Antioxidant Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Amomum villosum Lour.

[Objectives]To study the antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate extract of Amomum villosum Lour.[Methods]The removal rate of chelated iron ions,hydroxyl radicals,superoxide anion free radicals and DPPH free radicals by the ethyl acetate extract of A.villosum Lour.was determined by UV spectrophotometer.[Results]0.5000μg/mL ethyl acetate extract of A.villosum Lour.had the strongest ability to chelate with ferrous ions and to remove hydroxyl radicals,superoxide anion free radicals and DPPH free radicals.The ability to chelate with ferrous ions was 95.14%,and the removal rate of the above free radicals was 86.217%,81.44%,and 85.16%.[Conclusions]The ethyl acetate extract of A.villosum Lour.had a strong antioxidant effect,and its antioxidant capacity was related to the sample concentration,which provides a theoretical basis for its application in the development of antioxidant skin care products.

阳春砂(Amomum villosum Lour.)农家种热科2性状初报

【目的】阳春砂(Amomum villosum Lour.)是砂仁中的佳品,具有悠久的药用历史。通过系统分析阳春砂农家种热科2特征性状,为阳春砂品种识别和生产种植提供依据。【方法】对阳春砂农家种热科2植株、花、果实等性状进行跟踪调查研究与对比分析。【结果】热科2阳春砂植株高大粗壮,株高2.84 m,茎粗13.12 mm;叶片大而厚,叶长43.52 cm、宽6.46 cm,外侧叶缘波状不明显、叶面具平行于主脉的突起线,叶舌长椭圆形、棕色、长0.95 mm;花序“曲线型”,花梗长9.70 mm,小花数9.3朵,唇瓣长2.24 mm、宽2.39 mm,中脉黄色而染紫红色、顶端黄色外延、基部紫红色“八”字型痂状斑;果实扁圆形、褐色,内含种子23.2粒,千粒质量14.14 g,种子团挥发油体积分数3.6%;花期和果实成熟期晚。【结论】明确了热科2阳春砂的形态特征性状,可作为砂仁DUS测试指南的标准品种,为该品种的精准识别以及阳春砂优异资源保护与选育种奠定基础。

阳春砂(Amomum villosum Lour.)农家栽培种‘热科1’特征性状初报

阳春砂(Amomum villosum Lour.)是我国四大南药之一,具有极高的药用价值。我国阳春砂栽培种源混杂、退化严重等问题制约着其品质与药效的提升,亟待加强优质资源的筛选与改良。本研究通过调查阳春砂农家栽培种‘热科1’植物学性状,发现:阳春砂主茎高度208㎝,叶缘波状程度强且整齐,叶舌椭圆形、棕色,叶鞘绿黄色、边缘轻度棕色带;新抽芽被鲜艳棕红色膜质鳞片;花序"L"型、花梗长8.46㎝,小花数11.9朵;唇瓣中脉黄染深紫红,花粉囊覆盖处中部黄色、边缘染微红色;果实椭圆形、基部微三棱形,种子团挥发油含量3.7%,乙酸龙脑酯含量1.68%;种子褐色、不规则形状,千粒重11.42 g。本研究对阳春砂农家栽培种‘热科1’植株、花、果实与种子特性进行了详细的描述,具有鲜明的特征,作为砂仁DUS测试指南的标准品种,为识别‘热科1’品种提供科学依据,为砂仁品种保护奠定基础。

The Influence of Altitude and Latitude on Breeding of Amomum tsaoko (Zingiberaceae)

