Research progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu

In order to develop and utilize the tropical medicinal resource Amomum(A.)longiligulare T.L.Wu more reasonably and effectively,this paper summarizes the research progress in chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of A.longiligulare by consulting the literatures,so as to provide a certain theoretical basis for exploring its material basis.The chemical constituents of A.longiligulare mainly include volatile oil,diphenylheptane and flavonoids,which have good efficacy in anti-peptic ulcer,as well as antioxidant,analgesic and other pharmacological activities.This paper briefly discusses the reasons for the differences in the composition of volatile oil studied by different scholars.By summarizing its pharmacological activities,it is found that its various pharmacological activities may be the basis of its anti-peptic ulcer.

阳春砂(Amomum villosum Lour.)农家种热科2性状初报

【目的】阳春砂(Amomum villosum Lour.)是砂仁中的佳品,具有悠久的药用历史。通过系统分析阳春砂农家种热科2特征性状,为阳春砂品种识别和生产种植提供依据。【方法】对阳春砂农家种热科2植株、花、果实等性状进行跟踪调查研究与对比分析。【结果】热科2阳春砂植株高大粗壮,株高2.84 m,茎粗13.12 mm;叶片大而厚,叶长43.52 cm、宽6.46 cm,外侧叶缘波状不明显、叶面具平行于主脉的突起线,叶舌长椭圆形、棕色、长0.95 mm;花序“曲线型”,花梗长9.70 mm,小花数9.3朵,唇瓣长2.24 mm、宽2.39 mm,中脉黄色而染紫红色、顶端黄色外延、基部紫红色“八”字型痂状斑;果实扁圆形、褐色,内含种子23.2粒,千粒质量14.14 g,种子团挥发油体积分数3.6%;花期和果实成熟期晚。【结论】明确了热科2阳春砂的形态特征性状,可作为砂仁DUS测试指南的标准品种,为该品种的精准识别以及阳春砂优异资源保护与选育种奠定基础。

春砂仁(Amomum villosum Lour.)种子发芽的试验研究

春砂仁种植于广东、广西、福建、云南、四川等省,以广东为主要产区.生产中多采用分株繁殖的方法,由于种苗不足,大面积发展受到限制.近年不少产区试用种子繁殖,又往往因采收、贮藏、播种或长途运输等处理不当,致使种子发芽率很低.为了探讨春砂仁种子发芽的特性及其与环境之间的关系,从而找出催芽的有效措施,提高种子发芽率,我们从197s年开始,采用几种方法进行了种子发芽的比较试验.

阳春砂(Amomum villosum Lour.)农家栽培种‘热科1’特征性状初报

阳春砂(Amomum villosum Lour.)是我国四大南药之一,具有极高的药用价值。我国阳春砂栽培种源混杂、退化严重等问题制约着其品质与药效的提升,亟待加强优质资源的筛选与改良。本研究通过调查阳春砂农家栽培种‘热科1’植物学性状,发现:阳春砂主茎高度208㎝,叶缘波状程度强且整齐,叶舌椭圆形、棕色,叶鞘绿黄色、边缘轻度棕色带;新抽芽被鲜艳棕红色膜质鳞片;花序"L"型、花梗长8.46㎝,小花数11.9朵;唇瓣中脉黄染深紫红,花粉囊覆盖处中部黄色、边缘染微红色;果实椭圆形、基部微三棱形,种子团挥发油含量3.7%,乙酸龙脑酯含量1.68%;种子褐色、不规则形状,千粒重11.42 g。本研究对阳春砂农家栽培种‘热科1’植株、花、果实与种子特性进行了详细的描述,具有鲜明的特征,作为砂仁DUS测试指南的标准品种,为识别‘热科1’品种提供科学依据,为砂仁品种保护奠定基础。

The Influence of Altitude and Latitude on Breeding of Amomum tsaoko (Zingiberaceae)

Objective: To explore the effect of altitude and latitude on breeding of Amomum tsaoko Crevost et Lemaire, a flexistylous ginger, which fruit is used as common materia medica and a food condiment. Methods: The 7 populations were selected randomly from the three floristic zones of Yunnan. Adult plants and infructescences were chosen randomly to gain flower number and fructification percentage per inflorescence, and seed number per fruit. All date was analyzed by SPSS (13.0 version). Results: As A. tsaoko was distributed (or transplanted) from a habitat at lower latitude and/or altitude to a site of higher latitude and/or altitude, the flower number per inflorescence increased, on the contrary, the fructification percentage per inflorescence decreased. The competition for reproductive resource was beneficial to increase flower number and seed production. Conclusions: The habitats in south of the tropic of cancer were favorable to the reproduction of A. tsaoko, which reproductive costs were lower and harvest was higher. Increasing flower number per inflorescence may be a strategy to promote the plant to distribute into alpine habitats for both female and male reproductive success.

