The biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) was surveyed in the Kolm region of Iran in three adjacent sites, a natural stand, a 10-year-old and a 15-yearold plantation of Amygdalus scoparia. To date, there h...The biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) was surveyed in the Kolm region of Iran in three adjacent sites, a natural stand, a 10-year-old and a 15-yearold plantation of Amygdalus scoparia. To date, there have been few studies of AMF biodiversity in Iran, especially in the western forests of the country. For this study, soil and root samples were taken from A. scoparia rhizosphere soil in spring and autumn. Almost half of the root length was colonized by AMF. We identified 13 AMF species belonging to Glomeraceae, Claroideoglomeraceae or Diversisporaceae. The three plantations differed in terms of soil electrical conductivity, organic C and P. Spore density was significant correlated with P concentration. Root length colonization was correlated only with soil Ca.Species diversity and richness were significantly correlated with soil N, P, organic C and spore density. AMF diversity in 15-year-old plantations was more similar to that in the natural stand than in the 10-year-old plantation. We confirmed that a 15-year-old plantation is not similar in terms of AMF colonization to natural stands. We conclude that more than 15 years are required for AMF colonization of plantations to resemble that of natural stands.展开更多
Light driven, photon mediated green synthesis of silver nano-particles (AgNPs) was carried out using aqueous silver nitrate solution (1 mM) and aqueous extract of almond (Prunus amygdalus). Experiments were carried ou...Light driven, photon mediated green synthesis of silver nano-particles (AgNPs) was carried out using aqueous silver nitrate solution (1 mM) and aqueous extract of almond (Prunus amygdalus). Experiments were carried out in dark, diffused sunlight and direct sunlight to study the influence of light intensity as well as by wrapping the reaction tubes with colored cellophane filters (violet, green, yellow and red) to investigate the effect of light color on AgNP synthesis. It was observed that the violet filter enhanced the AgNPs synthesis appreciably. The FTIR spectroscopic analysis confirmed participation of bio-molecules with hydroxyl and amide groups present in the almond extract as reducing and capping or stabilizing agents, respectively. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies revealed the particle size distribution of nano-particles as 2 – 400 nm, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed their spherical shape with an average size of about 20 nm. Growth analysis of AgNPs revealed an increase in number of nano-particles with time, whereas their rate of growth decreased gradually. The AgNP suspension was stable even beyond 3 weeks.展开更多
Coal mining often cause serious land degradation, soil erosion, and desertification affecting growth of the local vegetation, especially the roots. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF） inoculation is considered a pote...Coal mining often cause serious land degradation, soil erosion, and desertification affecting growth of the local vegetation, especially the roots. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF） inoculation is considered a potential biotechnological tool for mined soil remediation because mycorrhizal fungi could improve plant growth environment, especially under adverse conditions due to their good symbiosis. A field experiment was conducted to study the ecological effects of AMF （Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices） on the growth of Amygdalus pedunculata Pall. and their root development in the regenerated mining subsidence sandy land. The reclamation experiment included four treatments： inoculation of Funneliformis mosseae （F.m）, inoculation of Rhizophagus intraradices （R.i）, combined inoculation of F.m and R.i and non-inoculated treatment. Root mycorrhizal colonization, plant height, crown width, soil moisture, root morphology and certain soil properties were assessed. The results showed that AMF improved the shoot and root growth of Amygdalus pedunculata Pall., and significantly increased root colonization after 1 year of inoculation. Available phosphorus content, activities of phosphatase as well as electrical conductivity in soil rhizosphere of all the three inoculation treatments were higher than that of the non-inoculated treatment. AMF increased the quantity of bacteria and fungi in soil rhizosphere compared with the non-inoculated treatment. Our study indicates that revegetation with AMF inoculum could influence plant growth and root development as well as soil properties, suggesting that AMF inoculation can be effective method for further ecological restoration in coal mine subsided areas.展开更多