Objective: To explore the effect of altitude and latitude on breeding of Amomum tsaoko Crevost et Lemaire, a flexistylous ginger, which fruit is used as common materia medica and a food condiment. Methods: The 7 populations were selected randomly from the three floristic zones of Yunnan. Adult plants and infructescences were chosen randomly to gain flower number and fructification percentage per inflorescence, and seed number per fruit. All date was analyzed by SPSS (13.0 version). Results: As A. tsaoko was distributed (or transplanted) from a habitat at lower latitude and/or altitude to a site of higher latitude and/or altitude, the flower number per inflorescence increased, on the contrary, the fructification percentage per inflorescence decreased. The competition for reproductive resource was beneficial to increase flower number and seed production. Conclusions: The habitats in south of the tropic of cancer were favorable to the reproduction of A. tsaoko, which reproductive costs were lower and harvest was higher. Increasing flower number per inflorescence may be a strategy to promote the plant to distribute into alpine habitats for both female and male reproductive success.

春砂仁(Amomum villosum Lour.)种子发芽的试验研究

春砂仁种植于广东、广西、福建、云南、四川等省,以广东为主要产区.生产中多采用分株繁殖的方法,由于种苗不足,大面积发展受到限制.近年不少产区试用种子繁殖,又往往因采收、贮藏、播种或长途运输等处理不当,致使种子发芽率很低.为了探讨春砂仁种子发芽的特性及其与环境之间的关系,从而找出催芽的有效措施,提高种子发芽率,我们从197s年开始,采用几种方法进行了种子发芽的比较试验.

Tsaokoin,a New Bicyclic Nonane from Amomum tsao-ko

7α-Hydroxy-8β,9β-H- cis- bicyclo[4,3,0]non-4-ene-4-aldehyde, a nonane compound with novel skeleton, named tsaokoin, was isolated from the fruits of Amomum tsao-ko. Its structure was established on the basis of spectral analysis.

Research progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu

In order to develop and utilize the tropical medicinal resource Amomum(A.)longiligulare T.L.Wu more reasonably and effectively,this paper summarizes the research progress in chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of A.longiligulare by consulting the literatures,so as to provide a certain theoretical basis for exploring its material basis.The chemical constituents of A.longiligulare mainly include volatile oil,diphenylheptane and flavonoids,which have good efficacy in anti-peptic ulcer,as well as antioxidant,analgesic and other pharmacological activities.This paper briefly discusses the reasons for the differences in the composition of volatile oil studied by different scholars.By summarizing its pharmacological activities,it is found that its various pharmacological activities may be the basis of its anti-peptic ulcer.

Chemical constituents and biological activities of essential oils of Amomum genus(Zingiberaceae)

Amomum Roxb.includes the aromatic and medicinal plants native to tropical and subtropical Asia belonging to the family Zingiberaceae.Members of Amomum genus have been used for a long time in traditional medicine for the treatment of throat trouble,congestion of lungs,inflammation of eyelids,and digestive disorders,etc.Amomum essential oils have been studied for their chemical profiles in which limonene,allo-aromadendrene,1,8-cineole,camphor,farnesyl acetate,α-pinene,β-pinene,caryophyllene,camphene,D-camphor,santolina triene,methyl chavicol,bornyl acetate,β-elemene,δ-3-carene,etc.were the major compounds.Furthermore,the oils extracted from Amomum plants have been reported to possess antimicrobial,antioxidant,insecticidal,larvicidal,cytotoxic,anti-scabies,and anti-inflammatory activities.This review focuses on the chemical constituents and biological activities of the essential oils isolated from the different plant parts of Amomum plants.The objective of the present review is to highlight therapeutic potentials and provide evidence for future medicinal applications of these species of genus Amomum.

