Inorganic Elements in Kernel of Amygdalus communis L. Measured Using ICP-OES Method

[Objective] The aim was to study on distribution of inorganic elements in kernel of Amygdalus communis L., providing reference for quality evaluation of A. communis L. species. [Method] Totally 26 species of inorganic elements in kernel, including Al, B, Be, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Si, Sn, Sr, Ti, Zn, Cd, As, Se, V, Hg, Cr and K were measured with inductively coupled plasma emission spectrum （ICP-OES） and principal components analysis （PCA）. [Result] A. communis L. of different species and in different factories showed a similar curve in content of inorganic elements; absolute contents of the elements differed significantly. In addition, the accumulated variance contribution of five principle factors achieved as high as 84.371% and the variance contribution made by the first three factors accounted for 67.546%, proving that Fe, Ti, Pb, Na, Se, Cu, Mo, K, Zn, Ni, Ca and Sr were characteristic elements. [Conclusion] The method, which is brief, rapid and accurate, can be used for determination of inorganic elements in kernel of A. communis L., providing theoretical references for further development and utilization of A. communis L.

Transcriptome Analysis of Inflorescence Development at the Five-Leaf Stage in Castor(Ricinus communis L.)

The yield of castor is influenced by the type of inflorescence and the proportion of female flowers.However,there are few studies on the genetic mechanism involved in the development and differentiation of castor inflorescences.In this study,we performed transcriptomic analyses of three different phenotypes of inflorescences at the five-leaf stage.In comparison to the MI(complete pistil without willow leaves),290 and 89 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were found in the SFI(complete pistil with willow leaves)and the BI(monoecious inflorescence),respectively.Among the DEGs,104 and 88 were upregulated in the SFI and BI,respectively,compared to the MI.In addition,186 DEGs and 1 DEG were downregulated in the SFI and BI compared to the MI.Moreover,we conducted GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of the DEGs.In comparison to the MI,the SFI and BI exhibited the enrichment of functional branches in DEGs,specifically in pollen wall assembly,pollen development,and cellular component assembly involved in morphogenesis.In our study,RADL5 showed low expression levels between SFI-vs.-MI types.In addition,we found that the expression of NAC in the SFI differed from that in MI and BI,and some genes related to hormonal signaling changed their expression levels during inflorescence differentiation.These results reveal the genetic mechanism of sex genotypes in castor,which will not only guide researchers in the breeding of castor but also provide a reference for genetic research on other flowering plants.

Study on Cu Resistance of Ricinus communis L. Callus

[Objective] The article studies the growth and Cu absorption of Ricinus communis L. callus under Cu stress. [Method] CuSO4.5H20 solutions with different Cu concentrations were added to callus subculture medium; callus was inoculated and Cu resistance index of callus was worked out. Cu content in callus was deter- mined with the method of Varian AA240FS. [Result] With the Cu concentration at 60 mg/L, the growth of callus was inhibited, its Cu resistance index was only 33.87%. With the Cu concentration at 40 mg/L, callus was faint yellow in color, and grew rapidly with its Cu resistance index at 61.29%. Such high level resistance could remain the same after six week after continuous subculture. In the 4t week of culture, Cu resistance index in treatments with Cu concentrations at 10, 20, 30, 40 mg/L was higher than that in the 3rd week, and the content of Cu in callus of the treatments was 0.33, 0.54, 1.16, 1.40 mg/g respectively. [Conclusion] Cu con- centration at 40 mg/L in culture medium can be the threshold for selecting Cu re- sistance R. communis callus.

Commelina communis L.: Copper Hyperaccumulator Found in Anhui Province of China

Commelina communis L. growing over some new copper mining wastelands at Bijiashan, Tongling City of Anhui Province, China, was found to be a copper hyperaccumulator. Its copper concentrations were 2707-6159 (4439±2434) mg kg-1, 369-831 (731±142) mg kg-1, and 429-587 (547±57) mg kg-1, respectively, in the roots, stems, and leaves. The soils supporting the growth of the species had a copper concentration ranging from 4620 to 5020 mg kg-1 and averaging 4835±262 mg kg-1, suggesting that the species could not only grow on heavily copper-contaminated soils but also accumulate extraordinarily high concentration of copper. Thus, it shows great potential in the phytoremediation of copper-contaminated soils,the restoration of mined land, geochemical prospecting, and the study of environmental pollution changes.

