究。首先,考虑桩土间黏滞与滑动两种接触状态,建立了一种考虑侧阻软化及侧阻恢复的桩土相互作用模型;然后采用该模型及修正三折线模型分别模拟桩与桩侧土以及桩端土间的相互作用,结合有限差分法建立了考虑桩土间黏滑机制的桩基沉降分析方法;最后,基于建立的桩基受荷沉降分析方法,研究了桩基沉降的黏滑动态特性以及桩身的力学特性,并讨论了桩土相互作用模型中的参数对桩基沉降动态特性的影响。结果表明:当桩顶荷载接近桩基单级加载极限值,桩基沉降表现出黏滞位移与快速滑动位移交替的动态特性;桩身力学响应表现出加载路径相关性,与单级加载相比,分级加载时桩侧摩阻力能得到更好发挥,桩基极限承载力更高;提出的分析方法能够较好地模拟桩基静载试验沉降过程。

果实采后软化机制研究进展

采后果实在经过储藏运输等一系列过程后会发生软化现象,而软化现象产生的原因有很多,例如由于细胞壁代谢相关酶活性的作用,使得细胞壁的物质成分、结构等发生改变;也可能是由于果实成熟后相关物质的变化以及受到植物激素的调控,进而促进果实成熟软化。本文综述了采后果实软化产生的原因,包括植物激素合成以及与受体结合进而促进果实软化、相关转录因子对果实软化的调控和果实软化相关的细胞壁代谢与碳水化合物代谢等途径,以期为探究采后果实软化机制提供参考。

磷建筑石膏矿渣水泥的水化过程与耐水性能

通过凝结时间、流动度、孔溶液pH值、抗折强度、抗压强度、吸水率、软化系数、水化热和水化产物分析测试,探究了磷建筑石膏(CPG)掺量对石膏矿渣水泥水化过程与耐水性能的影响.结果表明:随着CPG掺量的增加,石膏矿渣水泥的凝结时间缩短,流动度减小,吸水率与3 d水化累计放热量均增大;水泥净浆孔溶液的pH值在水化早期快速下降,56 d时保持不变;当CPG掺量从40%增加到70%时,56 d水泥净浆孔溶液的pH值从11.02减小到10.62,水泥胶砂的软化系数从0.98减小到0.91,主要水化产物均为二水石膏和钙矾石,并且钙矾石的含量随着CPG掺量的增加而减少.

考虑软化和扩容的圆形巷道围岩Z-P准则弹塑性解

巷道围岩受应力作用表现出的软化、扩容行为对巷道的变形和破环有重大影响。为了研究软化、扩容特性对巷道围岩稳定性的影响,根据岩体的软化特性,建立理想的弹性软化模型,将围岩分为弹性区、塑性软化区和破裂区;基于Zienkiewicz-Pande准则和非关联流动法则,考虑围岩的软化、扩容特性,推导出含中间主应力的圆形巷道弹塑性解析解;将Z-P准则与M-C、D-P等准则进行比较,分析了软化模量、扩容等因素对巷道围岩的影响。结果表明:Z-P准则可良好地适用于发生软化、扩容的巷道;中间主应力系数为0.4时,围岩塑性区范围最小,围岩位移最小,塑性区内应力最大;软化模量越大,围岩破裂区半径越大;剪胀角越大,塑性区位移越大,破裂区半径越大;支护阻力越大,巷道塑性区范围越小,且提高支护阻力能有效控制巷道围岩的变形。

咸鸭蛋黄品质劣化分析与调控技术的研究进展

鸭蛋经食盐腌制加工成的咸蛋,是我国传统蛋制品之一,蛋黄质量好坏常被用来评价咸蛋的品质。鸭蛋盐渍过程中蛋黄黑化和泥化是影响咸蛋品质的劣化现象,该研究从蛋黄颜色劣变造成的蛋黄黑化现象和质地过度软化劣变造成的蛋黄泥化现象两个方面介绍了蛋品加工过程中品质劣变的表征及影响因素,重点综述了类似的蛋、肉、蔬菜等食品硫化致黑和氧化致软两种品质劣变的机制和控制技术及其效果。为鸭蛋加工的标准化、工业化以及安全化生产咸蛋提供理论支持。