Physical Land Suitability Assessment for the Large Cardamom Amomum subulatum Roxb.Cultivation in Hills of Kathmandu Valley

Nepal is one of the top three exporters of larger cardamom （Amomum subulatum Roxb.） in the world market contributing largely to the Nepalese economy. Sub-Himalayan range of hilly area of eastern Nepal is popular for large cardamom cultivation. Being similar phytogeographical and ecological setting, cultivation has begun in hills of Kathmandu Valley however land suitability needs to be evaluated with reference to specific need of the crop. Kathmandu is a valley with alluvial bottom and altitudinal range between 1200 and 2730m above sea level having cool to warm temperate climatic range. Varieties of aspects and slope gradient have potentiality for the large cardamom cultivation. Aim of the study was set to categorize available land area in the range of suitability for large cardamon cultivation on the basis of physical characteristics of the land and ecological need of crop. Land evaluation methodology has been designed along with site specific amendment in FAO framework （1976）. Land use map in scale of 1：25 000 was used in geographic information system environment. Suitability was done through map overlaying methods. Aim of the study was set to categorize available land area in the range of suitability categories for large cardamom cultivation based on physical characteristics of the land matching with ecological need of crop. Analysis of data shows that altitudinal range at uplands of Kathmandu Valley and annual average rainfall and temperature are found to be within suitability range for Amomum subulaturn cultivation. Sandy loam soil, slightly acidic in nature with gentle sloping land of about 5-8° provides highly suitable condition. Result showed that more than one-third of total land area above 1800 m of altitude is suitable. Selectively, of the total area, 5% are north facing slope, 13% gentle slopes are highly suitable. 16% lands with north east orientation are moderately suitable. Most of the land areas which are marginaly suitabile for vegetable and cereal crops are highly suitable for large cardamom. Hills of northern boundary hills found to be suitable due to more rainfall distribution pattern compared to southern boundary hills. Therefore, land evaluation also identifies limitations and input requirements for sustainable production.

Optimization of extraction process of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu polysaccharides by response surface methodology

Objective:To optimize the technological conditions of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu polysaccharides and increase the yield of polysaccharides.Methods:The polysaccharide was prepared by water extraction and alcohol precipitation method,and the yield of polysaccharide was taken as an index.The effects of ultrasonic time,extraction times,ultrasonic temperature,and water-to-material ratio on polysaccharide yield were investigated through a single factor experiment.Combined experimental design and response surface analysis were used to optimize the extraction process of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu polysaccharides.Results:The optimum conditions of ultrasonic-assisted extraction were determined as follows:extraction time of 29 min,three extraction times,water bath extraction temperature of 68℃,water-to-material ratio of 15:1;under these conditions,the polysaccharide yield was 10.69%.Conclusion:The results are close to the predicted values of the model.This optimization test is effective and feasible,and provides a reference for the related research of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu.

豆蔻属Amomum药用植物资源的初步研究

目的为豆蔻属药用资源的利用和保护奠定基础。方法野外调查和文献整理。结果豆蔻属Amomum是姜科的第二大属,我国有记载的豆蔻属药用植物共20种和变种,其中,砂仁、豆蔻、草果是被《中国药典》收载的3味主流药材,其他均为民间或民族用药。砂仁、豆蔻、草果均属于芳香化湿药,砂仁的应用最广泛,用于51个药典方剂,其次是豆蔻,用于21个药典方剂,草果用于5个药典方剂。结论结合豆蔻属分子系统学研究结果和传统中药材知识,易于鉴别砂仁、豆蔻、草果3味药材,以及砂仁、草果及其混淆品的鉴别。豆蔻属药用植物的分布较为狭窄,对其资源的保护和开发利用值得重视。

Antioxidant activities of different extracts from Amomum longiligulare Fruits

Objective:To study the antioxidant activities of five extracts ofAmomi longiligulare (A. longiligulare) to determine the antioxidant fraction.Methods: The ethanol extract ofA. longiligulare was extracted by systematic solvent extraction to obtain the petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol fractions successively. Thein vitro antioxidant activities of the five extracts were evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and hydroxyl radical (OH-) scavenging assay methods.Results: The five extracts showed different extent of antioxidant activities in vitro, especially the ethyl acetate and dichloromethane fractions.Conclusion: The difference of antioxidant activity of different extracts may be associated with the type and structure of antioxidant components in each fraction of A. longiligulare fruits.