<i>Wrinkled</i>1 (WRI1) Homologs, AP2-Type Transcription Factors Involving Master Regulation of Seed Storage Oil Synthesis in Castor Bean (<i>Ricinus communis</i>L.)

Among APETALA2 (AP2)-type plant specific transcription factor family, WRINKLED1 (WRI1), has appeared to be a master gene transcriptionally regulating a set of carbon metabolism- and fatty acid synthesis (FAS)-related genes responsible for seed specific triacylglycerols (TAGs) storage in oil plants. B3 type transcription factors, such as ABI3 and FUS3, are known to be involved in seed development, such as seed storage protein synthesis and maturation. Based on the recent whole genome sequence data of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), putative WRI1 homologs (RcWRI1, RcWRI2) specifically expressed in castor bean seed have been identified by comparing organ specific expression profiles among seed development-related transcription factors, seed storage specific genes (Ricin, RcOleosin) and a set of FAS genes including genes for sucrose synthase (RcSUS2), biotin carboxyl carrier protein (a subunit of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, RcBCCP2) and ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase (RcKAS1). Immunoreactive signals with WRI1, FUS3 and ABI5-related polypeptides were also detected in seed specifically, consistent with the expression profiles of seed development-related genes. The WRI1 binding consensus sites, [CnTnG](n)(7)[CG], designated as the AW-box, were found at the promoter region of RcBCCP2 and RcKAS1. Thus, RcWRI1 possibly play a pivotal role in seed specific TAGs storage during seed development by directly activating FAS -related genes.

In vitro establishment of a highly effective method of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) regeneration using shoot explants

An efficient plant regeneration protocol was established for castor bean （Ricinus communis L.）, in which 0.3 mg L-1 thidiazuron （TDZ） induced shoot clusters and increased the number of adventitious shoots from hypocotyl tissue. Our results showed that treatment under dark conditions significantly promoted the average number of shoots per explant to 37.36±4.54 （with a 6-d treatment）. Modified 1/2 Murashige and Skoog （MS） basal medium supplemented with 440 mg L-1 Ca2＋, 0.2 mg L-1 gibberellic acid and 0.1 mg L-1 TDZ significantly increased shoot elongation rates and lowered vitrification rates. Further- more, 1/2 MS media supplemented with 0.2 mg L-11-naphthaleneacetic acid induced a higher rooting rate compared with other culture conditions.

Genome-wide Identification,Classification and Expression Analysis of Lhc Supergene Family in Castor Bean(Ricinus communis L.)

Light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding （LHC） proteins are a group of nuclear-encoded thylakoid proteins that play a key role in plant photosynthesis and are widely involved in light harvesting, energy transfer to the reaction center, maintenance of thylakoid membrane structure, photoprotection and response to en- vironmental conditions, etc. Although/dw supergene family is well characterized in model plants such as Arabidopsis, rice and poplar, little information is available in castor bean （Ricinus communis L. ）. In this study, a genome-wide search was carried out for the first time to identify castor bean L/w genes and analyze the gene structures, biochemical properties, evolutionary relationships and expression characteristics based on the published data of castor bean genome and ESTs. According to the results, a total of 28 Rclhcs genes representing 13 gene families （ l_hca , l_hcb , Elip , Ohpl , Ohp2 , SEP1, SEP2 , SEP3 , SEP4 , SEP5 , PsbS , Rieske and FCII） and 25 subgene families were identified in castor bean genome; to be specific, 25 and 5 genes were found to have corresponding ESTs in NCBI and have al- ternative splicing isoforlns, respectively. These RcLhcs contain 0 to 9 introns and distribute on 26 of the 25 878 released scaffolds. All RcLhcs genes were found to be expressed in all examined tissues, i.e. leaf, flower, II/III stage endosperm, V/VI stage endosperm and seed, with the highest expression level in leaf tissue.

Studies on Cell Suspension Culture of Ricinus communis L.