Background:Suitable habitat and landscape structure play a pivotal role in the success of forest restoration projects.This study aimed to model the habitat suitability of wild almond(Amygdalus scoparia Spach)using thr...Background:Suitable habitat and landscape structure play a pivotal role in the success of forest restoration projects.This study aimed to model the habitat suitability of wild almond(Amygdalus scoparia Spach)using three individual species distribution models(SDMs),i.e.,backpropagation artificial neural network(BP-ANN),maximum entropy(MaxEnt),generalized linear model(GLM),as well as the ensemble technique along with measuring the landscape metrics and analyzing the relationship between the distribution of the suitable habitat of the species in different landform classes in Fars Province,southern Iran.Results:There was no clear difference in the prediction performance of the models.The BP-ANN had the highest accuracy(AUC=0.935 and k=0.757)in modeling habitat suitability of A.scoparia,followed by the ensemble technique,GLM,and MaxEnt models with the AUC values of 0.890,0.887,and 0.777,respectively.The highest discrimination capacity was associated to the BP-ANN model,and the highest reliability was related to the ensemble technique.Moreover,evaluation of variable importance showed that the occurrence of A.scoparia was strongly dependent on climatic variables,particularly isothermality(Bio 3),temperature seasonality(Bio 4),and precipitation of driest quarter(Bio 17).Analysis of the distribution of species habitat in different landform classes revealed that the canyon,mountain top,upland drainage,and hills in valley classes had the highest suitability for the species establishment.Conclusions:Considering the importance of landform in the establishment of plant habitats,the combination of the outputs of the SDMs,landform,and the use of landscape metrics could provide both a clear view of habitat conditions and the possibility of analyzing habitat patches and their relationships that can be very useful in managing the remaining forests in semi-arid regions.The canyon,mountain top,and upland drainage classes were found to be the most important landforms to provide the highest suitable environmental conditions for the establishment of A.scoparia.Therefore,such landforms should be given priority in restoration projects of forest in the study area.展开更多
桃(Amygdalus persica Batsch.)为蔷薇科桃属的一种落叶小乔木植物,原产于中国西部。桃为先花后叶植物,花单生,粉色;叶片长圆呈披针形、椭圆披针形或倒卵状披针形,边缘有细齿;果实近球形核果,肉质可食,为橙黄色泛红色,多汁有香味,甜或...桃(Amygdalus persica Batsch.)为蔷薇科桃属的一种落叶小乔木植物,原产于中国西部。桃为先花后叶植物,花单生,粉色;叶片长圆呈披针形、椭圆披针形或倒卵状披针形,边缘有细齿;果实近球形核果,肉质可食,为橙黄色泛红色,多汁有香味,甜或酸甜。目前,桃是世界上栽培最为广泛的落叶果树之一。2016年7月,摄影爱好者徐宏化先生在浙江省诸暨市璜山镇黄家店村用Canon EOS 5D MarkⅡ带SP24-70 mm f/2.8 Di VC USD(A007)镜头拍摄。展开更多
基金funded by the Ilam University(Grant No.32.1164.)
文摘The biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) was surveyed in the Kolm region of Iran in three adjacent sites, a natural stand, a 10-year-old and a 15-yearold plantation of Amygdalus scoparia. To date, there have been few studies of AMF biodiversity in Iran, especially in the western forests of the country. For this study, soil and root samples were taken from A. scoparia rhizosphere soil in spring and autumn. Almost half of the root length was colonized by AMF. We identified 13 AMF species belonging to Glomeraceae, Claroideoglomeraceae or Diversisporaceae. The three plantations differed in terms of soil electrical conductivity, organic C and P. Spore density was significant correlated with P concentration. Root length colonization was correlated only with soil Ca.Species diversity and richness were significantly correlated with soil N, P, organic C and spore density. AMF diversity in 15-year-old plantations was more similar to that in the natural stand than in the 10-year-old plantation. We confirmed that a 15-year-old plantation is not similar in terms of AMF colonization to natural stands. We conclude that more than 15 years are required for AMF colonization of plantations to resemble that of natural stands.
文摘Light driven, photon mediated green synthesis of silver nano-particles (AgNPs) was carried out using aqueous silver nitrate solution (1 mM) and aqueous extract of almond (Prunus amygdalus). Experiments were carried out in dark, diffused sunlight and direct sunlight to study the influence of light intensity as well as by wrapping the reaction tubes with colored cellophane filters (violet, green, yellow and red) to investigate the effect of light color on AgNP synthesis. It was observed that the violet filter enhanced the AgNPs synthesis appreciably. The FTIR spectroscopic analysis confirmed participation of bio-molecules with hydroxyl and amide groups present in the almond extract as reducing and capping or stabilizing agents, respectively. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies revealed the particle size distribution of nano-particles as 2 – 400 nm, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed their spherical shape with an average size of about 20 nm. Growth analysis of AgNPs revealed an increase in number of nano-particles with time, whereas their rate of growth decreased gradually. The AgNP suspension was stable even beyond 3 weeks.