7种不同果型草果果粉的理化指标及挥发性成分分析

为了探究不同果型草果果粉的理化指标及其挥发性成分的差异,以怒江州泸水市草果果粉为原料,探究不同果型草果果粉的色差、挥发油含量、含水量、粒径、表面微观结构等理化指标,并采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析草果果粉的挥发性成分。结果表明:7种不同果型草果果粉的色差值△E为(19.17±0.29)~(25.15±0.17),L值在(72.50±0.23)~(76.87±0.07)范围内,a值为(5.17±0.05)~(6.97±0.15),b值为(12.35±0.43)~(16.91±0.43);挥发油含量为(0.76±0.01)~(1.30±0.26)mL/100 g;含水量为(11.13%±0.12%)~(15.05%±0.23%);粒径方面NL5、NL6草果果粉粉体颗粒差异最大。7种不同果型草果果粉中共检测出31种挥发性成分,共有成分17种,主要为醛类和醇类物质,包括反-2-癸烯醛、桉叶油醇、柠檬醛、香叶醇、乙酸香叶酯等。其中NL2草果果粉检出的挥发性成分最多,共28种,且反-2-癸烯醛相对含量最高,为22.24%±2.29%,NL5草果果粉中桉叶油醇的相对含量最高,为17.52%±2.16%。因此,不同果型草果果粉在色差、挥发油含量、含水量、粒径、表面微观结构上均存在一定差异,不同果型草果果粉的挥发性成分既有共性特征又有差异性。该研究结果可为优质纯天然草果果粉的生产及应用提供理论指导。

多酚、黄酮功能性成分导向的草果种质资源评价

草果是一种富含多酚和黄酮的药食同源作物。功能性草果资源的研究评价是育种利用和产业化开发的核心。本研究旨在草果资源的通便活性成分多酚、黄酮含量及抗氧化活性差异分析,进行草果种质资源的筛选评价,探讨成分积累的可能因素。对来自老挝、缅甸,我国四川、广西、云南的57份草果资源,采用福林酚法、NaNO_(2)-Al(NO_(3))_(3)-NaOH比色法分别测定草果水提物的多酚、黄酮含量和DPPH自由基清除能力,分析多酚和黄酮含量与DPPH自由基清除能力、地理因子之间的相关性。结果表明:采用广靶代谢组学检测草果水提物的组分构成,检测出草果水提物中含量最高的为黄酮(46.34%)和多酚(15.98%);通过小肠墨汁推进实验验证草果水提物具有润肠通便功效;纺锤形草果资源的多酚和黄酮含量高于椭圆形果和圆形果,国外和我国云南怒江的草果资源的黄酮含量高于其他地区种质;草果多酚、黄酮含量与DPPH自由基清除能力、海拔高度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与经度(P<0.05)、纬度(P>0.05)呈负相关,因此推测草果多酚和黄酮的积累可能与温度、光照、紫外线、土壤水分有关。以多酚和黄酮含量作为评价指标,将草果资源分为3个等级,利用该方法筛选到优良草果资源为我国云南怒江种质GS-3、GS-10和国外种质MDL-1、MGK-2。研究结果可为草果质量等级评价体系的建立提供分析方法,不但可以指导草果资源的考察和收集,而且可为草果资源的育种研究和新产品开发利用提供科学依据。

