MEASUREMENT OF AMPLITUDE AND DELAY OF STIMULUS FREQUENCY OTOACOUSTIC EMISSIONS

Although stimulus frequency otoacoustic emissions (SFOAEs) have been used as a non-invasive measure of cochlear mechanics, clinical and experimental application of SFOAEs has been limited by difficulties in accurately deriving quantitative information from sound pressure measured in the ear canal. In this study, a novel signal processing method for multicomponent analysis (MCA) was used to measure the amplitude and delay of the SFOAE. This report shows the delay-frequency distribution of the SFOAE measured from the human ear. A low level acoustical suppressor near the probe tone significantly suppressed the SFOAE, strongly indicating that the SFOAE was generated at characteristic frequency locations. Information derived from this method may reveal more details of cochlear mechanics in the human ear.

Numerical study of flow and thermal characteristics of pulsed impinging jet on a dimpled surface

This research comprehensively investigates the flow and thermal characteristics of a pulsating impinging jet over a dimpled surface.It analyzes the impact of key parameters(e.g.,inlet velocity pulsation functions,pulsation frequency,amplitude,dimple pitch,dimple depth,Reynolds number)on flow patterns and heat transfer.Validated computational fluid dynamics and the Re-normalization group turbulence model are employed to accurately simulate complex turbulent flow behavior.Local and average heat transfer coefficients are calculated and compared to steady impingement cases,revealing the potential benefits of pulsation for heat transfer enhancement.The study also examines how pulsation-induced flow modulation and thermal mixing affect heat transfer mechanisms.Results indicate that combining fluctuating flow with a dimpled surface can improve heat transfer rates.In summary,increasing pulsation amplitude consistently enhances heat transfer,while the effect of frequency varies between impinging and wall jet zones.

Effect of Hot Carrier on Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation of Gaussian High Power Helicon Wave in Homogeneous Longitudinally Magnetized Strain Dependent Dielectric Material

In the present communication, the hydrodynamic model is used to investigate the amplitude modulation as well as demodulation of an electromagnetic wave of high power helicon pump wave into another helicon wave in strain dependent dielectric material incorporating carrier heating (CH) effects. The consideration of CH in modulation and demodulation is prime importance for the adding of new dimension in analysis of amplification of acoustic helicon wave. By using the dispersion relation, threshold pump electric filed and growth rate of unstable mode from the modulation and demodulation of the high power helicon wave well above from the threshold value will be discussed in the present analysis. The numerical analysis is applied to a strain dependent dielectric material, BaTiO3 at room temperature and irradiated with high power helicon wave of frequency 1.78 × 1014 Hz. This material is very sensitive to the pump intensities, therefore during studies, Gaussian shape of the helicon pump wave is considered during the propagation in stain dependent dielectric material and opto-acoustic wave in the form of Gaussian profile (ω0,κ0) is induced longitudinally along the crystallographic plane of BaTiO3. Its variation is caused by the available magnetic field (ωc), interaction length (z) and pulsed duration of interaction (τ). From the analysis of numerical results, the incorporation of CH effect can effectively modify the magnitude of modulation or demodulation of the amplitude of high power helicon laser wave through diffusion process. Not only the amplitude modulation and demodulation of the wave, the diffusion of the CH effectively modifies the growth rate of unstable mode of frequency in BaTiO3. The propagation of the threshold electric field shows the sinusoidal or complete Gaussian profile, whereas this profile is found to be completely lost in growth of unstable mode. It has also been seen that the growth rate is observed to be of the order of 108 - 1010 s-1 but from diffusion of carrier heating, and that its order is enhanced from 1010 - 1012 s-1 with the variation of the magnetized frequency from 1 to 2.5 × 1014 Hz.

Modified constraint-induced movement therapy enhances cortical plasticity in a rat model of traumatic brain injury:a resting-state functional MRI study