基金The study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （51574253） and the National Key Research and Development Program of China （2016YFC0501106）.
文摘Coal mining often cause serious land degradation, soil erosion, and desertification affecting growth of the local vegetation, especially the roots. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF） inoculation is considered a potential biotechnological tool for mined soil remediation because mycorrhizal fungi could improve plant growth environment, especially under adverse conditions due to their good symbiosis. A field experiment was conducted to study the ecological effects of AMF （Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices） on the growth of Amygdalus pedunculata Pall. and their root development in the regenerated mining subsidence sandy land. The reclamation experiment included four treatments： inoculation of Funneliformis mosseae （F.m）, inoculation of Rhizophagus intraradices （R.i）, combined inoculation of F.m and R.i and non-inoculated treatment. Root mycorrhizal colonization, plant height, crown width, soil moisture, root morphology and certain soil properties were assessed. The results showed that AMF improved the shoot and root growth of Amygdalus pedunculata Pall., and significantly increased root colonization after 1 year of inoculation. Available phosphorus content, activities of phosphatase as well as electrical conductivity in soil rhizosphere of all the three inoculation treatments were higher than that of the non-inoculated treatment. AMF increased the quantity of bacteria and fungi in soil rhizosphere compared with the non-inoculated treatment. Our study indicates that revegetation with AMF inoculum could influence plant growth and root development as well as soil properties, suggesting that AMF inoculation can be effective method for further ecological restoration in coal mine subsided areas.
基金supported by the University of Zabol,Iran(Project code:PR-UOZ 97-8).
文摘Background:Suitable habitat and landscape structure play a pivotal role in the success of forest restoration projects.This study aimed to model the habitat suitability of wild almond(Amygdalus scoparia Spach)using three individual species distribution models(SDMs),i.e.,backpropagation artificial neural network(BP-ANN),maximum entropy(MaxEnt),generalized linear model(GLM),as well as the ensemble technique along with measuring the landscape metrics and analyzing the relationship between the distribution of the suitable habitat of the species in different landform classes in Fars Province,southern Iran.Results:There was no clear difference in the prediction performance of the models.The BP-ANN had the highest accuracy(AUC=0.935 and k=0.757)in modeling habitat suitability of A.scoparia,followed by the ensemble technique,GLM,and MaxEnt models with the AUC values of 0.890,0.887,and 0.777,respectively.The highest discrimination capacity was associated to the BP-ANN model,and the highest reliability was related to the ensemble technique.Moreover,evaluation of variable importance showed that the occurrence of A.scoparia was strongly dependent on climatic variables,particularly isothermality(Bio 3),temperature seasonality(Bio 4),and precipitation of driest quarter(Bio 17).Analysis of the distribution of species habitat in different landform classes revealed that the canyon,mountain top,upland drainage,and hills in valley classes had the highest suitability for the species establishment.Conclusions:Considering the importance of landform in the establishment of plant habitats,the combination of the outputs of the SDMs,landform,and the use of landscape metrics could provide both a clear view of habitat conditions and the possibility of analyzing habitat patches and their relationships that can be very useful in managing the remaining forests in semi-arid regions.The canyon,mountain top,and upland drainage classes were found to be the most important landforms to provide the highest suitable environmental conditions for the establishment of A.scoparia.Therefore,such landforms should be given priority in restoration projects of forest in the study area.
文摘桃(Amygdalus persica Batsch.)为蔷薇科桃属的一种落叶小乔木植物,原产于中国西部。桃为先花后叶植物,花单生,粉色;叶片长圆呈披针形、椭圆披针形或倒卵状披针形,边缘有细齿;果实近球形核果,肉质可食,为橙黄色泛红色,多汁有香味,甜或酸甜。目前,桃是世界上栽培最为广泛的落叶果树之一。2016年7月,摄影爱好者徐宏化先生在浙江省诸暨市璜山镇黄家店村用Canon EOS 5D MarkⅡ带SP24-70 mm f/2.8 Di VC USD(A007)镜头拍摄。