Ricinus communis L. is a new copper hyperaccumulator growing on Tonglushan copper mine in Hubei Province, China. This study aimed to establish a suspension cell line of R. communis L. with stable and rapid growth for further screening of heavy metal-resistant R. communis L. cells and breeding of hyperaccu- mulators. In this study, cell suspension culture conditions were optimized by using orthogonal experimental design with previously induced R. communis L. embyre- genic calluses as experimental materials, to establish the suspension cell line of R. communis L. Under the optimal conditions, growth curves of suspension cells and changes in pH of culture liquid were determined. The results showed that the optimal culture conditions for R. conmmnis L. suspension cell line were ： MS ＋ O. 5 rag/I, 6-BA ＋ O. 2 mg/L NAA ＋ 50 mg/L sucrose ＋ 350 mg/L casein hydrolysate as basic medium, with callus inoculation amount of 2.5 g/50 ml, dark culture at （26 ±2） ℃ with shaking at 110 r/min. Under these conditions, increment of fresh weight and dry weight ofR. commun/s L. suspension cells reached the maximum of 4.56 g/（50 ml 14 d） and 0.49 g/（50 ml 16 d）, respectively. Growth curves of R. communis L. suspension cells were basically in ＂S＂ shape. Each culture cycle lasted 16 d, and the rapid growth stage was from the 6th d to the 14th d. In a culture cycle, pH of the culture liquid declined first and then increased to the maximum and stabilized gradually.

Proteomic Analyses of Three Inflorescence Styles of Castor(Ricinus communis L.)at Different Developmental Stages

Castor(Ricinus communis L.)is one of ten oil crops in the world and has complex inflorescence styles.Generally,castor has three inflorescence types:single female inflorescence(SiFF),standard female inflorescence(StFF)and bisexual inflorescence(BF).StFF is realized as a restorer line and as a maintainer line,which was applied to castor hybrid breeding.However,the developmental mechanism of the three inflorescences is not clear.Therefore,we used proteomic techniques to analyze different inflorescence styles.A total of 72 diferentially abundant protein species(DAPs)were detected.These DAPs are primarily involved in carbon and energy metabolism and carbon fixation in the photosynthetic organism pathway.The results showed that DAPs are involved in photosynthesis to control the distribution of imported carbohydrates and exported photoassimilates and thus affect the inflorescence development of castor.In addition,these DAPs are also involved in cysteine and methionine metabolism.Quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)results demonstrated that the proteomics data collected in this study were reliable.Our findings indicate that the carbon cycle and amino acid metabolism influence the inflorescence development of castor.

Vegetation Classification of Juniperus communis L. Species in Azerbaijan

The Republic of Azerbaijan, is a country in the south Caucasus having continental influenced climate with warm summer and mild cold, dry winters. Relating to its climate this region has a rich and very interesting vegetation cover. In presented article the vegetation communities with the presence of Juniperus communis L. species and subspecies have been described.

HPLC法测定新疆巴旦杏中苦杏仁苷的含量

为了建立新疆巴旦杏中苦杏仁苷的HPLC定量测定方法,采用乙醇回流提取法提取苦杏仁苷,以ZirchromC18色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,10μm）为固定相,甲醇∶水∶冰醋酸（20∶80∶0.05）为流动相,流速为1.0mL/min,检测波长为210 nm,柱温为35℃。测定结果显示,苦杏仁苷在20.0-70.0μg/mL成良好的线性关系,r=0.999 9,日内、日间RSD均为0.59%（n=5）,平均回收率99.6%（n=6）。研究表明,该方法灵敏度高,结果准确,重现性好,方法简便可行,适用于新疆巴旦杏中苦杏仁苷的含量测定,并为其质量控制提供理论依据。

蓖麻LEA基因家族的全基因组鉴定、分类及其进化分析

基于已公布的基因组和EST数据对蓖麻LEA基因家族进行全面鉴定和系统命名，并在此基础上分析了其基因结构、生化特征、进化关系和表达特性。结果显示，蓖麻基因组中存在27个LEA基因，分属于LEA_1、LEA_2、LEA_3、LEA_4、LEA_5、LEA_6、dehydrin和SMP 8个亚家族，它们散布于24条scaffold上，含有0～2个内含子不等，且其中有3个基因存在可变剪接；根据编码蛋白中的Pfam结构域类型及其进化关系，将这些LEA基因依次命名为RcLEA1-1和-2、RcLEA2-1和-2、RcLEA3-1至-3、RcLEA4-1至-7、RcLEA5-1和-2、RcLEA6-1和-2、RcLEA7-1至-5和RcLEA8-1至-4；利用BLAT分析基因表达谱显示，在叶片、花、II/III期胚乳、V/VI期胚乳和种子等组织中，所有RcLEA基因都有表达；启动子分析表明，RcLEA基因的启动子区富含LTRE、ABRE、MYC、MYB和W-box等逆境应答相关顺式作用元件。

