Low-Cost Beam Steering that Covers the Entire Azimuthal Plane Powered by Amplitude-Only Synthesis of a Quintuple-Dipole Source

A new amplitude-only synthesis approach in quintuple electric dipoles(EDs)is proposed to enable the regulation of power flow in the azimuthal plane.The regulation methodology is investigated analytically with double ED,triple ED and quintuple ED models.First,when the phase difference between the EDs switches,the double ED model,acting as a reconfigurable source,can work in two modes with different power flow directions,i.e.,unidirectional mode and bidirectional mode.Then,from the triple ED model,it is verified that the power flow in the two working modes can be regulated to the desired direction in the azimuthal plane with high precision by controlling the feeding amplitudes of the dipoles.Moreover,a quintuple ED model is developed to enhance the symmetry and consistency of the power flow regulation in the plane.Finally,a prototype of the azimuthal beam steering system,including digitally controlled radio-frequency(RF)frontend tuning circuits,optimized practical feeding elements,and an end-fire radiator,is designed,fabricated and measured.Both unidirectional and bidirectional modes are observed,and satisfactory single-beam and dual-beam steering performance in the azimuthal plane is achieved.Unlike most phased arrays that realize beam steering by configuring phases,the beam steering of the proposed reconfigurable source in each mode can be arbitrarily synthesized only by the amplitudes of the quintuple feeding elements,which provides a new route for realizing low-cost and multifunctional beam-steering systems.

Equivalent radiation source of 3D package for electromagnetic characteristics analysis

An equivalent radiation source method is proposed to characterize electromagnetic emission and interference of complex three dimensional integrated circuits（IC） in this paper.The method utilizes amplitude-only near-field scanning data to reconstruct an equivalent magnetic dipole array,and the differential evolution optimization algorithm is proposed to extract the locations,orientation and moments of those dipoles.By importing the equivalent dipoles model into a 3D full-wave simulator together with the victim circuit model,the electromagnetic interference issues in mixed RF/digital systems can be well predicted.A commercial IC is used to validate the accuracy and efficiency of this proposed method.The coupled power at the victim antenna port calculated by the equivalent radiation source is compared with the measured data.Good consistency is obtained which confirms the validity and efficiency of the method.