Amylase intrapancreatic infusion delays insulin release during an intravenous glucose tolerance test,proof of acini–islet–acinar interactions

BACKGROUND The possible existence of an acini–islet–acinar(AIA)reflex,involving mutual amylase and insulin interactions,was investigated in the current acute experiment on pigs.AIM To confirm the existence of an AIA reflex and justify the placement of the exocrine and endocrine pancreatic components within the same organ.METHODS The study was performed on six pigs under general anesthesia.An intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed,with a bolus infusion of 50%glucose to the jugular vein,while amylase(5000 U/kg)or vehicle intrapancreatic infusions were administered via the pancreaticoduodenalis cranialis artery during 30 min with a 1 mL/min flow rate.RESULTS The amylase infusion to pancreatic arterial circulation inhibited and delayed the insulin release peak which is usually associated with the highest value of blood glucose and is typically observed at 15 min after glucose infusion,for>1 h.The intrapancreatic infusion of the vehicle(saline)did not have any effect on the time frame of insulin release.Infusion of 1%bovine serum albumin changed the insulin release curve dramatically and prolonged the high range of insulin secretion,far beyond the glucose peak.CONCLUSION Intrapancreatic arterial infusion of amylase interrupted the integrated glucose–insulin interactions.This confirms an AIA reflex and justifies placement of the exocrine and endocrine pancreatic components within the same organ.

红肉火龙果α-淀粉酶基因HpAMY3的克隆及功能鉴定

为了解α-淀粉酶在红肉火龙果〔Hylocereus polyrhizus(F.A.C.Weber)Britton et Rose〕果实淀粉降解中的作用,对红肉火龙果α-淀粉酶基因HpAMY3进行克隆和生物信息学分析,检测果实发育期间该酶的活性及其编码基因的表达,同时对HpAMY3重组蛋白的淀粉降解活性进行分析。结果表明:HpAMY3基因的开放阅读框长度为2742 bp,编码913个氨基酸;HpAMY3蛋白的理论相对分子质量为102370,理论等电点为pI 6.02,预测此蛋白位于叶绿体,且为亲水性蛋白。系统进化分析表明HpAMY3与拟南芥〔Arabidopsis thaliana(Linn.)Heynh.〕AtAMY3的亲缘关系最近,均属于AMYⅢ类。亚细胞定位实验结果显示HpAMY3定位于本氏烟草(Nicotiana benthamiana Domin)叶片的叶绿体,表明HpAMY3具有质体定位的特点。在授粉后20和23 d,红肉火龙果果实的α-淀粉酶活性较低;在授粉后25 d,α-淀粉酶活性显著(P<0.05)升高;在授粉后27和30 d,α-淀粉酶活性保持在较高水平。红肉火龙果果实的HpAMY3基因相对表达量在授粉后20和23 d较低,在授粉后25和27 d持续升高,在授粉后30 d略有降低。红肉火龙果果实发育期间α-淀粉酶活性与HpAMY3基因相对表达量的相关性较高(R^(2)=0.94)。体外淀粉降解活性实验结果显示:在含有HpAMY3重组蛋白的反应体系中均检测到麦芽糖和麦芽三糖,且二者含量极显著(P<0.01)高于含有载体对照pDR196的反应体系。综合上述结果,HpAMY3蛋白可能定位于红肉火龙果果实的淀粉体;在果实发育期间,HpAMY3基因上调表达,HpAMY3具有淀粉降解活性。

生淀粉水解α-淀粉酶Amy486的重组表达和性质分析

为明晰生淀粉水解α-淀粉酶Amy486独特的催化特征,将克隆自Exiguobacterium sp.J84菌株的amy486进行重组表达,并研究重组酶的酶学性质、嗜盐特性和钙离子依赖性。Amy486最适催化pH为7.5,在pH 6.5~8.5范围内酶活力保持40%以上,最适温度为35℃,30℃半衰期为100 h。1.5 mol/L Na_(2)SO_(4)处理可将Amy486的比酶活由1.53 U/mg提升至2209 U/mg。添加1.0 mol/L Na_(2)SO_(4),Amy486在35℃放置500 h,酶活力可保持60%以上。2.5 mmol/L CaCl_(2)可提升酶活力至110%,添加超过5 mmol/L CaCl_(2),Amy486的相对酶活力降至100%以下,EDTA孵育对Amy486蛋白的酶活力和稳定性影响较小。Amy486与钙离子结合的关键位点为K_(3)0_(2),K_(3)0_(2)E与钙离子的结合能力增强,从而降低该酶对外源钙离子的依赖性。α-淀粉酶Amy486及其突变体酶K_(3)0_(2)E是具有较高比酶活的生淀粉水解酶,对外源钙离子的依赖性较低,其活力的发挥依赖于适合的盐浓度,可应用于某些高盐环境下的淀粉水解。

