Thermodynamic and Experimental Analysis of an Ammonia-Water Absorption Chiller

A single stage ammonia-water absorption chiller with complete condensation is designed, built and tested. The apparatus is designed for a cooling capacity of 2814 W, which is obtained using electric heater as heating source. The thermodynamic models have been derived using the First and Second Laws. Calculated results are compared with experimental data. The results show that the cooling capacity of experimental apparatus is found between 1900 and 2200 W with the actual coefficient of performance (COP) between 0.32 and 0.36. The contribution of the components to internal entropy production is analyzed. It shows that the larger irreversibility is caused by spanning the largest temperature and dissipated thermal energy by heat transfer losses at the generator and evaporator. In the experimentation, the low pressure is lower than the designed value. This is a consequence of a large capacity in the falling film absorber which performs as expected. This decreases the evaporation pressure, and the evaporating temperature could be reduced to the designed value.

Magnetic Field Enhancement in Ammonia-Water Absorption Refrigeration Systems

Absorption enhancement has been considered as an effective way of improving coefficient of performance (COP) of refrigeration systems and magnetic enhancement is one of these methods. A model of magnetic field enhancement in ammonia-water absorption systems is presented in this paper. A numerical model using finite difference scheme was developed based on the conservation equations and mass transport relationship. Macroscopic magnetic field force was introduced in the momentum equation. The model was validated using data obtained from the literature. Changes in the physical properties of ammonia solution while absorbing both in the direction of falling film and across its thickness were investigated. The magnetic field was found to have some positive effect on the ammonia-water falling film absorption. The results indicate that absorption performance enhancement increased with magnetic intensity. The COP of simple ammonia solution absorption refrigeration system increased by 1.9% and 3.6% for magnetic induction of 1.4 and 3.0 Tesla respectively.

Computer Simulation of an Ammonia-Water Absorption Cycle for Refrigeration: Using a Distillation Tower to Replace the Generator

By using a distillation tower as the regenerator, the coefficient of performance (COP) of the ammonia-water absorption refrigeration cycle is calculated in this work. Two types of distillation towers, namely an equilibrium-stage tower with a total condenser and a packed-bed tower with a partial condenser, are used in the cycle. From the simulation results, it is found that both types of distillation towers can successfully increase the COP of the cycle due to increased ammonia concentration in the vapor phase of the ammonia-water refrigerant. It was also found that the tower equipped with a partial condenser provides higher COP than that of the tower equipped with a total condenser. The value of COP can be further increased when the generator is replaced by the packed-bed tower in this water-ammonia absorption cycle. The effects of the mass flow rate ratio of NH3/H2O, stage number, reflux ratio and energy duty of the tower on the COP of the cycle are also studied in the present paper.

Thermodynamic Modelling of a 10-kW Ammonia-Water Absorption Machine

Absorption chillers are cooling units usually powered by renewable energy or waste heat.Their performance generally depends on the temperatures of the heat source,the ambient and the medium to be cooled.The present work deals with the thermodynamic study of a 10 kW NH3/H2O absorption machine in order to find the COP(coefficient of performance).The first and second laws of thermodynamics were used for the operating conditions.The thermodynamic properties of the NH3/H2O mixture were determined using the EES(Engineering Equation Solver)software.The results of the simulation of the machine were validated with the results of the literature.After validation,the program was used to simulate a 10-kW NH3/H2O absorption machine for milk conservation/cold storage in northern Senegal.The simulation results of the 10-kW ammonia-water absorption machine give an acceptable COP of 0.521 with a milk storage temperature of 4°C.

Thermodynamic analysis of simplified dual-pressure ammonia-water absorption power cycle

A simplified dual-pressure ammonia-water absorption power cycle(DPAPC-a) using low grade energy resources is presented and analyzed.This cycle uses turbine exhaust heat to distill the basic solution for desorption.The structure of the cycle is simple which comprises evaporator,turbine,regenerator(desorber),absorber,pump and throttle valves for both diluted solution and vapor.And it is of high efficiency,because the working medium has large temperature difference in evaporation and small temperature difference in absorptive condensation,which can match the sensible exothermal heat resource and the cooling water simultaneously.Orthogonal calculation was made to investigate the influence of the working concentration,the basic concentration and the circulation multiple on the cycle performance,with 85-110 ℃ heat resource and 20-32 ℃ cooling water.An optimum scheme was given in the condition of 110 ℃ sensitive heat resource and 20 ℃ cooling water,with the working concentration of 0.6,basic concentration of 0.385,and circulation multiple of 5.The thermal efficiency and the power recovery efficiency are 8.06 % and 6.66%,respectively.The power recovery efficiency of the DPAPC-a is 28.8% higher than that of the steam Rankine cycle(SRC) and 12.7% higher than that of ORC(R134a) under the optimized situation.

