Based on conventional static line rating method, the actual current carrying capability of overhead conductors cannot be judged. Due to continuous increment in electricity demand and the difficulties associated with n...Based on conventional static line rating method, the actual current carrying capability of overhead conductors cannot be judged. Due to continuous increment in electricity demand and the difficulties associated with new line constructions, the overhead lines are therefore required to be rated based on a method that should establish their real-time capability in terms of electricity transmission. The method used to determine the real-time ampacity of overhead conductors not only can enhance their transmission capacity but can also help in allowing excessive renewable generation in the electricity network. In this research work, the issues related to analyzing an impact of wind power on periodical loading of overhead line as well as finding its static and dynamic ampacities with line current are investigated in detail. Moreover, the investigation related to finding a suitable location for the construction of a 60 MW wind farm is taken on board. Thereafter, the wind park is integrated with a regional grid, owned by Fortum Distribution AB. In addition to that, the electricity generated from the wind park is also calculated in this project. Later on, the work is devoted to finding the static and dynamic line ratings for “VL3” overhead conductor by using IEEE-738-2006 standard. Furthermore, the project also deals with finding the line current and making its comparison with maximum capacity of overhead conductor (VL3) for loading it in such a way that no any violation of safe ground clearance requirements is observed at all. Besides, the line current, knowing the conductor temperature when it transmits the required electricity in the presence of wind power generation is also an important factor to be taken into consideration. Therefore, based on real-time ambient conditions with actual line loading and with the help of IEEE-738-2006 standard, the conductor temperature is also calculated in this project. At the end, an economic analysis is performed to evaluate the financial advantages related to applying the dynamic line ratings approach in place of traditional static line ratings technique across an overhead conductor (VL3) and to know how much beneficial it is to temporarily postpone the rebuilding and/or construction of a new transmission line. Furthermore, an economic analysis related to wind power system is taken into consideration as well to get familiar with the costs related to building and connecting a 60 MW wind farm with the regional grid.展开更多
The load varies periodically, but the peak current of power cable is controlled by its continuous ampacity in China, resulting in the highest conductor temperature is much lower than90℃, the permitted long-term worki...The load varies periodically, but the peak current of power cable is controlled by its continuous ampacity in China, resulting in the highest conductor temperature is much lower than90℃, the permitted long-term working temperature of XLPE. If the cable load is controlled by its cyclic ampacity, the cable transmission capacity could be used sufficiently. To study the 10 kV XLPE cable cyclic ampacity and its factor, a three-core cable cyclic ampacity calculation software is developed and the cyclic ampacity experiments of direct buried cable are undertaken in this paper. Experiments and research shows that the software calculation is correct and the circuit numbers and daily load factor have an important impact on the cyclic ampacity factor. The cyclic ampacity factor of 0.7 daily load factor is 1.20, which means the peak current is the 1.2 times of continuous ampacity. If the continuous ampacity is instead by the cyclic ampacity to control the cable load, the transmission capacity of the cable can be improved greatly without additional investment.展开更多
Electrical power companies are using more underground cables rather than overhead lines to distribute power to their customers. In practice, cables are generally installed in some compact ductbanks. Since the cost of ...Electrical power companies are using more underground cables rather than overhead lines to distribute power to their customers. In practice, cables are generally installed in some compact ductbanks. Since the cost of underground cables is very expensive, using the entire space of a ductbank is extremely important. But such usage is limited due to the overheating of cables. Overheating is generally caused by overload, which means the carrying current exceeds the ampacity of a cable. The ampacity of a cable depends on not only the material and design of a cable but also the distance between different cables. Thus the configuration of cables determines the total ampacity value and the potential use of a ductbank. In this paper, the best configuration based on ampacity is achieved for a three-row, five-column ductbank that is buried at a depth of one meter below the earth’s surface. Both balanced and unbalanced scenarios are considered, and all cables have two available types to be selected.展开更多
The influence of thermal circuit parameters on a buried underground cable is investigated using an ANFIS （adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system）. Finite element solution of the heat conduction equation is used, comb...The influence of thermal circuit parameters on a buried underground cable is investigated using an ANFIS （adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system）. Finite element solution of the heat conduction equation is used, combined with artificial intelligence methods. The cable temperature depends on several parameters, such as the ambient temperature, the currents flowing through the conductor and the resistivity of the surrounding soil. In this paper, ANFIS is used to simulate the problem of the thermal field of underground cables under various parameters variation and climatic conditions. The developed model was trained using data generated from FEM （finite element method） for different configurations （training set） of the thermal field problem. After training, the system is tested for several scenarios, differing significantly from the training cases. It is shown that the proposed method is very time efficient and accurate in calculating the thermal fields compared to the relatively time consuming finite element method; thus ANFIS provides a potential computationally efficient and inexpensive predictive tool for more effective thermal design of underground cable systems.展开更多
The formulations and approximations of the branch flow model for general(radial and mesh) power networks(General-BranchFlow) are given in this paper. Using different sets of the power flow equations, six formats of th...The formulations and approximations of the branch flow model for general(radial and mesh) power networks(General-BranchFlow) are given in this paper. Using different sets of the power flow equations, six formats of the exact General-BranchFlow model are listed. The six formats are mathematically equivalent with each other. Linear approximation and second-order cone programming(SOCP) are then used to derive the six formats of the convex General-BranchFlow model. The branch ampacity constraints considering the shunt conductance and capacitance of the transmission line Π-model are derived. The key foundation of deriving the ampacity constraints is the correct interpretation of the physical meaning of the transmission line Π-model. An exact linear expression of the ampacity constraints of the power loss variable is derived. The applications of the General-BranchFlow model in deriving twelve formats of the exact optimal power flow(OPF) model and twelve formats of the approximate OPF model are formulated and analyzed. Using the Julia programming language, the extensive numerical investigations of all formats of the OPF models show the accuracy and computational efficiency of the General-BranchFlow model. A penalty function based approximation gap reduction method is finally proposed and numerically validated to improve the AC-feasibility of the approximate General-BranchFlow model.展开更多