Modified constraint-induced movement therapy(mCIMT)has shown beneficial effects on motor function improvement after brain injury,but the exact mechanism remains unclear.In this study,amplitude of low frequency fluctuation(ALFF)metrics measured by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was obtained to investigate the efficacy and mechanism of mCIMT in a control co rtical impact(CCI)rat model simulating traumatic brain injury.At 3 days after control co rtical impact model establishment,we found that the mean ALFF(mALFF)signals were decreased in the left motor cortex,somatosensory co rtex,insula cortex and the right motor co rtex,and were increased in the right corpus callosum.After 3 weeks of an 8-hour daily mClMT treatment,the mALFF values were significantly increased in the bilateral hemispheres compared with those at 3 days postoperatively.The mALFF signal valu es of left corpus callosum,left somatosensory cortex,right medial prefro ntal cortex,right motor co rtex,left postero dorsal hippocampus,left motor cortex,right corpus callosum,and right somatosensory cortex were increased in the mCIMT group compared with the control cortical impact group.Finally,we identified brain regions with significantly decreased mALFF valu es at 3 days postoperatively.Pearson correlation coefficients with the right forelimb sliding score indicated that the improvement in motor function of the affected upper limb was associated with an increase in mALFF values in these brain regions.Our findings suggest that functional co rtical plasticity changes after brain injury,and that mCIMT is an effective method to improve affected upper limb motor function by promoting bilateral hemispheric co rtical remodeling.mALFF values correlate with behavio ral changes and can potentially be used as biomarkers to assess dynamic cortical plasticity after traumatic brain injury.

Study of Sallen–Key digital filters in nuclear pulse signal processing

The Sallen–Key filter(S–K)is widely used in nuclear pulse signal processing because of its simple working principle and good performance.Related research has only reviewed the recursive numerical model of digital S–K using idealized parameters.The use of digital S–K thus has limitations under these circumstances.This paper comprehensively deduces a recursive numerical model of digital S–K and discusses the effects of resistance and capacitance on the filter quality factor,cutoff frequency and amplitude–frequency response.The numerical recursive function,transfer function and amplitude–frequency response are analyzed using different parameters.From a comparative analysis of the shaper in a simulation and an actual nuclear signal,an optimal parameter selection principle is obtained.Using different forming parameters,the energy resolution and pulse counting rate of the 55Fe energy spectrum are compared and analyzed based on a Si-PIN detector.Capacitance has a stronger influence on the Gaussian shape,whereas the influence of resistance is stronger on the shaping amplitude.

Application of pole-zero cancellation circuit in nuclear signal filtering and shaping algorithm

In radiation measurement and digital nuclear spectrum systems,traditional nuclear signal processing circuits in nuclear electronics have been gradually replaced by digital algorithm modules with the application of highperformance programmable hardware logic devices(such as FPGA or DSP).Referring to the digital realization method of inverse RC integral circuit systems,the function of the pole-zero cancellation(PZC)circuit was analyzed,a new modified cascade equivalent model of PZC was established,and the time-domain digital PZC(DPZC)recursive algorithm was derived in detail in this study.Two parameters kIand k_(D)are included in the new algorithm,where kIshould match the exponential decay time constant of the input signal to realize the pole-zero compensation,while the decay time constant of the output signal can be changed with the adjustable parameter k_(D)(which is larger than the decay time constant of the input signal).Based on the new DPZC algorithm module,two trapezoidal(triangular)shaping filters were designed and implemented.The amplitude–frequency characteristics of the output signal of the proposed trapezoidal shaping algorithm and the convolution trapezoidal shaping algorithm were compared,with fixed peaking time.The results show that the trapezoidal shaping algorithm based on DPZC can better suppress high-frequency noise.Finally,based on the Na I(Tl)scintillator(u75 mm×75 mm)detector and^(137)Cs source,the effect of the k_(D)value on the energy resolution of the DPZC trapezoidal(triangular)shaping algorithm was studied.The experimental results show that,with an increase in k_(D),the energy resolution of the system improved and reached the maximum when k_(D)was greater than 10,and the optimal energy resolution of the system was 7.72%.

Functional MRI study of mild Alzheimer＇s disease using amplitude of low frequency fluctuation analysis

Background Previous studies have shown that the functional brain activity in the resting state is impaired in Alzheimer＇s disease （AD） patients. However, most studies focused on the relationship between different brain areas, rather than the amplitude or strength of the regional brain activity. The purpose of this study was to explore the functional brain changes in AD patients by measuring the amplitude of the blood oxygenation level dependent （BOLD） functional MRI （fMRI） signals.

Earthquake accelerogram simulation with statistical law of evolutionary power spectrum

By using the technique for evolutionary power spectrum proposed by Nakayama and with reference to the Kameda formula, an evolutionary spectrum prediction model for given earthquake magnitude and distance is established based on the 80 near-source acceleration records at rock surface with large magnitude from the ground motion database of western U.S.. Then a new iteration method is developed for generation of random accelerograms non-stationary both in amplitude and frequency which are compatible with target evolutionary spectrum. The phase spectra of those simulated accelerograms are also non-stationary in time and frequency domains since the interaction between amplitude and phase angle has been considered during the generation. Furthermore, the sign of the phase spectrum increment is identified to accelerate the iteration. With the proposed statistical model for predicting evolutionary power spectra and the new method for generating compatible time history, the artificial random earthquake accelerograms non-stationary both in amplitude and frequency for certain magnitude and distance can be provided.

