Anaerobic tapered fluidized bed reactor for starch wastewater treatment and modeling using multilayer perceptron neural network

treatability of synthetic sago wastewater was investigated in a laboratory anaerobic tapered fluidized bed reactor （ATFBR） with a mesoporous granular activated carbon （GAC） as a support material. The experimental protocol was defined to examine the effect of the maximum organic loading rate （OLR）, hydraulic retention time （HRT）, the efficiency of the reactor and to report on its steady- state performance. The reactor was subjected to a steady-state operation over a range of OLR up to 85.44 kg COD/（m^3·d）. The COD removal efficiency was found to be 92% in the reactor while the biogas produced in the digester reached 25.38 m^3/（m^3·d） of the reactor. With the increase of OLR from 83.7 kg COD/（m^3·d）, the COD removal efficiency decreased. Also an artificial neural network （ANN） model using multilayer perceptron （MLP） has been developed for a system of two input variable and five output dependent variables. For the training of the input-output data, the experimental values obtained have been used. The output parameters predicted have been found to be much closer to the corresponding experimental ones and the model was validated for 30% of the untrained data. The mean square error （MSE） was found to be only 0.0146.

Mathematical Modelling of Biomass Gasification in a Circulating Fluidized Bed CFB Reactor

The scope of the present paper is to investigate the suitability of a mathematical model for Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) coal combustion (developed by the International Energy Agency), to predict and simulate the performance of the 100 kWth CFB for air-blown biomass gasification. The development of a mathematical model allows to simulate the operative conditions during biomass gasification, control the quality of the synthesis gas and improve the gasifier design. The geometrical, mechanical, hydro dynamical and thermo chemical features were introduced in the model by properly setting the input file and, some changes have been made in the code to assure the final convergence. A sensitivity analysis has been performed to study the variation in the input parameters of the program, and it has been finally verified by comparing the results with the empirical data collected during coal and wood combustion tests. The program, in the same case, could not successfully run;probably depending on wood char density value. For these reason the influence of char density will be investigated. The model predicts the development of tar and other hydrocarbons, valuating the agreement between the measured and calculated efficiency. A further development, to consider solid biomass, with a certain volatile percentages (20% - 40%), as a fuel has been previewed and analyzed. Finally some investigations have been carried out to provide some useful indications for future developments of the code, in the biomass gasification

Mathematical Simulation on Oxidation of Ilmenite in Fluidized Bed

An unsteady-state mathematical model describing the behaviors of gas and solid during the oxidation of ilmenite in a fluidized bed was developed on the basis of the two-phase theory of a fluidized-bed reactor. The longitudinal distribution of the concentration of gaseous species and that of the unreacted ratio of solid material in both bubble phase and emulsion phase as well as their variation with reaction time were determined by means of mathematical simulation with kinetic parameters measured experimentally, furthermore, the reaction behavior of particles with different size in a multiparticle system was also analyzed, and finally, the potential way for increasing the reactor efficiency was put forward.

Surface-particle-emulsion heat transfer model between fluidized bed and horizontal immersed tube

A mathematical model, surface-particle-emulsion heat transfer model, ispresented by considering voidage variance in emulsion in the vicinity of an immersed surface. Heattransfer near the surface is treated by dispersed particles touching the surface and through theemulsion when the distance from the surface is greater than the diameter of a particle. A film withan adjustable thickness which separates particles from the surface is not introduced in this model.The coverage ratio of particles on the surface is calculated by a stochastic model of particlepacking density on a surface. By comparison of theoretical solutions with experimental data fromsome references, the mathematical model shows better qualitative and quantitative prediction forlocal heat transfer coefficients around a horizontal immersed tube in a fluidized bed.

Oxidation Kinetics of Aluminum Powders in a Gas Fluidized Bed Reactor in the Potential Application of Surge Arresting Materials

In this technical paper, the oxidation mechanism and kinetics of aluminum powders are discussed in great details. The potential applications of spherical aluminum powders after oxidation to be part of the surging arresting materials are discussed. Theoretical calculations of oxidation of spherical aluminum powders in a typical gas fluidization bed are demonstrated. Computer software written by the author is used to carry out the basic calculations of important parameters of a gas fluidization bed at different temperatures. A mathematical model of the dynamic system in a gas fluidization bed is developed and the analytical solution is obtained. The mathematical model can be used to estimate aluminum oxide thickness at a defined temperature. The mathematical model created in this study is evaluated and confirmed consistently with the experimental results on a gas fluidization bed. Detail technical discussion of the oxidation mechanism of aluminum is carried out. The mathematical deviations of the mathematical modeling have demonstrated in great details. This mathematical model developed in this study and validated with experimental results can bring a great value for the quantitative analysis of a gas fluidization bed in general from a theoretical point of view. It can be applied for the oxidation not only for aluminum spherical powders, but also for other spherical metal powders. The mathematical model developed can further enhance the applications of gas fluidization technology. In addition to the development of mathematical modeling of a gas fluidization bed reactor, the formation of oxide film through diffusion on both planar and spherical aluminum surfaces is analyzed through a thorough mathematical deviation using diffusion theory and Laplace transformation. The dominant defects and their impact to oxidation of aluminum are also discussed in detail. The well-controlled oxidation film on spherical metal powders such as aluminum and other metal spherical powders can potentially become an important part of switch devices of surge arresting materials, in general.