荆芥和砂仁挥发油对米象熏蒸活性的协同作用及成分研究

研究20种植物挥发油对米象(Sitophilus oryzae Linnaeus)成虫的熏蒸活性以及混配的协同作用。采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取20种植物挥发油,通过气相-质谱法和化合物消除法,确定熏蒸活性和协同作用最好的2种挥发油的活性成分。结果表明:20种植物挥发油中荆芥挥发油对米象的熏蒸活性最好,LC_(50)为13.27 mg/L。砂仁挥发油表现出最大的协同作用,共毒性因子为107.14。通过化合物消除法评价荆芥挥发油和砂仁挥发油的主要活性成分分别为胡薄荷酮和(-)-4-萜品醇,对米象熏蒸活性的LC_(50)分别为7.34、8.35 mg/L,优于荆芥挥发油的熏蒸活性。胡薄荷酮和(-)-4-萜品醇按照质量比例61.13∶6.13和1∶1的比例混配,LC_(50)分别为5.91、8.29 mg/L,随着胡薄荷酮比例的增大,混剂对米象的熏蒸活性增强。研究证实了胡薄荷酮和(-)-4-萜品醇作为植物源杀虫剂具有防治米象的潜力。

阳春砂茉莉酸生物合成酶基因鉴定与时空表达分析

为探究阳春砂(Amomum villosum)花器中茉莉酸(JA)生物合成酶基因表达与雌雄蕊生长的关系,本研究利用cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术克隆阳春砂JA生物合成酶基因的全长序列,并对各基因进行生物信息学分析、表达模式测定及各基因表达与阳春砂雌雄蕊生长的相关性分析,以探究阳春砂花器中JA生物合成酶基因表达与雌雄蕊生长的关系。结果表明,阳春砂中JA生物合成酶基因AvLOX、AvAOS、AvAOC、AvOPR3序列全长分别为2733、1798、930、1400 bp,分别包含2577、1485、744、1179 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),其编码蛋白分别含有858、494、247、392个氨基酸残基。4个JA生物合成酶基因的表达随阳春砂雄蕊的发育进程逐渐增加,但在雌蕊中的表达则呈现多样性。在雌蕊中,AvLOX、AvAOS基因在开花后1天表达最高,AvAOC在标记后第9天表达最高,AvOPR3基因在标记后第6天表达最高。除AvAOS基因在小花在标记后第3天以及AvOPR3基因在小花标记后第6天外,4个JA生物合成酶基因在雄蕊中的表达在各发育阶段显著高于同时期在雌蕊中的表达。与对照组相比,在喷施茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)后,4个JA生物合成酶基因在雄蕊中的表达模式,以及AvLOX和AvOPR3基因在雌蕊中的表达模式没有改变,但AvAOS和AvAOC基因在雌蕊中的表达模式有变化。在对照组和MeJA处理组中,4个JA生物合成酶基因的表达与阳春砂小花花丝和花柱的长度有极显著的相关性。本研究结果为进一步探究JA与阳春砂花器官生长发育的关系奠定了基础。

不同产地草果理化特性及游离氨基酸组分分析

为探究不同产地草果的理化特性及游离氨基酸组分的差异,以中国云南麻栗坡、绿春、屏边、盈江、福贡、泸水,以及越南的草果为原料,对不同产地草果的水分、蛋白质、灰分、挥发油含量等理化特性及游离氨基酸进行分析。结果表明,不同产地草果的水分含量为8.60%~14.21%,蛋白质含量为5.28%~6.66%,灰分含量为5.27%~6.46%,挥发油含量为1.16%~1.75%。草果中共检出16种游离氨基酸,含量为10.69~17.58 g/hg,包括7种必需氨基酸、9种非必需氨基酸,营养评价结果显示,7种不同产地草果的必需氨基酸/总氨基酸(EAA/TAA)值均较接近0.4,仅屏边和越南草果的NEAA/TAA值未达到0.6以上;鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸、苦味氨基酸和芳香族氨基酸的含量分别为4.00~8.75、1.95~3.08、2.67~4.09、1.20~1.65 g/hg,其中泸水、盈江草果的鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸、芳香族氨基酸含量相对较高。由此得出,7种不同产地草果的水分、蛋白质、灰分、挥发油含量存在一定差异,不同产地草果氨基酸含量丰富、营养价值高,其组成、含量及营养价值均存在一定的差异,其中泸水产地的草果水分、蛋白质、挥发油含量、氨基酸总含量较高;就呈味氨基酸而言,泸水、盈江草果的鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸、芳香族氨基酸含量较高。该研究结果可为草果种质资源筛选、研究及相关食品和医药产品开发提供理论参考。