Tsaokoin,a New Bicyclic Nonane from Amomum tsao-ko

7α-Hydroxy-8β,9β-H- cis- bicyclo[4,3,0]non-4-ene-4-aldehyde, a nonane compound with novel skeleton, named tsaokoin, was isolated from the fruits of Amomum tsao-ko. Its structure was established on the basis of spectral analysis.

Chemical constituents and biological activities of essential oils of Amomum genus(Zingiberaceae)

Amomum Roxb.includes the aromatic and medicinal plants native to tropical and subtropical Asia belonging to the family Zingiberaceae.Members of Amomum genus have been used for a long time in traditional medicine for the treatment of throat trouble,congestion of lungs,inflammation of eyelids,and digestive disorders,etc.Amomum essential oils have been studied for their chemical profiles in which limonene,allo-aromadendrene,1,8-cineole,camphor,farnesyl acetate,α-pinene,β-pinene,caryophyllene,camphene,D-camphor,santolina triene,methyl chavicol,bornyl acetate,β-elemene,δ-3-carene,etc.were the major compounds.Furthermore,the oils extracted from Amomum plants have been reported to possess antimicrobial,antioxidant,insecticidal,larvicidal,cytotoxic,anti-scabies,and anti-inflammatory activities.This review focuses on the chemical constituents and biological activities of the essential oils isolated from the different plant parts of Amomum plants.The objective of the present review is to highlight therapeutic potentials and provide evidence for future medicinal applications of these species of genus Amomum.

Optimization of extraction process of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu polysaccharides by response surface methodology

Objective:To optimize the technological conditions of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu polysaccharides and increase the yield of polysaccharides.Methods:The polysaccharide was prepared by water extraction and alcohol precipitation method,and the yield of polysaccharide was taken as an index.The effects of ultrasonic time,extraction times,ultrasonic temperature,and water-to-material ratio on polysaccharide yield were investigated through a single factor experiment.Combined experimental design and response surface analysis were used to optimize the extraction process of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu polysaccharides.Results:The optimum conditions of ultrasonic-assisted extraction were determined as follows:extraction time of 29 min,three extraction times,water bath extraction temperature of 68℃,water-to-material ratio of 15:1;under these conditions,the polysaccharide yield was 10.69%.Conclusion:The results are close to the predicted values of the model.This optimization test is effective and feasible,and provides a reference for the related research of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu.

Antioxidant activities of different extracts from Amomum longiligulare Fruits

Objective:To study the antioxidant activities of five extracts ofAmomi longiligulare (A. longiligulare) to determine the antioxidant fraction.Methods: The ethanol extract ofA. longiligulare was extracted by systematic solvent extraction to obtain the petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol fractions successively. Thein vitro antioxidant activities of the five extracts were evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and hydroxyl radical (OH-) scavenging assay methods.Results: The five extracts showed different extent of antioxidant activities in vitro, especially the ethyl acetate and dichloromethane fractions.Conclusion: The difference of antioxidant activity of different extracts may be associated with the type and structure of antioxidant components in each fraction of A. longiligulare fruits.

Physical Land Suitability Assessment for the Large Cardamom Amomum subulatum Roxb.Cultivation in Hills of Kathmandu Valley