血清CRP、LPS、AMY与急性胰腺炎患者病情严重程度及预后不良的关系

目的探讨CRP、LPS、AMY与急性胰腺炎患者病情严重程度与预后不良的关系。方法选取100例急性胰腺炎患者为急性胰腺炎组,100例健康者为对照组,比较两组的CRP、LPS、AMY水平。比较不同病情严重程度、不同预后患者的CRP、LPS、AMY水平,分析预后不良的危险因素。结果急性胰腺炎组的血清CRP、LPS、AMY水平均高于对照组(P<0.05)。重型急性胰腺炎患者的血清CRP水平高于轻型急性胰腺炎患者,预后不良患者的血清CRP、LPS、AMY水平均高于预后良好患者(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,CRP、LPS、AMY均为急性胰腺炎患者预后不良的独立危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05)。结论急性胰腺炎患者的血清CRP、LPS、AMY水平异常升高,可用于预后判断,其中CRP可用于病情严重程度评估。

急性胰腺炎诊断中LPS、AMY联合CRP检验的临床价值

目的探讨急性胰腺炎诊断中血清脂肪酶(LPS)、淀粉酶(AMY)联合C反应蛋白(CRP)检验的临床应用价值。方法选择平顶山市中医医院在2021年8月至2023年2月期间收治的120急性胰腺炎患者为观察组,根据患者胰腺炎严重程度将其分为轻度组(n=70)、重度组(n=50),另选择同一时间内在医院体检的健康受试者为对照组(n=60),对三组受试者进行LPS、AMY以及CRP的联合检验,并分析检验结果。结果观察组LPS、AMY以及CRP水平高于对照组(P<0.05)。重度组LPS、AMY以及CRP水平高于轻度组(P<0.05)。联合检测的特异度最高,为96.67%,联合检测与CRP的灵敏度均为95.00%。结论针对急性胰腺炎患者在早期诊断中使用LPS、AMY以及CRP的联合检测,特异性、灵敏度较高,可以在临床推广使用。

血清AMY、Hcy、D-D水平对急性胰腺炎患者预后的预测价值探究

目的:分析血清淀粉酶(Amylase,AMY)、同型半胱氨酸(Homocysteine,Hcy)、D-二聚体(D-dimer,D-D)水平及联合检测对急性胰腺炎(Acutepancreatitis,AP)患者预后的预测价值。方法:选取2020年5月-2023年6月期间本院收治的AP患者为研究对象。根据患者治疗后的预后情况,将患者分为预后良好组(43例)及预后不良组(19例)。收集并对比两组的一般资料及血清AMY、Hcy、D-D水平。logistic回归模型分析影响AP患者预后的影响因素。分析血清各指标水平联合检测对AP预后的预测效能。结果:预后不良组入院时急性生理功能和慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(Acute physiological function and Chronic health status score SystemⅡscore,APACHEⅡ)评分及血清Hcy、AMY、D-D水平均显著高于预后良好组(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,入院时血清Hcy、AMY、D-D及APACHEⅡ评分均为患者发生预后不良的危险因素(P<0.05)。入院时AMY、Hcy、D-D水平联合预测患者发生预后不良的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.879。结论:血清AMY、Hcy、D-D水平与AP患者预后密切相关,三者联合检测在患者预后评估中具有重要价值。