药食同源草果抗微生物活性研究进展

以“草果”“菌”“病毒”“化学成分”“作用机制”“Amomum tsao-ko”“Antibacterial”“Antimicrobial”“Virus”“Chemical composition”“Mechanism”等为关键词,在中国知网、维普数据库、中国专利网、PubMed、Web of Science等数据库中组合查询到2011~2023年中的有效文献57篇,对草果抗菌物质基础、抗菌活性与机理、抗病毒活性等方面进行归纳与总结。表明草果具有广谱的抗微生物活性,对细菌、真菌和HSV-1病毒均具有不同程度的体外抑制作用和体内抗感染作用,其中挥发油、酚酸、黄酮及双环壬烷类为草果抗菌物质基础,作用机制主要表现为破坏细胞壁、细胞膜的完整性及抑制病原菌的呼吸代谢过程。但目前对草果抗微生物作用多局限于粗提物的体外抑制,体内各个药物组分之间的相互作用并不明确,且缺乏毒理学和药动学的相关研究,其安全性及药效物质基础尚需进一步深入探索。

云南怒江州不同地区草果种质资源农艺表型性状的遗传多样性分析

为了探究不同地区草果种质资源农艺表型性状的遗传多样性。以云南怒江州不同地区的草果种质资源为材料,通过测定其8个农艺表型性状,运用变异系数、遗传多样性指数、方差分析、相关性分析、聚类分析、主成分分析与综合评价的方法分析草果农艺表型性状的遗传多样性。结果表明:各农艺表型性状均存在较大变异,变异系数为7.63%~32.51%,其中分蘖数的变异系数最大;各性状间表现出较好的多样性,shannon-wiener指数(Hʹ)范围为1.933~2.355,平均值为2.024;各农艺表型性状不同种质间存在显著差异(P<0.05);果实纵径与果型指数、果重存在极显著的正相关关系,果实横径与果重存在极显著的正相关关系,果型指数与叶宽存在显著负相关关系;聚类分析将不同地区草果种质资源分为2个类群,其中来自福贡县与来自泸水市的草果种质资源各自聚成一类;从8个农艺表型性状中共提取出3个主成分,累计贡献率达到76.940%,能综合反映草果农艺表型性状的大部分信息;综合评价结果表明,SD12、SD20、SD7、SD17、SD18、SD5排在前6位,综合表现较好。上述结果说明,云南怒江州不同地区24份草果种质资源农艺表型性状的遗传多样性较为丰富,不同地区的草果种质资源变异性较明显,其中SD12、SD20、SD7、SD17、SD18、SD5草果的农艺表型性状综合表现较好,是较适合用于育种的优质种质资源。

甲基磺酸乙酯诱变对阳春砂仁出苗的影响

阳春砂仁是我国传统“四大南药”之一。我国春砂仁种质资源单一,遗传基础狭窄,通过甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变,以期筛选出诱变阳春砂仁种子最合适的EMS浓度和诱变时间,从而为EMS诱变新种质奠定基础。以阳春砂仁种子为试材,采用EMS进行诱变处理,研究了不同EMS浓度、不同处理时间对阳春砂仁种子萌发出苗率和生长势的影响。结果表明:EMS处理体积比浓度为0.2%~0.4%,不同处理时长对出苗数影响较小,但EMS处理浓度为0.8%以上时,随着处理时长的增加,其出苗数大幅度降低,甚至不出苗。因此,EMS对砂仁的生长具有抑制作用。经过研究得出,EMS诱变砂仁的适宜浓度为0.2%~0.4%,适宜时间为4~12 h,EMS处理后55~67 d生长势最快。研究结果可为阳春砂仁化学诱变及新种质资源创制提供参考。