Joint synchronization estimation based on genetic algorithm for OFDM/OQAM systems

This paper investigates the problem of synchronization for offset quadrature amplitude modulation based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM/OQAM) systems based on the genetic algorithm. In order to increase the spectrum efficiency,an improved preamble structure without guard symbols is derived at first. On this basis, instead of deriving the log likelihood function of power spectral density, joint estimation of the symbol timing offset and carrier frequency offset based on the preamble proposed is formulated into a bivariate optimization problem. After that, an improved genetic algorithm is used to find its global optimum solution. Conclusions can be drawn from simulation results that the proposed method has advantages in the joint estimation of synchronization.

Correlations between hippocampal functional connectivity,structural changes,and clinical data in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis:a case-control study using multimodal magnetic resonance imaging

Multiple sclerosis is associated with structural and functional brain alterations leading to cognitive impairments across multiple domains including attention,memory,and the speed of information processing.The hippocampus,which is a brain important structure involved in memory,undergoes microstructural changes in the early stage of multiple sclerosis.In this study,we analyzed hippocampal function and structure in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and explored correlations between the functional connectivity of the hippocampus to the whole brain,changes in local brain function and microstructure,and cognitive function at rest.We retrospectively analyzed data from 20 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients admitted to the Department of Neurology at the China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University,China,from April 2015 to November 2019.Sixteen healthy volunteers were recruited as the healthy control group.All participants were evaluated using a scale of extended disability status and the Montreal cognitive assessment within 1 week before and after head diffusion tensor imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging.Compared with the healthy control group,the patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis had lower Montreal cognitive assessment scores and regions of simultaneously enhanced and attenuated whole-brain functional connectivity and local functional connectivity in the bilateral hippocampus.Hippocampal diffusion tensor imaging data showed that,compared with the healthy control group,patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis had lower hippocampal fractional anisotropy values and higher mean diffusivity values,suggesting abnormal hippocampal structure.The left hippocampus whole-brain functional connectivity was negatively correlated with the Montreal cognitive assessment score(r=-0.698,P=0.025),and whole-brain functional connectivity of the right hippocampus was negatively correlated with extended disability status scale score(r=-0.649,P=0.042).The mean diffusivity value of the left hippocampus was negatively correlated with the Montreal cognitive assessment score(r=-0.729,P=0.017)and positively correlated with the extended disability status scale score(r=0.653,P=0.041).The right hippocampal mean diffusivity value was positively correlated with the extended disability status scale score(r=0.684,P=0.029).These data suggest that the functional connectivity and presence of structural abnormalities in the hippocampus in patients with relapse-remission multiple sclerosis are correlated with the degree of cognitive function and extent of disability.This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University,China(approval No.201702202)on February 22,2017.

Fractional-order L_βC_a filter circuit network

In this paper we introduce the new fundamentals of the conventional LC filter circuit network in the fractional domain.First, we derive the general formulae of the impedances for the conventional and fractional-order filter circuit network.Based on this, the impedance characteristics and phase characteristics with respect to the system variables of the filter circuit network are studied in detail, which shows the greater flexibility of the fractional-order filter circuit network in design.Moreover, from the point of view of the filtering property, we systematically study the effects of the filter units and fractional orders on the amplitude–frequency characteristics and phase–frequency characteristics. In addition, numerical tables of the cut-off frequency are presented. Finally, two typical examples are presented to promote the industrial applications of the fractional-order filter circuit network. Numerical simulations are presented to verify the theoretical results introduced in this paper.

Nonlinear dynamic analysis of a punctual charge in the electric field of a charged ring via modified frequency-amplitude formulation

In this paper,two types of frequency amplitude fomulation method are initially utilized to obtain frequency-amplitude relationship of nonlinear vibration of a punctual charge in the electric field of a charged ring.In order to obtain the nonlinear natural frequency of the considered system,Reng-Gui and Geng-Cai modified methods are implemented.A table is also prepared to provide a brief review of recent development of nonlinear differential equations.The coectness of the obtained results is compared with those obtained from harmonic balance method(HBM)and energy balance method(EBM).A numerical simulation is caied out to investigate the accuracy of the used methods.In accordance with it,the relative errors of the employed approaches are numerically and analytically found based on the exact numerical solutions.It is exposed that the exerted approaches are very reliable and applicable for solving the nonlinear differential equations.