奥曲肽联合奥美拉唑钠治疗急性胰腺炎对临床症状及血清AMY的影响

目的:探究奥曲肽联合奥美拉唑钠治疗急性胰腺炎对临床症状及血清淀粉酶(Amylase,AMY)的影响。方法:选取2022年1月~2024年7月期间我院收治的66例急性胰腺炎患者作为研究对象,以抽签法随机分为对照组和观察组,各33例。对照组采用奥曲肽注射治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上联合奥美拉唑钠注射治疗,两组治疗均持续1 w。对两组患者的疗效、症状改善时间、AMY及脂肪酶(Lipase,LPS)水平进行比较,并统计不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组有效率明显高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组患者肠鸣音异常、腹痛、发热、腹胀等症状的改善时间明显短于对照组(P<0.05);两组血清AMY及LPS水平较治疗前均降低,且观察组明显低于对照组(P<0.05);两组不良反应发生率无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论:针对急性胰腺炎患者采用奥曲肽联合奥美拉唑钠注射治疗的方案,可有效提高患者的治疗效果,缩短其症状改善时间,改善其血清AMY及LPS水平,不良反应发生情况少,安全性高。

Analysis of Amylase and Superoxide Dismutase Isozymes During the Germination Process of Emmenopterys henryi Oliv Seeds

[ Objective] The study was to understand the changes of amylase（AMY） and superoxide dismutase（SOD） isozymes during the ger- mination process of Emmenopterys henryi Oliv seeds. [ Metbod] By employing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method, the expressions of AMY and SOD isozymes during seed germination process were analyzed. ~ Result] The main AMY bands remained strong during the whole peri- od and a new band A2 appeared in the middle and late period of seed germination. Some new SOD bands occurred at the early stage, then be- came weak or disappeared in the middle period, and band S6 became intense in the late peried. [ Conclusion.] The expression of AMY and SOD isozyme gene has temporal difference during germination of E. henryi Oliv seeds.

Screening and Identification of Amylase-producing Strain from Arctic Ocean and Optimization of Enzyme Producing Conditions

[Objective] The aims were to investigate the screening and identification of amylase-producing marine bacteria from Arctic sea and the optimization of the amylase producing conditions. [Method] A high-yield strain for producing amylase named ArcB84A was isolated from a total of 156 marine bacteria of Arctic sea. Then,the morphological identification of the strain,molecular identification of 16S rRNA and optimization of fermentation conditions were conducted. [Result] ArcB84A strain was a member of Pseudoalteromonas genus. The optimum conditions for enzyme production of B84A strain included that,the initial pH value of the medium was 7.0-8.0,and the best carbon and nitrogen sources respectively were 5‰ glucose and peptone. Surfactants including TritonX-100,Tween20 and Tween80 could increase amylase activity of the strain,in which,the effect of 10‰ Tween80 was the most obvious.

Activities, Quantitative Changes and Subcellular Localization of α-Amylase During Development of Apple Fruit

Starch degradation in cells is closely associated with cereal seed germination, photosynthesis in leaves, carbohydrate storage in tuberous roots, and fleshy fruit development. α_Amylase is considered as one of the key enzymes catalyzing starch breakdown, but up to date its role in starch breakdown in living cells remains unclear because the enzyme was often shown extrachloroplastic in living cells. The present experiment showed that α_amylase activity was progressively increasing concomitantly with the decreasing starch concentrations during the development of apple ( Malus domestica Borkh cv. Starkrimson) fruit. The apparent amount of α_amylase assessed by Western blotting also increased during the fruit development, which is consistent with the seasonal changes in the enzyme activity. The enzyme subcellular_localization studies via immunogold electron_ microscopy technique showed that α_amylase visualized by gold particles was predominantly located in plastids, but the gold particles were scarcely found in other subcellular compartments. A high density of the enzyme was observed at the periphery of starch granules during the middle and late developmental stages. These data proved that the enzyme is compartmented in its functional sites in the living cells of the fruit. The predominantly plastid_distributed pattern of α_amylase in cells was shown unchanged throughout the fruit development. The density of gold particles (α_amylase) in plastids was increasing during the fruit development, which is consistent with the results of Western blotting. So it is considered that α_amylase is involved in starch hydrolysis in plastids of the fruit cells.