Influence factors on thermal conductivity of ammonia-water nanofluids

In order to investigate the mechanism of nanoparticles enhancing the heat and mass transfer of the ammonia-water absorption process,several types of binary nanofluids were prepared by mixing Al2O3 nanoparticles with polyacrylic acid(PAA),TiO2 with polyethylene glycol(PEG 1000),and TiN,SiC,hydroxyapatite(noodle-like) with PEG 10000 to ammonia-water solution,respectively.The thermal conductivities were measured by using a KD2 Pro thermal properties analyzer.The influences of surfactant and ammonia on the dispersion stabilities of the binary nanofluids were investigated by the light absorbency ratio index methods.The results show that the type,content and size of nanoparticles,the temperature as well as the dispersion stability are the key parameters that affect the thermal conductivity of nanofluids.For the given nanoparticle material and the base fluid,the thermal conductivity ratio of the nanofluid to the ammonia-water liquid increases as the nanoparticle content and the temperature are increased,and the diameter of nanoparticle is decreased.Furthermore,the thermal conductivity ratio increases significantly by improving the stabilities of nanofluids,which is achieved by adding surfactants or performing the proper ammonia content in the fluid.

Theoretical and experimental investigation on a liquid-gas ejector power cycle using ammonia-water

The purpose of this paper is to investigate a novel power cycle using low-temperature heat sources such as oceanic-thermal, biomass as well as industrial waste heat. Both a reheater and a liquid-gas ejector are used in this ammonia-water based cycle. Energy analysis and parametric analysis are performed to guide the theoretical performance and experimental investigation is done to verify the theoretical results. The results show that the generator pressure, heating source temperature and turbine outlet depressurization made by the ejector can affect the cycle performances. Besides, the experimental thermal efficiency is much lower than the theoretical one on account of the heat losses and irreversibility. Moreover, the performance of liquid-gas ejector is affected by primary flow pressure and temperature.

Transportation of low-grade thermal energy over long distance by ammonia-water absorption

This paper presents the importance and the cycle choice for long-distance transportation of low-grade thermal energy, and the thermodynamic and hydrodynamic feasibility of single-effect ammonia-water absorption system for heat or cold transportation over long distance are also involved. A model of a long-distance thermal energy transportation system is built and analyzed, which shows satisfactory and attractive results. When a steam heat source at 120℃ is available, the user site can get hot water output at about 55℃ with the thermal COP of about 0.6 and the electric COP of about 100 in winter, and cold water output at about 10℃ with the thermal COP of about 0.5 and the electric COP of 50 in summer. A small-size prototype is built to verify the performance analysis. Basically the experimental data show good accordance with the analysis results. The ammonia-water absorption system is a potential pro-spective solution for the heat or cold transportation over long distance.

氨型碱性水化学对690TT腐蚀特性的影响

为探索氨型碱性水化学对传热管材料690TT腐蚀行为的影响,开展传热管材料690TT合金在B-Li-NH_4OH和NH_4OH两种水质下的腐蚀特性研究,分析690TT腐蚀产物释放特性,综合评价氨型碱性水质对690TT腐蚀特性的影响。研究结果表明,690TT材料与两种氨型碱性水质均具有较好的相容性。690TT在两种水质中均形成了致密的氧化膜,氧化膜由NiFe_(2)O_(4)尖晶石氧化物和少量的铁氧化物Fe_(2)O_(3)组成,相对而言690TT在NH_(4)OH型水质条件下的总腐蚀失重量、总腐蚀产物释放量略低于在B-Li-NH_(4)OH水质下,但690TT向水质释放的Ni元素总量与上述规律相反,这可能与Ni元素和氨形成络合物[Ni(NH_(3))_(m)]^(2+)有关,Ni元素释放量增加对反应堆一回路辐照场控制有不利影响。本研究结果可为氨型碱性水化学技术的设计和应用提供数据支撑。