HPLC法测定鸭跖草中异荭草素的含量研究

目的研究中药鸭跖草中黄酮类成分异荭草素的含量测定方法,并比较不同产地生态环境鸭跖草中异荭草素的含量。方法采用AgilentTC-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(15:85)为流动相,流速为1 mL·min-1,紫外检测器检测。结果异荭草素的线性范围为0.08~1.00μg,平均回收率为101.2%,不同产地不同生态环境样品的异荭草素含量相差有4倍之多。结论该方法便捷、有效,适用于检测鸭跖草中异荭草素含量,为其质量标准的制定提供参考。

基于ITS和trnl-trnF序列的新疆扁桃种质资源亲缘关系研究

为探究新疆扁桃种质的亲缘关系,以新疆‘纸皮’与‘阿曼尼沙’等24个扁桃种质为材料,对其叶片及果实的植物学性状进行对比分析。提取总DNA后分别对ITS与trnl-trnF序列进行PCR扩增、纯化及测序,将所测序列进行拼接及同源性比对。利用MEGA5软件构建基于ITS和trnl-trnF序列的不同扁桃种质间的系统发育树。通过植物学性状对比发现,‘矮丰’的叶形指数最高为4.12,‘叶尔羌’的出仁率为72.9%,在供试24个扁桃种质中最高。经相关生物信息学软件分析表明,ITS序列长度为608~610bp,包括42个变异位点和9个简约信息位点,G+C含量为61.16%~61.90%。trnl-trnF序列长度为915~933bp,其变异位点和简约信息位点丰富,分别为457个和332个,分别占总长的48.8%和35.7%,G+C含量较低,为32.46%~32.94%。基于ITS和trnl-trnF序列的系统发育树表明,ITS序列间的遗传距离为0.000~0.008,trnl-trnF序列间的遗传距离为0.000~0.400,‘双薄’与‘双软’具有相同的遗传背景。

蓖麻基因组中一种Mutator-like类型MITEs元件的结构分析和鉴定

利用生物信息学方法,对蓖麻基因组Mutator-like类型MITEs元件进行了分析和鉴定。结果表明,蓖麻基因组上共鉴定出76个小于3 kb的Mutator-like类型MITEs元件,其中长度小于1 000 bp的元件有53个,占69.7%。这些MITEs元件中有42个位于基因间隔区,11个位于基因内含子区,位于5'UTR和3'UTR区的分别有8个和4个,另有1个位于基因编码区。29个MITEs元件带有转座酶以外的功能基因片段,成为pack-MITEs。多个pack-MITEs带有相同的非转座酶基因片段。Mutator-like类型的MITEs对蓖麻基因的表达和基因组的进化有潜在的影响,值得深入分析。

基于QTL定位的蓖麻株高性状遗传解析

用YC2(高杆)×YF1(矮杆)和YC1(高杆)×YF1(矮杆)组合衍生的2个F2代群体,对蓖麻株高性状进行相关、回归和QTL定位分析。结果表明,株高与主穗位高、主茎节长和主茎茎粗之间显著正相关,但与主茎节数不相关;主穗位高与主茎节数、主茎节长和主茎茎粗之间呈显著正相关;主茎节数与主茎节长之间呈显著负相关。利用QTLNetwork 2.0软件在YC2×YF1的F2群体中检测到株高、主穗位高、主茎节数、主茎节长和主茎茎粗的5、4、6、3和2个QTL,分别解释了45.9%、45.3%、66.1%、55.4%和12.6%的总变异。在YC1×YF1的F2群体中检测到3、4、5、1和2个上述5性状的QTL,分别解释了26.0%、25.5%、35.4%、37.4%和7.6%的总变异。证明QTL间的"一因多效"和连锁是株高、主穗位高和主茎节长之间高度相关的遗传基础,加性效应是株高、主穗位高和主茎节长的主要遗传组分,互作效应是主茎节数和主茎茎粗的主要遗传组分。建议育种上将主穗位高和主茎节长作为株高早期选择和预测的间接指标,并将多节数和短节间作为高产育种的主攻方向。