Effects of Exogenous Amylases and Metal Ions on the Amylase Specific Activities and Starch Degradation of the Upper Leaves of ‘KRK_(26)' during Flue-curing

Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exoge-nous amylases and Ca2＋, Mn2＋ and K＋ on the amylase specific activities and starch degradation of the upper leaves of ＇KRK26＇ planted in Yunnan Province during flue-curing. [Method] The amylase specific activities and starch degradation of the leaves were determined by using spectrophotometry. [Result] The 8 U/g exogenous α-amy-lase could improve the specific activity of the leaf α-amylase at yel owing and color-fixing stages, but could not at stem-drying stage, and similarly, the 80 U/g exoge-nous β-amylase could improved the specific activity of the leaf β-amylase at the yel owing stage and the early period of color-fixing stage. The leaf starch could be enhanced to degrade by the exogenous α- or β-amylases and the enhancing effect of the former was stronger than that of the later. 1.50 mg/ml Ca2＋ improved the specific activity of the leaf （α＋β）-amylase mainly due to its enhancing effect on the leaf α-amylase, and increased the starch degradation. 4 mmol/L Mn2＋ inhibited the leaf α-amylase from yel owing to the early period of color-fixing and the β- and （α＋β）-amylases from the yel owing to the later period of color-fixing, but enhanced the leafα-amylase from the later period of color-fixing to the later period of stem-drying and the β- and （α＋β）-amylases at the later period of stem-drying. Meanwhile, Mn2＋ ham-pered the starch degradation during yel owing, but promoted it from the early period of color-fixing to stem-drying. 1 mg/ml K＋ enhanced the leaf α-, β- and （α＋β）-amy-lases during the yel owing stage, but lowered them from the early period of color-fix-ing to the later period of stem-drying, and always inhibited the leaf starch degrada-tion. [Conclusion] The exogenous α-, β- amylases and Ca2＋ of suitable concentra-tions could be used to treat the tobacco leaves before flue-curing to improve the leaf starch degradation during the curing.

MICROSTRUCTURE AND AMYLASE ACTIVITY OF CHINESE CABBAGE SEED DURING DRYING PROCESS

A seed is the carrier of life,and research on the heat and mass transfer of a seed has already stridden toward the level of microcosm,such as cell protoplasm,cell organism,and molecular membrane.By means of a transmission electron microscope,the authors of this paper observed the microstructure of cotyledon tissue slices of the Chinese cabbage seed with a moisture content of 13% (on dry basis) and that with a moisture content of 4.3% (on dry basis) for drying 2 h at 45 ℃.The compared result was that only wrinkles had been discovered on the cell walls of the seed dried for 2 h,without any significant change for other organelles.Study on the enzyme activity shows that after a germination for 48 h,the relative activity of α amylase of the Chinese cabbage seed dried for 2 h at 45 ℃,decreased by 5.8%,whereas that of the seed dried 2 h at a temperature of 67 ℃ decreased by 30.1%.This work shows that the drying factors have greatly influence on the seed microstructure,enzyme activity,which is directly positive to seed viability.Combined with the analysis of the critical safe drying temperature of the vegetable seed,it can be concluded that enzyme activity is also the function of the drying temperature,the moisture content and the drying time.

Effects of Mercury Stress on Wheat Growth,POD and Amylase Activity

[Objective] The aim was to study the effect of mercury stress on seed germination and seedlings growth.[Method]using Zhengzhou 9023 as the experimental material and cultured in water,to study the effect of the germinating rate,seedling height,root length,seedling＇s fresh weight,the activities of peroxidase（POD）and amylase in leaf,root and germinating embryo at different concentrations of Hg2＋（0.025,0.050,0.100,0.200,0.300,0.400,0.500 mmol/L）.[Result]Low concentrations of Hg2＋（≤ 0.10 mmol/L）have little effect on seed germination,seedling height,root length and fresh weight;high concentrations of Hg2＋（ 0.10 mmol/L）have significantly inhibited seed germination and seedling growth.Low concentration of Hg2＋（≥ 0.025 mmol/L）could increase POD activity and inhibit the amylase activity significantly,and the effects have increased with the increasing of Hg2＋ concentrations.[Conclusion]Hg2＋ stress could change the activities of POD and amylase in leaf,root and germinating embryo,influence the energy and substrate supply which was required for normal metabolism of lipid oxidation,and inhibit seedling growth ultimately.

