Bile anaerobic bacteria detection and antibiotic susceptibility in patients with gallstone

OBJECTIVE: To detect bile anaerobic bacteria and antibiotic susceptibility in 59 patients with gallstoneswho had had cholecystectomy.METHODS: BACT/ALERT 120 microbe detection system and SCEPTOR microbe detection system wereused to detect bile anaerobic bacteria, antibiotic susceptibility.RESULTS: The ratio of anaerobic bacteria to the patients examined was 52.5% (31/59). Obligateanaerobe bile culture showed positive results in 4 patients. B. fragilis (37.8%) was the major type ofanaerobic bacteria in bile. Most (81.8%) of anaerobic bacteria were sensitive to metronidazole, andimipenem was suitable for β-lactamase bacteria.CONCLUSIONS: Culture of anaerobic bacteria in logarithmic phase can improve the positive rate of theculture. There are some relations between anaerobic infection and gallstone formation.

Cd^(2+) removal from wastewater by sulfate reducing bacteria with an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor

A process of treatment for containing Cd 2+ wastewater by sulfate reducing bacteria with upflow anaerobic fluidized bed reactor has been studied. When the concentration of COD and Cd 2+ in the influent were 270 5mg/L and 100mg/L respectively and hydraulic retention time was 4 hours, the removal rate of COD and Cd 2+ were higher than 73 8% and 99 8% respectively. The reactor can treat as high as 1000mg/L of concentration of Cd 2+ . The highest removal velocity rate of Cd 2+ reached 2999 1mg/(L·d). And the possible relationship between sulfate reducing bacteria and methanogenic bacteria was discussed.

Evaluation of the new OxyPlate^(TM) Anaerobic System for the isolation of ocular anaerobic bacteria

AIM: Anaerobic bacteria can cause ocular infections. We tested the OxyPlateTM Anaerobic System (OXY) to isolate pertinent anaerobic bacteria that can cause ocular disease.METHODS: OXY, which does not require direct anaerobic conditions (i.e. bags, jars), was compared to conventional isolation of incubating culture media in anaerobic bags. Standard colonies counts were performed on anaerobic ocular bacterial isolates under aerobic and anaerobic conditions (anaerobic bags) using agar media: 1) OXY (aerobic only), 2) 5% sheep blood (SB), 3) Chocolate, and 4) Schaedler. The bacteria tested were de-identified ocular isolates cultured from endophthalmitis and dacryocystitis that include 10 Propionibacterium acnes and 3 Actinomyces species. The colony counts for each bacteria isolate, on each culturing condition, were ranked from largest to smallest, and non-parametrically compared to determine the best culturing condition.RESULTS: All anaerobic conditions were positive for all of the anaerobic isolates. SB and Schaedler’s agar under aerobic conditions did not support the growth of anaerobic bacteria. Sparse growth was noted on chocolate agar with Propionibacterium acnes . As an anaerobic system, SB in an anaerobic bag isolated higher colony counts than OXY (P=0.0028) and chocolate agar (P=0.0028).CONCLUSION: Although OXY did not test to be more efficient than other anaerobic systems, it appears to be a reasonable alternative for isolating anaerobic bacteria from ocular sites. The use of an agar medium in a specially designed plate, without the requirement of an anaerobic bag, rendered OXY as an advantage over other anaerobic systems.

Distribution of secretory inhibitor of platelet microbicidal protein among anaerobic bacteria isolated from stool of children with diarrhea

AIM: To study the secretory inhibitor of platelet microbicidal protein (SIPMP) phenotypes of faecal anaerobic isolates from patients with diarrhea. METHODS: Faecal isolates of anaerobic bacteria (B. fragilis, n = 42; B. longum, n = 70; A. israelii, n = 21; E. lentum, n = 12) from children with diarrhea were tested. SIPMP production was tested by inhibition of platelet microbicidal protein (PMP) bioactivity against B. subtilis and was expressed as percentage of inhibition of PMP bactericidal activity. RESULTS: Among anaerobic isolates 80% of B. longum strains, 85.7% of A. israelii strains, 50% of E. lentum strains and 92.86% of B. fragilis strains were SIPMP-positive. The isolated anaerobic organisms demonstrated SIPMP production at a mean level of 13.8% ± 0.7%, 14.7% ± 1.8%, 3.9% ± 0.9% (P < 0.05) and 26.8% ± 7.5% (P < 0.05) for bifidobacteria, A. israelii, E. lentum and B. fragilis, respectively. CONCLUSION: Data from the present study may have significant implications in understanding the pathogenesis of microecological disorders in the intestine, as well as for future improvement in the prevention and therapy of anaerobe-associated infections.