高速铁路泥岩隧道仰拱底鼓控制技术研究

研究目的:为分析基底围岩劣化作用下泥岩隧道仰拱底鼓变形的控制效果,运用数值模拟的研究方法,建立高速铁路泥岩隧道有限元模型,考虑隧道开挖条件下模拟基底围岩吸湿膨胀和软化作用,选用底板与锁脚锚杆加固的控制技术,对比分析加固前后隧周围岩的竖向位移、填充层及仰拱的变形特性。研究结论:(1)锚杆加固基底可有效控制隧底围岩隆起,对隧底隆起的控制效果膨胀阶段优于软化阶段;(2)锚杆加固前后仰拱、填充层的底鼓位移曲线均呈“钟形”对称分布;(3)仰拱、填充层中心位置处的底鼓变形最大;(4)本研究结果可为高速铁路泥岩隧道仰拱底鼓病害防治与加固提供参考依据。

基于细观结构演化的冻结砂岩热融软化规律研究

冻结岩石热融过程中强度会出现软化,是最易发生破坏的阶段。研究冻结岩石的热融软化规律对冻结地层解冻过程中的稳定性和安全性评价至关重要。本文开展了不同融化温度下冻结岩石的单轴压缩试验,在还原岩石孔隙结构及对细观参数进行精确标定的基础上,利用颗粒流软件(PFC^(2D))模拟了冻结岩石的压缩破坏过程。基于微裂纹起裂规律和微裂纹扩展规律分析,探讨了孔隙冰对冻结砂岩热融软化规律的控制作用。研究结果表明:(1)冻结岩石的强度、弹性模量等参数均随着温度的升高呈两阶段变化趋势,在-4℃至-2℃之间存在某一温度,使得试样的强度及变形参数发生骤降。(2)当温度低于-15℃时,微裂纹的起裂扩展主要由矿物颗粒之间的接触强度控制;当温度在-2℃和-15℃之间时,主要由冰颗粒之间和冰-矿物之间的接触强度控制;而当温度大于-2℃时,则主要由冰颗粒之间的接触强度控制。(3)通过分析孔隙冰在冻结岩石受荷破坏过程中所起的“支撑作用”和“黏结作用”,发现在-6℃至-4℃之间,冰颗粒之间黏结强度和冰-矿物黏结强度均迅速衰减,导致冰的支撑和黏结作用弱化,是该温度区间力学性质快速弱化的本质原因。

不同含水率细砂岩软化效应及裂纹演化规律

为研究深部坚硬顶板浸水后其力学特性及裂纹演化规律,以潘三矿区-810 m细砂岩为研究对象,开展不同含水率单轴压缩力学特性实验研究,分析其软化效应敏感程度及脆性系数,揭示不同含水率细砂岩裂纹演化规律。研究结果表明:细砂岩含水率与其脆性系数呈负相关,含水率的增加降低了其峰值应力、峰值应变和弹性模量,减弱了岩石的宏观破坏程度;在外部载荷持续作用下,含水率的增加是诱导孔隙水反力提前出现的关键因素,同时会促进细砂岩表面水平应变增长;细砂岩表面最大水平应变与其裂纹发育存在潜在联系,其表面宏观裂纹在最大水平应变区域出现。研究结果可为坚硬顶板注水软化机理研究提供一定参考。

热变形参数对TB15钛合金动态再结晶行为的影响

采用热模拟压缩试验机对TB15钛合金进行变形温度为810~930℃、应变速率为0.001~10 s^(-1)、压下量为60%的等温热压缩试验,研究了热变形参数对TB15钛合金动态再结晶行为的影响。结果表明:TB15钛合金不同应变速率下的应力-应变曲线呈现出不同特征。随应变速率增大,流动软化曲线呈现“V”型特征。当应变速率在0.001~0.1 s^(-1)范围时,随变形温度升高和应变速率减小,动态再结晶(DRX)体积分数和DRX晶粒尺寸增大,且DRX晶粒尺寸增幅较DRX体积分数更加显著。在低应变速率变形时,原始β晶粒被小角度晶界分成形状规整的多边形亚晶粒,小角度晶界通过连续吸收位错和渐进晶格旋转的方式向大角度晶界转变从而实现连续动态再结晶。随着应变速率增大,再结晶晶粒形核位置从原始β晶粒内部逐渐向晶界附近转移,在原始β晶界形成均匀细小的“项链状”再结晶晶粒,此时易于由晶界弓弯机制引发不连续动态再结晶。