Nepal is one of the top three exporters of larger cardamom(Amomum subulatum Roxb.) in the world market contributing largely to the Nepalese economy.Sub-Himalayan range of hilly area of eastern Nepal is popular for large cardamom cultivation.Being similar phytogeographical and ecological setting,cultivation has begun in hills of Kathmandu Valley however land suitability needs to be evaluated with reference to specific need of the crop.Kathmandu is a valley with alluvial bottom and altitudinal range between 1200 and 2730m above sea level having cool to warm temperate climatic range.Varieties of aspects and slope gradient have potentiality for the large cardamom cultivation.Aim of the study was set to categorize available land area in the range of suitability for large cardamon cultivation on the basis of physical characteristics of the land and ecological need of crop.Land evaluation methodology has been designed along with site specific amendment in FAO framework(1976).Land use map in scale of 1:25 000 was used in geographic information system environment.Suitability was done through map overlaying methods.Aim of the study was set to categorize available land area in the range of suitability categories for large cardamom cultivation based on physical characteristics of the land matching with ecological need of crop.Analysis of data shows that altitudinal range at uplands of Kathmandu Valley and annual average rainfall and temperature are found to be within suitability range for Amomum subulatum cultivation.Sandy loam soil,slightly acidic in nature with gentle sloping land of about 5-8° provides highly suitable condition.Result showed that more than one-third of total land area above 1800 m of altitude is suitable.Selectively,of the total area,5% are north facing slope,13% gentle slopes are highly suitable.16% lands with north east orientation are moderately suitable.Most of the land areas which are marginaly suitabile for vegetable and cereal crops are highly suitable for large cardamom.Hills of northern boundary hills found to be suitable due to more rainfall distribution pattern compared to southern boundary hills.Therefore,land evaluation also identifies limitations and input requirements for sustainable production.

豆蔻属Amomum药用植物资源的初步研究

目的为豆蔻属药用资源的利用和保护奠定基础。方法野外调查和文献整理。结果豆蔻属Amomum是姜科的第二大属,我国有记载的豆蔻属药用植物共20种和变种,其中,砂仁、豆蔻、草果是被《中国药典》收载的3味主流药材,其他均为民间或民族用药。砂仁、豆蔻、草果均属于芳香化湿药,砂仁的应用最广泛,用于51个药典方剂,其次是豆蔻,用于21个药典方剂,草果用于5个药典方剂。结论结合豆蔻属分子系统学研究结果和传统中药材知识,易于鉴别砂仁、豆蔻、草果3味药材,以及砂仁、草果及其混淆品的鉴别。豆蔻属药用植物的分布较为狭窄,对其资源的保护和开发利用值得重视。

7种不同果型草果果粉的理化指标及挥发性成分分析

为了探究不同果型草果果粉的理化指标及其挥发性成分的差异,以怒江州泸水市草果果粉为原料,探究不同果型草果果粉的色差、挥发油含量、含水量、粒径、表面微观结构等理化指标,并采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析草果果粉的挥发性成分。结果表明:7种不同果型草果果粉的色差值△E为(19.17±0.29)~(25.15±0.17),L值在(72.50±0.23)~(76.87±0.07)范围内,a值为(5.17±0.05)~(6.97±0.15),b值为(12.35±0.43)~(16.91±0.43);挥发油含量为(0.76±0.01)~(1.30±0.26)mL/100 g;含水量为(11.13%±0.12%)~(15.05%±0.23%);粒径方面NL5、NL6草果果粉粉体颗粒差异最大。7种不同果型草果果粉中共检测出31种挥发性成分,共有成分17种,主要为醛类和醇类物质,包括反-2-癸烯醛、桉叶油醇、柠檬醛、香叶醇、乙酸香叶酯等。其中NL2草果果粉检出的挥发性成分最多,共28种,且反-2-癸烯醛相对含量最高,为22.24%±2.29%,NL5草果果粉中桉叶油醇的相对含量最高,为17.52%±2.16%。因此,不同果型草果果粉在色差、挥发油含量、含水量、粒径、表面微观结构上均存在一定差异,不同果型草果果粉的挥发性成分既有共性特征又有差异性。该研究结果可为优质纯天然草果果粉的生产及应用提供理论指导。

云南怒江州不同地区草果种质资源农艺表型性状的遗传多样性分析

为了探究不同地区草果种质资源农艺表型性状的遗传多样性。以云南怒江州不同地区的草果种质资源为材料,通过测定其8个农艺表型性状,运用变异系数、遗传多样性指数、方差分析、相关性分析、聚类分析、主成分分析与综合评价的方法分析草果农艺表型性状的遗传多样性。结果表明:各农艺表型性状均存在较大变异,变异系数为7.63%~32.51%,其中分蘖数的变异系数最大;各性状间表现出较好的多样性,shannon-wiener指数(Hʹ)范围为1.933~2.355,平均值为2.024;各农艺表型性状不同种质间存在显著差异(P<0.05);果实纵径与果型指数、果重存在极显著的正相关关系,果实横径与果重存在极显著的正相关关系,果型指数与叶宽存在显著负相关关系;聚类分析将不同地区草果种质资源分为2个类群,其中来自福贡县与来自泸水市的草果种质资源各自聚成一类;从8个农艺表型性状中共提取出3个主成分,累计贡献率达到76.940%,能综合反映草果农艺表型性状的大部分信息;综合评价结果表明,SD12、SD20、SD7、SD17、SD18、SD5排在前6位,综合表现较好。上述结果说明,云南怒江州不同地区24份草果种质资源农艺表型性状的遗传多样性较为丰富,不同地区的草果种质资源变异性较明显,其中SD12、SD20、SD7、SD17、SD18、SD5草果的农艺表型性状综合表现较好,是较适合用于育种的优质种质资源。