Annual change of the number of anaerobic sulf ite reducing bacteria in sediment of the Daya Bay

The surface sediment samples were collected month by month at nine stations in the Daya Bay from January to December 1987, and the number of anaerobic sulfite reducing bacteria and their spores and the regularity of seasonal change were determined. The effect of environmental factors, water temperature and the resoluble oxygen concentration in the bottom of seawater on the number of them were discussed. The results show that the number of anaerobic su|fite reducing bacteria were low in sediment of the Daya Bay, indicating that the hay was less contaminated.

Enrichment culture of marine anaerobic ammonium oxidation(anammox) bacteria

The present study investigates the enrichment of anaerobic ammonium oxidation(anammox)bacteria in the marine environment using sediment samples obtained from the East China Sea and discusses the nitrogen removal efficiency of marine anammox bioreactor.Enrichment of anammox bacteria with simultaneous removal of nitrite and ammonium ions was observed in the Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor under a total nitrogen loading rate of 0.37kg-N m-3day-1.In this study,The nitrogen removal efficiency was up to 80%and the molar-reaction ratio of ammonium,nitrite and nitrate was 1.0:1.22:0.22 which was a little different from a previously reported ratio of 1.0:1.32:0.26 in a freshwater system.

Denitrifying phosphorous removal in anaerobic/anoxic SBR system with different startup operation mode

To achieve stable and efficient nitrogen and phosphorus removal and to investigate the characteristics of the A/A SBR enriched with denitrifying phosphorus removal bacteria(DPB),the whole course of startup was studied with two reactors operated in different mode.The reactor I was operated under anaerobic/settling/anoxic/settling mode,and the reactor II was operated under anaerobic/anoxic/settling mode.Differences between the two reactors in removal efficiency of COD,nitrogen and phosphorus were examined.The results indicated that efficient performance could be achieved in both reactors with different startup operation mode,while the phosphorus removal efficiency was improved sooner in reactor I than in reactor II,which suggested that reactor I would supply a more favorable condition for DPB proliferation.Meanwhile,it was observed that the amount of organic substrates consumption had a linear correlation to that of phosphorus release in anaerobic phase when DPB was accumulated in the A/A SBR denitrifying phosphorus removal system.

Review:Anaerobic ammonium oxidation for treatment of ammonium-rich wastewaters

The concept of anaerobic ammonium oxidation(ANAMMOX) is presently of great interest. The functional bacteria belonging to the Planctomycete phylum and their metabolism are investigated by microbiologists. Meanwhile,the ANAMMOX is equally valuable in treatment of ammonium-rich wastewaters. Related processes including partial nitritation-ANAMMOX and completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite(CANON) have been developed,and lab-scale experiments proved that both processes were quite feasible in engineering with appropriate control. Successful full-scale practice in the Netherlands will ac-celerate application of the process in future. This review introduces the microbiology and more focuses on application of the ANAMMOX process.

Degradation Performance and Biodiversity of an Anaerobic Polyvinyl Alcohol-Degrading Microbial Community

Polyvinyl alcohol( PVA) is a water-soluble synthetic polymer that is hard to biodegrade. PVA-degrading microorganisms were previously reported as unitary bacteria and most of them have been identified as aerobes. In this work,a microbial community was cultured anaerobically and its degradation performance and biodiversity were analyzed. The microbial community was cultured for more than 40 d,which represents a highly efficient degradation performance with a chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency of 88. 48%. Operational taxonomic unit-based analysis of the sequences revealed a highly diverse community in the reactor. To note,metagenome 16s rDNA sequencing delineated 19 phyla and 41 classes. Specifically, proteobacteria, chlamydiae, bacteroidetes,firmicutes,and planctomycetes play key roles in the biodegradation processes. Moreover,the betaproteobacteria class belonging to the proteobacteria phylum was the predominant bacterial members in this community. Our results demonstrated that anaerobic treatment of PVA wastewater is feasible and confers degradation by a highly diverse microbial community.

Production of Phosphate-Rich Biofertiliser Using Vermicompost and Anaerobic Digestor Sludge—A Case Study

This paper presents the technology and cost effectiveness of production of phosphate rich biofertiliser (called PROM) by bioconversion of phosphate rock ore into soluble phosphates (that are directly assimilable by plants) in presence of an organic manure such as Vermicompost or anaerobic digestor sludge (discharged from biogas manufacturing units) and using a microbial culture of Bacillus megatherium var phosphaticum. PROM has been found to be an excellent, less expensive, substitute to synthetic phosphatic fertilisers such as SSP, MAP and DAP. This is based on real—life field trials. It is also possible to integrate the production of PROM, with biogas generation and the layout of such a more profitable, integrated scheme is also presented in this paper.