系统中水含量对锂介导合成氨的性能影响

针对锂介导合成氨(LM-NRR)过程中存在的水污染问题,通过对比实验及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)等表征手段,探讨了含水量对LM-NRR体系的性能影响及其在反应界面中的作用机理。结果表明,无水条件下的LM-NRR体系具有较好的氨合成性能,在反应时间为120 min、N2流速为4 m L·min^(-1)、电流密度为3 m A·cm^(-2)条件下的氨合成速率可达0.0124μg·s^(-1)·cm^(-2),法拉第效率为7.05%。含水量对LM-NRR体系的影响显著,会极大地降低体系的氨合成速率及法拉第效率。这主要是由于反应界面上的水会加剧竞争性析氢反应(HER)、促进电解质中Li BF_(4)的水解以及钝化表面活性锂位点,进而降低了体系的氨反应活性。

重溶水解法制备高纯氧化铍试验研究

针对高氟铀铍矿提铀过程中,利用所得BeSO_(4)溶液制备氢氧化铍时存在杂质较高问题,研究了采用重溶水解法处理高Fe、Al杂质的粗氢氧化铍沉淀,考察了粗Be(OH)_(2)沉淀方式、NaOH用量、重溶温度对粗Be(OH)_(2)重溶效果的影响。结果表明:采用重溶水解法能使Be与SO_(4)^(2-)高效分离,大幅降低产品中Fe、Al含量;将所得纯度较高Be(OH)_(2)进行焙烧可制备符合工业标准的高纯BeO产品。

N_(2)气氛下氨水溶液γ辐射分解行为

某些压水堆中使用氨及其分解产生的H_(2)抑制H_(2)O_(2)、O_(2)和·OH等氧化性物种的浓度,在保持一回路的还原性化学环境的同时调节冷却剂pH,以减轻结构材料的腐蚀。本工作为了研究脱氧氨水溶液在辐射场中的分解行为,针对其在γ场中的辐解过程进行了实验研究,重点考察了N_(2)压强、气相与液相体积之比和温度对氨水溶液辐解的影响,测定了剩余氨、H_(2)和氮氧化物(NO_(2)^(-)和NO_(3)^(-))的浓度及溶液的pH。结果表明:N_(2)压强(0.5~5.0 MPa)及气液体积比的变化未对氨的分解和氮氧化物的生成造成影响,吸收剂量为28.8 kGy时,辐解产生的氮氧化物浓度约为1 mg/L,但N_(2)压强和气液体积比的增加会显著降低H_(2)的浓度。温度由25℃升至200℃时,氨的分解过程将大幅放缓,吸收剂量为14.4 kGy时,30 mg/L氨水中氨的分解比例由26.5%降至8.4%,高温有利于抑制氨的分解速率,但同时导致NO_(2)^(-)和NO_(3)^(-)的浓度分别升高34和3倍左右。此外,本工作中还建立了含氨冷却剂的辐解模型并对其可靠性进行了验证,不同温度下实验数据与模型预测结果的最大相对误差仅为4.1%。随后利用该模型计算了不同初始浓度的含氨冷却剂辐解过程中剩余氨的浓度变化,结果表明较高的初始浓度有利于体系中氨的保持,连续辐照的情况下单独使用氨抑制氧化性物种时需要及时对其进行补充。

鄱阳湖季节性氨氮水生生物生态风险评估

基于生态环境部颁布的《淡水水生生物水质基准—氨氮》提供的有限离散基准值,对鄱阳湖内6个测站在2018年的氨氮水生生物生态风险(RQ)进行量化评估,进一步讨论了水温和pH值对氨氮水生生物毒性的影响,提出了一种《淡水水生生物水质基准—氨氮》的运用思路,对鄱阳湖地区氨氮的治理提供了数据支撑和经验借鉴。结果表明:氨氮平均浓度最高出现在冬季,平均浓度最低出现在秋季;鄱阳湖夏季的短期水生生物水质基准(SWQC)和长期水生生物水质基准(LWQC)最低,春季的SWQC和LWQC最高;鄱阳湖夏季的长期水生生物生态风险LRQ>1,表明在夏季鄱阳湖的氨氮长期水生生物生态风险超过环境容许值;鄱阳湖夏季存在因水温和pH值的升高导致SWQC和LWQC降低,进而引发水生生物生态风险提高的问题。加强对鄱阳湖的pH值监控和预警应作为水资源管理的重点。