血清PCT、腹腔AMY联合血清ALB早期预测十二指肠切除术后并发胰瘘的价值

目的 探讨血清降钙素原(PCT)、腹腔淀粉酶(AMY)联合血清白蛋白(ALB)早期预测十二指肠切除术后并发胰瘘的价值。方法 100例行十二指肠切除术的患者根据术后胰瘘发生情况分为胰瘘组和非胰瘘组,比较两组的血清PCT、腹腔AMY、血清ALB水平。术后胰瘘患者根据病情严重程度分为微瘘亚组和非微瘘亚组,比较两亚组的血清PCT水平。结果 100例患者术后胰瘘发生率为37.00%。术后3、 5、 7 d,胰瘘组的血清PCT、腹腔AMY、血清ALB水平均高于非胰瘘组(P<0.05)。术后1、 3、 5、 7 d,微瘘亚组的血清PCT水平低于非微瘘亚组(P<0.05)。结论 血清PCT、腹腔AMY检测能早期发现胰瘘,血清PCT检测能预测腹腔感染的严重程度,血清ALB水平可指导临床给予患者营养支持治疗。

家蚕幼虫血液淀粉酶(Amylase)研究

家蚕的淀粉酶广泛分布在蚕的血液、消化液、消化管及卵巢中。幼虫血液和消化液淀粉酶的活性,依品种而有显著差异,且其遗传受在同一染色体上极接近的不同位置的基因所控制（松本,1933,1934）。家蚕幼虫血液淀粉酶活性的成分组成,伴随着幼虫发育而变动（河口,1982）。著者就不同家蚕品种的原种及其杂交F1的幼虫血液淀粉酶的差异进行了调查,现将结果报告如下。

β-Amylase Is Predominantly Localized to Plastids in the Developing Tuberous Root of Sweet Potato

Starch degradation in cells is closely associated with cereal seed germination, photosynthesis in leaves, carbohydrate storage in tuber and tuberous roots, and fleshy fruit development. Based on previously reported in vitro assays, β amylase is considered as one of the key enzymes catalyzing starch breakdown, but up to date its role in starch breakdown in living cells remains unclear because the enzyme was shown often extrachloroplastic in living cells. Recently we have shown for the first time that β_amylase is predominantly immuno_localized to plastids in living cells of developing apple fruit. But it remains to know whether this model of β_amylase compartmentation is more widespread in plant living cells. The present experiment, conducted in tuberous root of sweet potato ( Ipomea batatas Lam. cv. Xushu 18) and via immunogold electron_microscopy technique, showed that β amylase visualized by gold particles was predominantly localized in plastids especially at periphery of starch granules, but the gold particles were scarcely found in other subcellular compartments, indicating that the enzyme is subcellularly compartmented in the same zone as its starch substrates. The density of gold particles (β amylase) in plastids was increasing during growing season, but the predominantly plastid_distributed pattern of β amylase in cells was shown unchanged throughout the tuberous root development. These data prove that the enzyme is compartmented in its functional sites, and so provide evidence to support the possible widespread biological function of the enzyme in catalyzing starch breakdown in plant living cells or at least in living cells of plant storage organs.

Low serum amylase and obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome: A novel interpretation

For the last decade, low serum amylase(hypoamylasemia) has been reported in certain common cardiometabolic conditions such as obesity, diabetes(regardless of type), and metabolic syndrome, all of which appear to have a common etiology of insufficient insulin action due to insulin resistance and/or diminished insulin secretion. Some clinical studies have shown that salivary amylase may be preferentially decreased in obese individuals, whereas others have revealed that pancreatic amylase may be preferentially decreased in diabetic subjects with insulin dependence. Despite this accumulated evidence, the clinical relevance of serum, salivary, and pancreatic amylase and the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In recent years, copy number variations(CNVs) in the salivary amylase gene(AMY1), which range more broadly than the pancreatic amylase gene(AMY2A and AMY2B), have been shown to be well correlated with salivary and serum amylase levels. In addition, low CNV of AMY1, indicating low salivary amylase, was associated with insulin resistance, obesity, low taste perception/satiety, and postprandial hyperglycemia through impaired insulin secretion at early cephalic phase. In most populations, insulin-dependent diabetes is less prevalent(minor contribution) compared with insulin-independent diabetes, and obesity is highly prevalent compared with low body weight. Therefore, obesity as a condition that elicits cardiometabolic diseases relating to insulin resistance(major contribution) may be a common determinant for low serum amylase in a general population. In this review, the novel interpretation of low serum, salivary, and pancreas amylase is discussed in terms of major contributions of obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome.