好氧-厌氧耦合法处理奶牛场污水工艺分析

【目的】筛选降解奶牛场粪污水的微生物,为奶牛场粪污处理提供科学依据。【方法】选择可用于降解污水的微生物菌株,测定微生物处理奶牛场粪污水后的化学需氧量(COD)、生物需氧量(BOD_(5))、总磷(TP)和pH的数值。【结果】从具有降解污水功能的微生物中,筛选出降解效果较好的3株好氧微生物,分别为枯草芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌、胶质芽孢杆菌;3株厌氧微生物,分别为沼泽红假单胞菌、荧光假单胞菌、沙雷氏菌;将6种好氧-厌氧菌耦合处理降解奶牛场粪污水,其降解效率均有不同程度的提升,好氧-厌氧耦合法处理奶牛场粪污水的工艺参数为菌种接种量5%、曝气量0.05 m^(3)/h(每隔10 h曝气2 h)、温度30℃、处理时间96 h。【结论】奶牛场污水中COD去除率为91.38%、BOD_(5)去除率为96.82%、TP去除率为82.6%,出水pH值为7.2~7.6,符合国家农田灌溉水标准。

一种新型厌氧菌培养装置的设计及其应用

设计了一种低成本进行厌氧菌培养的装置.装置以装有氧气检测仪及酵母菌培养液的玻璃真空干燥器为主体,通过真空泵抽真空及酵母菌的呼吸作用消耗氧气形成无氧环境,利用厌氧菌固体平板培养及液体培养等实验检测了装置的实用性.结果表明:该装置可满足厌氧菌生长的环境要求,能够用于厌氧微生物的培养并进行观测;同时该装置具有成本低、使用便捷、安全环保的特点,可应用于厌氧菌的相关研究及教学活动中.

有机物对ANAMMOX性能及微生物影响的研究进展

厌氧氨氧化工艺(ANAMMOX)是高效低耗的可持续生物脱氮技术,但厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)世代周期长、对环境因子敏感,有机物作为污水中最常见的物质,对ANAMMOX脱氮有较为复杂的影响。综述了有机物类型、有机物浓度对ANAMMOX脱氮性能及对功能微生物的影响并探讨了原因。有机物分子质量越小、结构越简单,对厌氧氨氧化细菌的影响越显著。在低有机物浓度条件下,AnAOB具有利用简单有机物的多样代谢途径。适当的C/N可促进反硝化菌与AnAOB协同共生,在一定程度上促进AnAOB生长。高浓度有机物易导致反硝化菌占优势,与AnAOB竞争基质,甚至会改变AnAOB正常的代谢途径。醇类对AnAOB有较强的不可逆抑制作用,抗生素和酚类的抑制效果往往是可逆的。Candidatus Brocadia和Candidatus Jettenia对有机物具有相对较好的适应性。理解有机物对AnAOB的影响,可为ANAMMOX的工艺设计和工程应用提供重要参考。

不同抗菌药物治疗腹腔厌氧菌感染效果的研究进展

腹腔感染的致病菌以革兰阴性菌为主,一般情况下以混合性感染多见,且近年来厌氧菌感染(如脆弱芽孢杆菌)比例逐年升高,临床工作者必须在抗菌治疗中覆盖厌氧菌。对于腹腔感染抗厌氧菌的抗菌药物疗法,各国指南并无统一明确的抗感染方案,且由于耐药菌的出现,让抗菌治疗更加艰难。本文主要综述了临床上各类常用的抗菌药物治疗腹腔厌氧菌感染患者的疗效,以期为临床提供参考。

n-damo细菌在不同生态环境中的遗传多样性和潜在功能研究

反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化(DAMO)是自然环境中减少甲烷排放的关键过程。近年来研究发现,亚硝酸盐依赖型厌氧甲烷氧化(n-damo)细菌在湖泊、河流、稻田和生物反应器等环境中表现出不同的分布特征和群落格局。然而,以往的环境调研主要集中在单一生态环境或样本类型,使得n-damo细菌在全球生态格局中的总体作用和分布特征仍然存在一定的未知。此外,在描述不同生态环境中n-damo细菌多样性时,16S rRNA和pmoA基因之间的具体区别或偏好性尚不清楚。因此,为了填补这一研究空白,基于n-damo细菌的两个关键基因,即16S rRNA和pmo A,通过生物信息学分析来评估不同生态系统中n-damo细菌的多样性特征。研究发现,16Sr RNA和pmoA基因所揭示的n-damo细菌遗传多样性和潜在功能存在差异。保守性更高的16S r RNA基因在湿地环境中多样性最高,而在人工富集环境中多样性最低。pmo A基因则在淡水环境中表现出最高的多样性,但也同样在人工富集环境中表现出最低的多样性。热图和韦恩图显示,淡水环境和湿地环境中n-damo细菌的相似性最高,但人工富集和咸水环境下的n-damo细菌与其他环境差异显著。此外,系统发育分析显示,16S rRNA与pmoA基因具有不同的同源模式,16S r RNA因其保守性而具有较高的同源性,而pmo A基因则表现出更多的簇族分化。这些结果为了解DAMO微生物对不同生态系统中甲烷减排和碳氮生物地球化学循环的贡献提供了重要见解。此外,未来n-damo细菌的环境调研工作应同时分析16S rRNA和pmo A基因,从而对n-damo细菌的分布和功能进行更加科学地综合评价。