测定氨水中硫化物的分析方法

根据碘量法的测定原理,剖析发现,影响氨水中硫化物测定准确性的核心是分析过程中S无损失,并由此明确了分析的3个关键点:样品中硫完全转化为ZnS、ZnS完全转化为H_(2)S、生成的H_(2)S能立即与足量的碘反应。通过试验发现,确保硫完全转化为H_(2)S的关键是醋酸锌的加入量,ZnS转化为H_(2)S可通过煮沸法简化操作,避免S损失,正确的加剂顺序、碘溶液、醋酸水溶液的加入量是确保H_(2)S完全反应的关键,通过各步骤的优化,最终建立了氨水中硫化物的测定方法。

北京地区重霾污染过程颗粒物酸度演变特征及其驱动机制

基于北京秋冬季重霾污染时期细颗粒物化学组分和气态前体物的小时观测数据,通过ISORROPIA II模型模拟颗粒物酸度,并利用敏感性分析方法研究颗粒物酸度的驱动因子。结果表明:2017~2019年秋冬季,北京3次重霾污染事件颗粒物pH的平均值分别为4.52±0.52、5.19±0.28和5.03±0.79;从清洁阶段到中度污染阶段和从中度污染阶段到重度污染阶段,颗粒物pH平均值分别下降0.72~1.07和0.3~1.03,即随着污染的加重,颗粒物pH呈现下降趋势;颗粒物pH对化学组分变化的响应不同,主要受TNHx[总铵(气态氨+颗粒态铵盐)]和SO_(4)^(2−)影响,受环境温度和湿度变化的影响有限;颗粒物pH对TNHx的敏感性依次高于SO_(4)^(2−)高于NO_(3)^(−),且高的TNHx水平会降低颗粒物pH对SO_(4)^(2−)(TNHx>47μg/m^(3))和NO_(3)^(−)(TNHx>30~40μg/m^(3))的敏感性;北京重霾污染时期,大气处于富氨状态,抬升颗粒物pH至4以上;在重霾污染事件中,颗粒物pH及变化的幅度与总铵水平和颗粒物pH对SO_(4)^(2−)、NO_(3)^(−)的敏感性有关,这为厘清二次气溶胶生成机制提供有效参考。

海水养殖尾水中NH_(4)^(+)-N去除技术的机理与工艺研究进展

总结了海水养殖尾水中NH_(4)^(+)-N的来源及特点,NH_(4)^(+)-N去除技术的机理与功能微生物、工艺应用及其微生物分布等,重点对海水养殖尾水中NH_(4)^(+)-N去除技术的机理与工艺应用进行了阐述。好氧氨氧化微生物主要包括氨氧化细菌(AOB)、氨氧化古菌(AOA)及全程硝化菌(comammox),厌氧氨氧化微生物主要包括厌氧氨氧化细菌(AnAOB)。基于好氧氨氧化微生物原理去除NH_(4)^(+)-N的主要工艺技术包括移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)、曝气生物滤池(BAF)、人工湿地和生态塘等;基于厌氧氨氧化菌处理海水养殖尾水的主要工艺技术有厌氧流化床、厌氧固定床等。指出工艺应用与微生物种群结构之间关系的研究不足。富集氨氧化微生物从而实现经济高效脱氮是未来工艺研究的重点方向。

焦化厂蒸氨制浓氨水工艺改进与优化

针对焦化厂剩余氨水蒸氨运行中存在的设备腐蚀、浓氨水含萘高、蒸氨废水控制不稳定等突出问题,并就产生原因进行分析,针对性采取工艺改造优化方案。运行实践中稳定了蒸氨塔操作,去除了浓氨水中S^(2-)、CN^(-)、萘等杂质,优化了工艺参数控制范围,提高了浓氨水品质,降低了蒸氨系统现场设备腐蚀。