Studies on Amylase and Degradation of Starch and Pigment of Tobacco Leaf During Process of Flue-Curing

The changes in the activity of amylase and amylase-isoenzyme and the degradation of starch and pigment of tobacco leaf during flue-curing were studied by using the electric- heated flue-curing barn designed and made by the Henan Agricultural University. The temperature and humidity of the barn were controlled automatically. The results indicated that starch in tobacco leaf decreased rapidly and leveled off after 48 h of curring, in the meantime, the content of soluble sugar increased accordingly and reached a peak at the stage of color-fixing. Both of them had a rapid-changing stage in the first 36 hours of yellowing. The changes of starch and soluble sugar contents had highly significant negative-correlation at 1 % level (rNC89 = -0.8962**, rYY85 = -0.9704**). The activity of amylase increased with the proceeding of curing and reached a peak after 36 hours of curing, then decreased. But the activity of amylase kept at a high level when the humidity of curing-environment was very low, even if the tobacco leaf had been dried. The rapid degradation of starch showed a significantly negative correlation with the increase of activity of amylase at 5 % level (rNC89 = -0.8495*, rYY85 = -0.7839*). The degradation of starch and pigment had the same regulation and had highly significant correlation at 1 % level (rNC89= 0.9649**, rYY85= 0.9428**). There were mainly three amylase-isoenzyme bands -A, B, C respectively, in tobacco leaf during flue curing. They were identified as α-AMY, β-AMY, R-AMY, and the activity of β-AMY was the highest. The changes in amylase activity and contents of starch and pigment were affected by the tobacco leaf moisture and environmental humidity during curing.

Effects of Cadmium Stress on Seed Germination, Seedling Growth and Seed Amylase Activities in Rice (Oryza sativa)

Two rice varieties, Xiushui 110 with high cadmium (Cd) tolerance and Xiushui 11 with low Cd tolerance were used to study the effects of Cd stress on seed germination, seedling growth and amylase activities. The low cadmium concentration had little effect on seed germination rate. However, cadmium stress could significantly inhibit plumule and radicle growth, especially for radicle growth. Germination index, vigour index, radicle length and amylase activities of Xiushui 11 decreased more significantly with the increasing cadmium level compared with Xiushui 110. The cadmium content in seedlings of Xiushui 11 was higher than that in Xiushui 110 when the cadmium concentration exceeded 5 μmol/L, which caused lower mitotic index in root tips and amylase activities, and more serious cadmium toxicity in Xiushui 11.

Inhibitory activities of microalgal fucoxanthin againstα-amylase,α-glucosidase, and glucose oxidase in 3T3-L1cells linked to type 2 diabetes

Postprandial hyperglycemia is an early indication of type 2 diabetes and the target of many anti-diabetic and anti-obesity studies.α-Glucosidase and α-amylase are the crucial factors in regulating starch digestion and glucose absorption,making them key targets for many studies to treat postprandial hyperglycemia.We studied the inhibitory activities of microalgal fucoxanthin against rat-intestinalα-glucosidase and pancreaticα-amylase along with the antidiabetic eff ect to induce diff erentiation in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes using Oil Red-O staining.Fucoxanthin displayed strong hindrance activities towardα-amylase in a concentration-dependent manner,with an IC50 value of 0.68mmol/L,whereas weak inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase,with an IC 50 value of 4.75 mmol/L.Fucoxanthin also considerably elevated glucose oxidase activity in 3T3-L1 cells by 31.3%at 5μmol/L.During adipocyte differentiation,fucoxanthin showed lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells with no cytotoxicity up to 20μmol/L.However,fucoxanthin had no inhibitory activity on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.These results suggest that fucoxanthin might be useful for the prevention of obesity or diabetes by inhibiting carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes and lipid accumulation and be utilized as an ingredient for a functional food or dietary supplement.