嗜热厌氧菌共培养发酵玉米秸秆产氢的研究

氢能是对环境无害且可以替代化石燃料的可持续性能源。利用嗜热厌氧菌暗发酵木质纤维素生产氢气是一种极具潜力的生物制氢技术,具有清洁、高效和可再生的优势。构建解糖热解纤维素菌和热解糖厌氧杆菌共培养体系,考察两株菌株接种比例、总接种量和底物浓度对玉米秸秆发酵产氢的影响。实验结果表明,在发酵体系初始pH值7.0,培养温度60℃条件下,当解糖热解纤维素菌和热解糖厌氧杆菌接种比例为3∶2,菌种总接种量为6%,秸秆浓度为15 g·L^(-1)时,体系产氢能力最强。此时,发酵体系产氢量累积达到65.6 mL·g-1-秸秆,氢气含量为46.9%,最大产氢速率为1.47 mL·g^(-1)h^(-1)。

硫酸亚铁对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵的影响

本文以餐厨垃圾为原料,采用半连续中温厌氧发酵方式,探究添加剂硫酸亚铁对湿法厌氧发酵的影响。实验结果表明:添加硫酸亚铁实验组的日产气最高为12.0 L/d,比对照组高出16.5%,且在高有机负荷下稳定运行。因此通过往厌氧发酵体系中添加硫酸亚铁,一方面可以补充厌氧微生物菌群所需铁盐,另一方面改变微生物菌群结构,调节厌氧微生物菌群和硫酸盐还原菌间的协同作用,促进厌氧发酵对挥发性有机酸的降解,提高厌氧发酵系统运行的稳定性、增强产气能力和处理效率。

超滤水对厌氧氨氧化菌活性的影响

为了探究不同比例的人工配水、超滤水和沼液含量对厌氧氨氧化菌活性的影响,开展厌氧氨氧化反应试验,在菌群培养中使用不同混合比例的人工配水、超滤水和沼液,观察并比较氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的转化情况,分析不同水质条件下厌氧氨氧化菌的活性变化。设置5个试验组,其中,1#瓶中加入460 mL人工配水,2#瓶中加入230 mL人工配水+230 mL超滤水,3#瓶中加入460 mL超滤水,4#瓶中加入230 mL超滤水+230 mL沼液,5#瓶中加入460 mL沼液。试验结果显示,在不同试验组中,添加不同比例的超滤水和沼液显著影响厌氧氨氧化菌的活性。2#瓶的氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮转化情况最佳,而在完全添加沼液的5#瓶中,厌氧氨氧化菌的活性明显降低。这凸显超滤水和沼液在厌氧氨氧化反应中对菌群行为的重要性。这些观察结果对于优化和控制污水处理中的厌氧氨氧化反应具有重要意义。未来的研究可进一步探讨超滤水和沼液中特定成分对菌群的影响,以更全面地理解不同水质条件下厌氧氨氧化菌的行为特征。

Phylogenetic analysis of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria and their relatives based on farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase gene

The study aims to reveal phylogenetic and evolutionary relationship between aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria（AAnPB） and their relatives,anaerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria（AnAnPB） and nonphototrophic bacteria（NPB,which had high homology of 16S rDNA gene with AAnPB and fell into the same genus）,and validate reliability and usefulness of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase（FPPS） gene for the phylogenetic determination.FPPS genes with our modified primers and 16S rDNA genes with general primers,were amplified and sequenced or retrieved from GenBank database.In contrast to 16S rDNA gene phylogenetic tree,AAnPB were grouped into two clusters and one branch alone with no intermingling with NPB and AnAnPB in the tree constructed on FPPS.One branch of AAnPB,in both trees,was located closer to outgroup species than AnAnPB,which implicated that some AAnPB would be diverged earlier in FPPS evolutionary history than AnAnPB and NPB.Some AAnPB and NPB were closer located in both trees and this suggested that they were the closer relatives than AnAnPB.Combination codon usage in FPPS with phylogenetic analysis,the results indicates that FPPS gene and 16S rRNA gene have similar evolutionary pattern but the former seems to be more reliable and useful in determining the phylogenic and evolutionary relationship between AAnPB and their relatives.This is the first attempt to use a molecular marker beside 16S rRNA gene for studying the phylogeny of AAnPB,and the study may also be helpful in understanding the evolutionary relationship among phototrophic microbes and the trends of photosynthetic genes transfer.