循环氨水系统中的泵效率提升方法探究

随着现代工业和商业活动的不断扩展,循环氨水系统已成为多领域中的核心技术之一,广泛应用于制冷、空调、供暖、化工和制程等领域。其中泵的性能和效率直接影响了整个系统的能源消耗。本文将深入探讨循环氨水系统中泵效率的重要性,并详细分析了影响泵效率的主要因素。此外,提出了一系列泵效率提升方法,包括泵的安装方法、仪器设备的保养和维修等。旨在帮助系统设计师、工程师和维护人员更好地管理和改进泵的性能,以满足日益增长的能源效率和可持续性要求。

氨水再循环系统中的材料选择与耐久性分析

氨水再循环系统是一种重要的废热回收和能源利用技术,旨在提高能源利用效率、降低生产成本和减少环境污染。文章首先介绍了氨水再循环系统的工作原理和关键组成部分,随后重点探讨了材料选择的重要性以及考虑因素。针对常用材料的优缺点进行了详细分析。此外,文章还描述了实际应用中的项目介绍和效果分析,强调了该系统在提高能源利用效率、降低生产成本和减少环境污染方面的重要作用。本文为氨水再循环系统的材料选择和性能评估提供了有益的信息,有助于促进这一技术的广泛应用。

不同水氮供应对富士苹果品质产量和果园氮排放的影响

【目的】针对黄土高原旱地苹果园灌水施肥利用率低、氮排放污染严重等现状,探讨不同水氮供应对富士苹果品质、产量的影响,以及果园土壤氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放上的差异,为农业合理施加氮肥和用水量提供一定的参考。【方法】于2022年以短枝富士苹果树为材料,以灌水和施氮量为变量,设置5个不同灌水处理:(W5)100%~-90%θ_(田)、(W4)90%~-80%θ_(田)、(W3)80%~-70%θ_(田)、(W2)70%~-60%θ_(田)、(W1)60%~-50%θ_(田),施氮量设置5个处理:N1(150 kg/ha)、N2(300 kg/ha)、N3(450 kg/ha)、N4(600 kg/ha)、N5(750 kg/ha),分析不同处理苹果生理指标、产量性状及土壤氮素排放的变化。【结果】不同施肥灌水处理下苹果新梢生长长度随灌水量和施氮量的增加而增加;施肥后发生了明显的气态氮排放,在施肥后1周内出现挥发速率峰值。氮素添加明显增加了NH_(3)挥发累积量,而灌水量的增加则呈现降低趋势。NH_(3)挥发最大量为W1N5,其整个生育观测收集阶段挥发总量达到了187.07 kg·hm^(-2);N_(2)O排放通量的峰值在施氮后立即出现,会在第3~4 d达到排放速率高峰,氮肥施入量越多,N_(2)O排放损失量越高,施氮量相同的水平下,灌水越少N_(2)O排放越高。W1N5的N_(2)O排放速率达到最高,整个生育观测收集阶段排放总量达到了578.92 g·hm^(-2);不同水氮供应的果实横纵径、单果质量、大果率、可溶性固形物质量分数与酸度、产量之间均呈显著(P<0.05)和极显著(P<0.01)正相关关系。氮素利用率与横径、大果率、可溶性固形物质量分数、产量之间存在显著正相关关系。因此,水氮利用率与果实品质和产量之间关系密切。最高产量在N3水平获得,N5造成苹果小幅度减产,W4N3处理可以维持苹果产量、提高品质、获得更高的水氮利用效率;建立灌溉量(W)、施氮量(N)与苹果产量之间的二次多项式拟合水氮效应方程为:Y=-0.1511N^(2)-1.2403W^(2)-0.0753WN+162.6075N+547.3469W-4.1108×10^(4),理论最高产量对应水氮用量为施氮486.78 kg·hm^(-2),灌水205.87 mm,最高产量54811.49 kg·hm^(-2)。【结论】综合考虑苹果增产、减少气态氮排放、提高水氮利用率的前提和回归方程的拟合情况,推荐灌水水平为(W4)90%~80%θ_(田)、施氮水平为450 kg·hm~2是黄土高原地区苹果最优的处理组合。