蓖麻枯萎病抗性的QTL定位分析

本研究用YC2×YF1抗、感组合的F2群体在两个环境中对蓖麻枯萎病抗性进行了QTL定位。遗传分析表明,群体中枯萎病抗性呈连续性偏态分布,后代表型偏抗性亲本。2014年检测到5个QTL,解释了总变异的18. 21%,单位点贡献率为0. 05%～12. 32%。2015年分别在出苗后20d、30d、40d、现蕾期和乳熟期进行了动态定位,分别检测出4、12、13、4和1个QTL,单位点贡献率为1. 64%～21. 91%,5个发育时期检出的QTL主要集中在第3、4和8连锁群上。有1个QTL在4个时期、3个QTL在3个时期、6个QTL在2个时期被重复检测到。在第8连锁群上一个QTL在两个环境同一时期被重复检测到。以上结果可为蓖麻抗枯萎病分子标记辅助选择提供参考。

Effect of Nitrogen and Sulfur Supply on Glucosinolates in Brassica campestris ssp.chinensis

Glucosinolates （GSs） are a group of plant secondary metabolites containing abundant nitrogen （N） and sulfur （S） mainly in Brassica and have the beneficial effects on human health including anti-carcinogenic, cholesterol-reducing and other pharmacological effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different concentrations of N （5, 10, and 20 mmol L-a, denoted by N5, N10 and N20） and S （0,5, 1, and 2 mmol L^-1, denoted by S0.5, S1 and S2） on the yield and GSs in pakchoi （Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. communis） in hydroponics. Results showed that N10 and N20 significantly enhanced the yield compared with N5, however, N20 had a negative effect relative to N10. Only with N10 and N20 low S supply （S0.5） reduced the yield. The concentrations of aliphatic GSs, aromatic GS and total GSs were enhanced by N5 and indolyl GSs were enhanced by N20. S2 enhanced the concentration of individual GS and total GSs. The concentrations of indolyl GSs were maximized in N20S2 treatment, whereas the highest concentrations of aliphatic GSs, aromatic GS and total GSs were found in N5S2 treatment. Effects of N and S on aliphatic GSs were higher than on indolyl GSs. The results suggest that the accumulation of aliphatic GSs and aromatic GS could be enhanced by low N and high S and restricted by high N while that of indolyl GSs could be enhanced by high N and high S.

Intraspecific DNA methylation polymorphism in the non-edible oilseed plant castor bean

Investigation of the relationships of phenotypic and epigenetic variations might he a good way to dissect the genetic or molecular basis of phenotypic variation and plasticity in plants, Castor bean （Ricinus cornraunis L）, an important non-edible oilseed crop, is a mono-species genus plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. Since it displays rich phenotypic variations with low genetic diversity, castor bean is a good model to investigate the molecular basis of phenotypic and epigenetic variations. Cytosine DNA methylation represents a major molecular mechanism of epigenetic occurrence. In this study, epigenetic diversity of sixty landrace accessions collected worldwide was investigated using the methylation- sensitive amplification polymorphism （MSAP） technique, Results showed that the epigenetic diversity （based on the polymorphism of DNA methylated loci） exhibited a medium variation （Ne = 1.395, He = 0.242, I = 0.366） at the population level though the variation was great, ranging from 3,80% to 3431% among accessions. Both population structure analysis and the phylogenetic construction （using the neighbor-joining criteria） revealed that the two main clades were identified, but they did not display a distinct geographic structure, After inspecting the location of polymorphic methylated loci on genome we identified that the polymorphic methylated loci occur widely in nuclear and organelle genomes. This study provides new data to understand phenotypic and epigenetic variations in castor bean,

A new kinetic model for the common juniper essenstial oil extraction by microwave hydrodistillation

The main objective of the present study was to model the kinetics of essential oil extraction from swelled ground juniper berries by classic hydrodistillation(HD) and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation(MAHD). A new phenomenological kinetic model was developed on the basis of the juniper essential oil extraction mechanism that assumed three mass transfer processes occurring simultaneously: washing, unhindered diffusion and hindered diffusion. The new model was compared to the existing kinetic models. Among the tested models,the new model had the smallest mean relative percentage deviation and the highest corrected Akaike information criterion value. In addition, that, the new model was verified for HD and MAHD of essential oils from some other plant materials. On the basis of the above-mentioned facts, the new model can be recommended for modeling the kinetics of essential oil extraction by both HD and MAHD.