Low cycle fatigue estimation of low yield point steel

With the development of technology for earthquake resistant,the research of the low yield point(LYP) steel which used for the fabrication of energy dissipation damper were paid more and more attention.The common studies of the low yield point steel is mainly about the performance with constant amplitude and constant frequency.The low cycle fatigue properties of low yield piont steel were studied by series of test with continuous varying amplitude and varying frequency with the materials testing system by us.The test results showed that low yield point steel of Baosteel have excellent low cycle fatigue properties,which meet the requirement for steel used for the fabrication of energy dissipation damper completely.The low cycle fatigue performance of low yield point steel of Baosteel mainly depended on the amplitude in test.And the effect of varying frequency for the low yield point steel was more less than varying amplitude.

针刺治疗屈光参差性弱视:一项随机对照试验及其潜在起效机制

Objective:To evaluate the effect of acupuncture on anisometropic amblyopia(AA)and explore its potential mechanism for children with AA.Methods:Seventy-six children with monocular AA were randomized into a conventional treatment group and a combined treatment group of acupuncture and conventional treatment,with 38 patients in each group.In the conventional treatment group,on the base of patching regimen,the red flashing,grating and visual stimulation were delivered.Each approach lasted for 5 min per session and was given once every two days,three times a week,for 4 consecutive weeks.In the acupuncture-combined treatment group,on the base of the regimen of conventional treatment group,acupuncture was applied to Jingming(BL1),Cuanzhu(BL2),Fengchi(GB20)and Guangming(GB37),with needles retained for 20 min per session,once every two days,three times of intervention a week and for 4 consecutive weeks.Before and after treatment,the best corrected vision acuity(BCVA)was observed to evaluate the clinical effect in the two groups.Before treatment started,15 patients with AA on left side were randomized selected from each group and the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rs-fMRI)was operated before and after treatment.Simultaneously,eight healthy children with normal visual acuity were recruited to be the normal control group and received one-time rs-fMRI scanning.Based on the activation likelihood estimation(ALE),the visual"what"pathway network was constructed.By analyzing the amplitude of low frequency fluctuation(ALFF)and the regional homogeneity(ReHo),the differences in the regional autonomous function activities in the key brain areas of the"what"pathway were compared among the three groups.Results:(1)Clinical effect:After treatment,BCVA was(0.6[0.5,0.6]),higher than that(0.4[0.3,0.5])before treatment,presenting the statistical difference(P<0.05)in the conventional treatment group.BCVA was(0.6[0.6,0.8]),higher than that(0.4[0.4,0.5])before treatment,presenting the statistical difference(P<0.05)in the acupuncture-combined treatment group.BCVA in the acupuncture-combined treatment group was higher than that of the conventional treatment group(P<0.05)after treatment.The total effective rate was 86.1%in the acupuncture-combined treatment group,higher than that(65.8%)of the conventional treatment group(P<0.05).(2)Mechanism:(1)ALFF:In comparison with the healthy control group,the ALFF in the primary visual cortex of the"what"pathway for AA children was reduced significantly(P<0.05),and ALFF in the right fusiform gyrus and the right inferior temporal gyrus increased significantly when compared with the healthy children(P<0.05).Compared with that before treatment,there was no significant difference in the brain areas of the"what"pathway after treatment in the conventional treatment group(P>0.05).In the acupuncture-combined treatment group,ALFF in the right inferior occipital gyrus and the right fusiform gyrus of the"what"pathway increased after treatment when compared with that before treatment(P<0.05).After treatment,in comparison with the conventional treatment group,there was no significant difference in the brain areas of"what"pathway in the acupuncture-combined treatment group(P>0.05).(2)ReHo:ReHo in the right inferior occipital gyrus,the right fusiform gyrus and the right inferior temporal gyrus in the"what"pathway was elevated significantly in AA children when compared with that in the healthy control group(P<0.05).ReHo of the left inferior occipital gyrus and the left fusiform gyrus increased significantly after treatment when compared with that before treatment in the conventional treatment group(P<0.05).ReHo of the right inferior occipital gyrus,the left and the right fusiform gyrus increased significantly after treatment when compared with that before treatment in the acupuncture-combined treatment group(P<0.05).After treatment,ReHo of the right inferior temporal gyrus in the"what"pathway in the acupuncture-combined treatment group was significantly higher than that of the conventional treatment group(P<0.05).Conclusion:The acupuncture combined with conventional treatment improves BCVA and the total effective rate of AA children.The changes in the regional function activity of the brain areas within the"what"pathway were dominated by the compensatory increase of the autonomous activity in the occipital lobe(inferior occipital gyrus)and the temporal lobe(inferior temporal gyrus)in AA children.Both conventional treatment and acupuncture can enhance the intensity of autonomous function activities in the occipital lobe(inferior occipital gyrus)and the temporal lobe(fusiform gyrus/inferior temporal gyrus)in the"what"pathway so as to relieve visual impairment.ReHo in the inferior temporal gyrus in the acupuncture-combined treatment group was higher than that of the conventional treatment group and it suggests that the inferior temporal gyrus may be the key brain area to the improvement of visual function in the"what"pathway.