文摘Based on conventional static line rating method, the actual current carrying capability of overhead conductors cannot be judged. Due to continuous increment in electricity demand and the difficulties associated with new line constructions, the overhead lines are therefore required to be rated based on a method that should establish their real-time capability in terms of electricity transmission. The method used to determine the real-time ampacity of overhead conductors not only can enhance their transmission capacity but can also help in allowing excessive renewable generation in the electricity network. In this research work, the issues related to analyzing an impact of wind power on periodical loading of overhead line as well as finding its static and dynamic ampacities with line current are investigated in detail. Moreover, the investigation related to finding a suitable location for the construction of a 60 MW wind farm is taken on board. Thereafter, the wind park is integrated with a regional grid, owned by Fortum Distribution AB. In addition to that, the electricity generated from the wind park is also calculated in this project. Later on, the work is devoted to finding the static and dynamic line ratings for “VL3” overhead conductor by using IEEE-738-2006 standard. Furthermore, the project also deals with finding the line current and making its comparison with maximum capacity of overhead conductor (VL3) for loading it in such a way that no any violation of safe ground clearance requirements is observed at all. Besides, the line current, knowing the conductor temperature when it transmits the required electricity in the presence of wind power generation is also an important factor to be taken into consideration. Therefore, based on real-time ambient conditions with actual line loading and with the help of IEEE-738-2006 standard, the conductor temperature is also calculated in this project. At the end, an economic analysis is performed to evaluate the financial advantages related to applying the dynamic line ratings approach in place of traditional static line ratings technique across an overhead conductor (VL3) and to know how much beneficial it is to temporarily postpone the rebuilding and/or construction of a new transmission line. Furthermore, an economic analysis related to wind power system is taken into consideration as well to get familiar with the costs related to building and connecting a 60 MW wind farm with the regional grid.
文摘The load varies periodically, but the peak current of power cable is controlled by its continuous ampacity in China, resulting in the highest conductor temperature is much lower than90℃, the permitted long-term working temperature of XLPE. If the cable load is controlled by its cyclic ampacity, the cable transmission capacity could be used sufficiently. To study the 10 kV XLPE cable cyclic ampacity and its factor, a three-core cable cyclic ampacity calculation software is developed and the cyclic ampacity experiments of direct buried cable are undertaken in this paper. Experiments and research shows that the software calculation is correct and the circuit numbers and daily load factor have an important impact on the cyclic ampacity factor. The cyclic ampacity factor of 0.7 daily load factor is 1.20, which means the peak current is the 1.2 times of continuous ampacity. If the continuous ampacity is instead by the cyclic ampacity to control the cable load, the transmission capacity of the cable can be improved greatly without additional investment.
文摘Electrical power companies are using more underground cables rather than overhead lines to distribute power to their customers. In practice, cables are generally installed in some compact ductbanks. Since the cost of underground cables is very expensive, using the entire space of a ductbank is extremely important. But such usage is limited due to the overheating of cables. Overheating is generally caused by overload, which means the carrying current exceeds the ampacity of a cable. The ampacity of a cable depends on not only the material and design of a cable but also the distance between different cables. Thus the configuration of cables determines the total ampacity value and the potential use of a ductbank. In this paper, the best configuration based on ampacity is achieved for a three-row, five-column ductbank that is buried at a depth of one meter below the earth’s surface. Both balanced and unbalanced scenarios are considered, and all cables have two available types to be selected.
文摘The influence of thermal circuit parameters on a buried underground cable is investigated using an ANFIS （adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system）. Finite element solution of the heat conduction equation is used, combined with artificial intelligence methods. The cable temperature depends on several parameters, such as the ambient temperature, the currents flowing through the conductor and the resistivity of the surrounding soil. In this paper, ANFIS is used to simulate the problem of the thermal field of underground cables under various parameters variation and climatic conditions. The developed model was trained using data generated from FEM （finite element method） for different configurations （training set） of the thermal field problem. After training, the system is tested for several scenarios, differing significantly from the training cases. It is shown that the proposed method is very time efficient and accurate in calculating the thermal fields compared to the relatively time consuming finite element method; thus ANFIS provides a potential computationally efficient and inexpensive predictive tool for more effective thermal design of underground cable systems.
文摘The formulations and approximations of the branch flow model for general(radial and mesh) power networks(General-BranchFlow) are given in this paper. Using different sets of the power flow equations, six formats of the exact General-BranchFlow model are listed. The six formats are mathematically equivalent with each other. Linear approximation and second-order cone programming(SOCP) are then used to derive the six formats of the convex General-BranchFlow model. The branch ampacity constraints considering the shunt conductance and capacitance of the transmission line Π-model are derived. The key foundation of deriving the ampacity constraints is the correct interpretation of the physical meaning of the transmission line Π-model. An exact linear expression of the ampacity constraints of the power loss variable is derived. The applications of the General-BranchFlow model in deriving twelve formats of the exact optimal power flow(OPF) model and twelve formats of the approximate OPF model are formulated and analyzed. Using the Julia programming language, the extensive numerical investigations of all formats of the OPF models show the accuracy and computational efficiency of the General-BranchFlow model. A penalty function based approximation gap reduction method is finally proposed and numerically validated to improve the AC-feasibility of the approximate General-BranchFlow model.