橡胶复合材料的Mullins效应

橡胶复合材料在大应变加载-卸载循环作用下总是发生应变软化和滞后性回复行为,即Mullins效应。该效应显著影响材料在循环载荷作用下的使役行为及其结构稳定性,但120年以来Mullins效应机理争议极大,其理论模型难以有效指导橡胶材料加工和Mullins效应调控。通过分析已提出的“填料结构”、填料-橡胶界面、橡胶相“破坏”等主要Mullins效应机理及其缺陷,结合Mullins效应所伴随的微观结构变化扼要介绍“破坏模型”及其理论的主要学术思想、应用和局限性,阐明理论研究分歧的主要原因。结合作者课题组的工作提出Mullins效应的黏弹性机制,展示若干Mullins效应调控策略,进一步展望理论研究和调控技术的发展方向。

新型磁流变隔震支座的力学动态性能研究

永磁体可对磁流变隔震支座提供一个初始磁场,设计一种利用永磁体和电磁线圈形成混合磁场功能的新型隔震支座,线圈产生的磁场调节永磁体的磁场以改变磁流变弹性体层的刚度,实现隔震支座的可变刚度性能。利用ANSYS Electronics软件对隔震支座进行仿真分析,模拟出不同电流强度下试验装置内部的磁感应强度、绘制其磁通量密度云图并计算其饱和点。制备羰基铁粉体积分数为23%的磁流变弹性体,研究隔震支座试验过程中励磁电流强度、剪切幅值及激振频率对其剪切性能的影响。结果表明:隔震支座的刚度随控制线圈电流增强而实时降低,实现磁流变弹性体隔震支座的变刚度特性;刚度软化条件下励磁电流强度、剪切幅值及激振频率对磁流变弹性体隔震支座等效刚度及等效阻尼具有显著影响。

生物质灰软化温度预测模型构建及应用研究

生物质灰的软化温度可以反映锅炉结渣效率与传热效率,因此建立生物质灰软化温度的预测模型能够更好地探究生物质锅炉结渣规律。研究基于反向传播(Back Propagation,BP)神经网络与Elman神经网络建立了生物质灰软化温度预测模型。首先,收集各生物质灰中氧化物的质量分数与灰软化温度并作为原始数据集,确定模型的训练参数;其次,对模型进行测试;最后,对模型的适应性进行评价。研究对比分析了BP神经网络与Elman神经网络的决定系数R^(2)、均方误差根E_(RMS)、平均绝对误差E_(MA)以及平均绝对百分比误差E_(MAP)。之后,使用实验室制取的杨木灰样对Elman网络预测模型进行了验证。研究结果显示,Elman神经网络针对生物质灰软化温度具有更好的预测效果,其预测软化温度与实际软化温度的相对误差不超过20%,预测效果较好。

灰岩酸蚀裂缝软化区域力学特性与微观特征

碳酸盐岩储层常采用酸化酸压工艺进行改造,酸蚀后岩石表面的微观结构被溶蚀破坏,岩石力学特性发生显著变化,进而影响最终的改造效果。为明确酸蚀对灰岩力学特性和微观孔隙结构变化的影响规律,开展了酸蚀前后灰岩力学特性实验、表面形态特征扫描电镜研究和微观孔隙结构核磁共振表征。结果表明,酸蚀后岩石表面出现了一定厚度的酸蚀软化层,厚度约为11.61μm。值得注意的是,由于酸蚀软化层的存在,灰岩抗压强度、弹性模量与表面硬度均降至酸蚀前的约40%。酸蚀后表层岩石内部产生了大小不一的溶蚀孔洞,并在溶蚀孔洞周边引发应力集中,改变了酸蚀软化层的应力分布。在高闭合应力作用下,溶蚀孔洞易于发生挤压变形或坍塌破坏,这也是酸蚀软化层力学性质改变的主要原因。结合核磁共振T2谱,发现孔径尺寸在1nm~1μm的孔隙数量变化最大,酸液溶蚀改变了灰岩软化层内部的孔隙结构,进而显著影响酸蚀后岩石的力学性质。

激光沉积Ti65钛合金低周疲劳性能

对激光沉积制造的Ti65钛合金进行室温低周疲劳实验,对比研究了高、低功率试样的低周疲劳性能。结果表明,高、低功率试样均表现出循环软化的特征,随着应变幅的增加,试样的软化率在不断提高;相同应变幅下,高功率试样的软化率和疲劳寿命高于低功率试样。通过损伤演化模型对疲劳寿命进行预测,预测结果较为准确,均处于1.5倍分散带以内。低应变幅下,低功率试样疲劳源萌生于气孔缺陷,高功率试样疲劳源萌生于表面裂纹,低功率试样裂纹萌生速度明显快于高功率试样,疲劳寿命更低;高应变幅下,试样具有多疲劳源,疲劳寿命明显下降。不同功率试样的裂纹均以穿晶断裂的形式进行扩展。