基于静息态功能磁共振低频振幅比率分析针刺与艾灸功能性消化不良患者足三里穴的脑功能响应差异

Objective:To explore the differences in the central response after acupuncture and moxibusbution at Zusanli(足三里ST36) in treatment of functional dyspepsia(FD) based on the analysis of fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation(fALFF) of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rfMRI).Methods:A total of 60 patients with FD were randomized into an acupuncture group and a moxibustion group,30 cases in each one.In the acupuncture group,acupuncture was applied to bilateral ST36.In the moxibustion group,moxibustion was exerted at bilateral ST36.The treatment was given once a day,5 times a week,totally for 4 weeks in each group,including 20 treatments with acupuncture or moxibustion.Separately,before and at the end of treatment,rfMRI scanning was conducted in two groups.Using data processing assistant for resting-state fMRI(DPARSF) software and MATLAB data platform,rfMRI data were collected for preprocessing and fALFF analysis.Results:Compared with the data before treatment,after treated with acupuncture at ST36 in FD patients,fALFF value was reduced in the right superior frontal gyrus,left superior frontal gyrus,left inferior frontal gyrus,right cuneus,left precuneus,right middle occipital gyrus,left middle occipital gyrus,etc.,and it was increased in the left parahippocampus,right parahippocampus,left cerebellum,etc(all P <0.01).After treated with moxibustion,the remarkable increase of fALFF was not discovered in brain areas,but fALFF decreased significantly in the left superior parietal gyrus(P <0.01).Compared with moxibustion at ST36,after acupuncture at ST36 in FD patients,the increase of fALFF appeared in the right putamen and the decrease of it occurred in the middle occipital gyrus,indicating the statistical significance(both P <0.05).Conclusion:The differences in central function responses are induced in treamtent with acupuncture and moxibustion,which is probably related to the resting-state default network associated with targeted regulation and ventral attention of brain areas in functional dyspepsia.

Numerical study on influence of structural vibration on cavitating flow around axisymmetric slender body

The unsteady behaviors of cloud cavitating flow would lead to structural vibration and deformation that conversely affect its development. The present paper aims to preliminarily discuss the influences of structural vibration on the development of the cavitating flow. Simulations of a slender body are carried out under different vibration amplitudes and frequencies. The results show that the structural vibration causes alternate variation of local attack angle at the head of the body, and thus changes the development of cavitation and re-entrant jet. On the downstream side, the length and thickness of the cavity are larger than that on the upstream side due to larger area of negative pressure. For a large vibration amplitude, alternate variations of the local attack angle change the adverse pressure gradient at the closure of the cavity, and then affect the development of the re-entrant jet, so that the phenomena of local shedding of the cavitation happen, compared with global shedding in the case of no structural vibration. For a frequency larger than 0.05, transverse speed of the vibration is suggested to be a dominant factor in controlling the behavior of the cavitating flow besides the local attack angle, since it causes local cavitating phenomena.

Conjugate Vectors Method Applied to Asymmetrical Fault Analysis of Power Electronized Power Systems

With the wide application of power electronized resources(PERs),the amplitude and frequency of voltages show significant time-varying characteristics under asymmetrical faults.As a result,the traditional phasor model,impedance model,and symmetrical components method based on the constant amplitude and frequency of voltages are facing great challenges.Hence,a novel asymmetrical fault analysis method based on conjugate vectors is proposed in this paper which can meet the modeling and analysis requirements of the network excited by voltages with time-varying amplitude/frequency.Furthermore,asymmetrical fault characteristics are extracted.As an application,a faulted phase identification(FPI)strategy is proposed based on the fault characteristics.The correctness and superiority of the asymmetrical fault analysis method and FPI strategy are verified in time-domain simulations and a real-time digital simulator.