药食同源草果抗微生物活性研究进展

以“草果”“菌”“病毒”“化学成分”“作用机制”“Amomum tsao-ko”“Antibacterial”“Antimicrobial”“Virus”“Chemical composition”“Mechanism”等为关键词,在中国知网、维普数据库、中国专利网、PubMed、Web of Science等数据库中组合查询到2011~2023年中的有效文献57篇,对草果抗菌物质基础、抗菌活性与机理、抗病毒活性等方面进行归纳与总结。表明草果具有广谱的抗微生物活性,对细菌、真菌和HSV-1病毒均具有不同程度的体外抑制作用和体内抗感染作用,其中挥发油、酚酸、黄酮及双环壬烷类为草果抗菌物质基础,作用机制主要表现为破坏细胞壁、细胞膜的完整性及抑制病原菌的呼吸代谢过程。但目前对草果抗微生物作用多局限于粗提物的体外抑制,体内各个药物组分之间的相互作用并不明确,且缺乏毒理学和药动学的相关研究,其安全性及药效物质基础尚需进一步深入探索。

阳春砂与草果叶片解剖结构分析

为揭示豆蔻属(Amomum L.)2种植物阳春砂(Amomum villosum Lour.)与草果(Amomum tsao-ko Crevost et Lemaire)的叶解剖结构特性差异,采用指甲油印痕法和超薄切片法对其叶片进行研究。结果表明,2种植物的叶片在气孔器的分布、气孔器的结构、叶片横切面结构、叶肉细胞超微观结构上有很大的相似性,但在气孔器的数量、气孔器的大小、叶绿体的结构、叶肉细胞贮藏的营养物质等方面存在差异:草果叶片的上、下表皮气孔分别比阳春砂叶片的上、下表皮气孔大;阳春砂叶片的上、下表皮气孔数目分别比草果叶片的上、下表皮气孔数目多;阳春砂叶片栅栏组织和海绵组织分化不太明显,草果叶片的栅栏组织和海绵组织的分化较明显,且栅栏组织排列更加整齐、规则;阳春砂的叶绿体中含有淀粉粒和嗜锇颗粒,细胞质中含有内生菌,草果叶片的叶绿体中含有脂滴。

不同外源激素对鲜草果种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

【目的】解决草果种子休眠期与育苗周期长、幼苗生长缓慢等问题。【方法】采用不同外源激素处理鲜草果种子,探究不同外源激素对种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。【结果】50 mg/L生长素(IAA)、200 mg/L赤霉素(GA3)、10 mg/L 2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)处理均能有效降低鲜草果种子发芽启动时间,提高种子发芽指数,促进种子萌发;萌发出的幼苗长势更好,生物量更高。其中,50 mg/L IAA浸种处理后发芽启动时间最短(55 d),发芽率(57%)与发芽指数(0.86)最高,萌发出的幼苗长势好,可溶性糖、可溶性淀粉和可溶性蛋白质含量以及过氧化物酶活性均高于其他处理。10 mg/L 2,4-D和10 mg/L 6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)处理鲜草果种子可改变幼苗生物量分配,根冠比接近1∶2。【结论】本研究揭示了不同外源激素对鲜草果种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,为草果良种繁育奠定了一定的基础。

多酚、黄酮功能性成分导向的草果种质资源评价

草果是一种富含多酚和黄酮的药食同源作物。功能性草果资源的研究评价是育种利用和产业化开发的核心。本研究旨在草果资源的通便活性成分多酚、黄酮含量及抗氧化活性差异分析,进行草果种质资源的筛选评价,探讨成分积累的可能因素。对来自老挝、缅甸,我国四川、广西、云南的57份草果资源,采用福林酚法、NaNO_(2)-Al(NO_(3))_(3)-NaOH比色法分别测定草果水提物的多酚、黄酮含量和DPPH自由基清除能力,分析多酚和黄酮含量与DPPH自由基清除能力、地理因子之间的相关性。结果表明:采用广靶代谢组学检测草果水提物的组分构成,检测出草果水提物中含量最高的为黄酮(46.34%)和多酚(15.98%);通过小肠墨汁推进实验验证草果水提物具有润肠通便功效;纺锤形草果资源的多酚和黄酮含量高于椭圆形果和圆形果,国外和我国云南怒江的草果资源的黄酮含量高于其他地区种质;草果多酚、黄酮含量与DPPH自由基清除能力、海拔高度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与经度(P<0.05)、纬度(P>0.05)呈负相关,因此推测草果多酚和黄酮的积累可能与温度、光照、紫外线、土壤水分有关。以多酚和黄酮含量作为评价指标,将草果资源分为3个等级,利用该方法筛选到优良草果资源为我国云南怒江种质GS-3、GS-10和国外种质MDL-1、MGK-2。研究结果可为草果质量等级评价体系的建立提供分析方法,不但可以指导草果资源的考察和收集,而且可为草果资源的育种研究和新产品开发利用提供科学依据。

正交实验优化草果果胶的提取工艺

采用传统的酸水解乙醇沉淀法提取草果果胶,以草果果胶得率为评价指标,在单因素实验的基础上,通过L_(9)(3^(4))正交实验优化了草果果胶的提取工艺。结果表明,各因素对草果果胶得率影响的大小顺序为:pH值>料液比>提取时间>提取温度;最佳提取工艺为:pH值3.0、提取温度90℃、提取时间150 min、料液比1∶30(g∶mL),在此条件下,果胶得率为7.54%,为进一步深入开发草果资源提供了科学依据。

荆芥和砂仁挥发油对米象熏蒸活性的协同作用及成分研究

研究20种植物挥发油对米象(Sitophilus oryzae Linnaeus)成虫的熏蒸活性以及混配的协同作用。采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取20种植物挥发油,通过气相-质谱法和化合物消除法,确定熏蒸活性和协同作用最好的2种挥发油的活性成分。结果表明:20种植物挥发油中荆芥挥发油对米象的熏蒸活性最好,LC_(50)为13.27 mg/L。砂仁挥发油表现出最大的协同作用,共毒性因子为107.14。通过化合物消除法评价荆芥挥发油和砂仁挥发油的主要活性成分分别为胡薄荷酮和(-)-4-萜品醇,对米象熏蒸活性的LC_(50)分别为7.34、8.35 mg/L,优于荆芥挥发油的熏蒸活性。胡薄荷酮和(-)-4-萜品醇按照质量比例61.13∶6.13和1∶1的比例混配,LC_(50)分别为5.91、8.29 mg/L,随着胡薄荷酮比例的增大,混剂对米象的熏蒸活性增强。研究证实了胡薄荷酮和(-)-4-萜品醇作为植物源杀虫剂具有防治米象的潜力。

饲粮中添加草果茎叶对西畴乌骨鸡生长性能、血清生化指标以及肌肉品质的影响

为研究在饲粮中添加草果茎叶对西畴乌骨鸡生长性能、血清生化指标以及肌肉营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸含量的影响,试验选择体重相近的28日龄西畴乌骨鸡270只分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复30只,以饲喂基础料为对照组,饲喂基础料+3%草果茎叶粉为Ⅰ组,基础料+6%草果茎叶粉为Ⅱ组,试验期为90 d。结果显示:与对照组相比,试验II组平均日采食量提高4.83%,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组平均日增重分别提高3.53%、7.19%,料重比分别降低2.83%、1.65%(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组肌肉中水分含量分别提高0.08%、0.61%,蛋白质含量分别提高6.9%、6.3%,脂肪含量分别提高8.05%、13.18%(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组肌肉中氨基酸的总量分别提高5.27%、5.57%,其中必需氨基酸总量均提高7.59%(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组肌肉中脂肪酸总量分别提高49.58%、52.55%,其中单不饱和脂肪酸总含量分别提高239.94%、252.56%,多不饱和脂肪酸总含量分别提高69.10%、72.11%(P<0.05)。研究显示,饲粮中添加草果茎叶饲喂西畴乌骨鸡可以提高其生长性能,改善西畴乌骨鸡的肌肉品质。从各项指标综合而言,添加3%比例的草果茎叶效果更经济有效。