A Mathematical Model for Differential-VelocityCirculating Fluidized Bed Boiler

The scheme of differential-velocity circulating fluidized bed was put forward by Thermal EngineeringDepartment of Tsinghua university in 1992 and got patent simultaneously. An internal bed material circulation in combustor can be established by the discrepancy of entrainment at different air velocity, andseparates the combustor into three different velocity regions, which constitutes the differential-velocityinside circulation. Mathematical modeling and simulation may facilitate understanding, developmentand operation of this new process. Here cell model method was adopted to set up the model.

Model-Based Analysis of a Phenol Bio-Oxidation Process by Adhered and Suspended Candida tropicalis

Phenol is an important commodity for the chemical industry, used for many processes and deemed to be a major pollutant due its xenobiotic nature and high toxicity. For the purpose of phenol bioremediation a biotechnological set up consisting of a continuous packed column bioreactor with Candida tropicalis adhered onto activated carbon beads has been previously described. In this work, we show how the integration of available experimental data of such a biotechnological set up into a mathematical model, can lead both to a better comprehension of the underlying physiological mechanisms operating in the cell culture, and to the identification of the system parameters optimum performance. The model so constructed describes the dynamics of phenol uptake and growth rates by the adhered and suspended biomass;the lethality rates;the adhered biomass removal into suspension or adherence onto carbon beads rates and the phenol and biomass (adhered and suspended) concentrations. It also serves to identify different physiological states for the adhered and the suspended biomass;its predictions being verified by comparing with experimental observations. Based on the model description, different optimization strategies are proposed, some of which have been experimentally tested, encompassing changes in bioreactor operation conditions, process development and strain development.

Cooling of Granules in Vibrating, Suspended Bed: Engineering Simulation

Here we suggest an algorithm for calculation of the process parameters and design of a vertical cooler with inclined, gas-permeable blades and with a vibrating, suspended layer of granules on them (Vibrating Fluidized Bed—VFB). The algorithm is based on the use of the equations of heat and material balance, taking into account the influx of moisture into the layer with cold air and dust—as a carryover. Mode entrainment of dust particles and moisture from the VFB is described by using empirical formulas and Π-theorem. To calculate the cooling time of granules a model of the dynamics of a variable mass VFB was built, which linked the geometrical and physical process parameters to a single dependency. An example showed that mass flow of granules of 248 kg/h and a volume flow of air of 646 m3/h with temperature of 30℃ to cool the zeolite granules from 110℃ to 42℃ for 49 s required a vertical apparatus of rectangular shape with four chambers and with volume of 0.2 m3. A comparative analysis of technological parameters of the projected cooler with the parameters of typical industrial apparatuses showed that for all indicators: the cooling time of granules, the flow rate of gas (air) and the heat flow, a 4-chambered, vertical apparatus of rectangular shape with VFB was the most effective.

Development of a hydrodynamic model and the corresponding virtual software for dual-loop circulating fluidized beds

Dual-loop circulating fluidized bed(CFB)reactors have been widely applied in industry because of their good heat and mass transfer characteristics and continuous handling ability.However,the design of such reactors is notoriously difficult owing to the poor understanding of the underlying mechanisms,meaning it has been heavily based on empiricism and stepwise experiments.Modeling the gas-solid CFB system requires a quantitative description of the multiscale heterogeneity in the sub-reactors and the strong coupling between them.This article proposed a general method for modeling multiloop CFB systems by utilizing the energy minimization multiscale(EMMS)principle.A full-loop modeling scheme was implemented by using the EMMS model and/or its extension models to compute the hydrodynamic parameters of the sub-reactors,to achieve the mass conservation and pressure balance in each circulation loop.Based on the modularization strategy,corresponding interactive simulation software was further developed to facilitate the flexible creation and fast modeling of a customized multi-loop CFB reactor.This research can be expected to provide quantitative references for the design and scale-up of gas-solid CFB reactors and lay a solid foundation for the realization of virtual process engineering.

Modeling and simulation of biomass air-steam gasification in a fluidized bed

By considering the features of fluidized-bed reactors and the kinetic mechanism of biomass gasification,a steady-state,isothermal,one-dimensional and twophase mathematical model of biomass gasification kinetics in bubbling fluidized beds was developed.The model assumes the existence of two phases–a bubble and an emulsion phase–with chemical reactions occurring in both phases.The axial gas dispersion in the two phases is accounted for and the pyrolysis of biomass is taken to be instantaneous.The char and gas species CO,CO_(2),H_(2),H_(2)O,CH_(4) and 8 chemical reactions are included in the model.The mathematical model belongs to a typical boundary value problem of ordinary differential equations and its solution is obtained by a Matlab program.Utilizing wood powder as the feedstock,the calculated data show satisfactory agreement with experimental results and proves the effectiveness and reliability of the model.

A model for expansion ratio in liquid-solid fluidized beds

Liquid-solid fluidized beds are used in mineral processing industries to separate particles based on parti- cle size, density, and shape. Understanding the expanded fluidized bed is vital for accurately assessing its performance. Expansion characteristics of the fluidized bed were studied by performing several experi- ments with iron ore, chromite, quartz, and coal samples. Using water as liquid medium, experiments were conducted to study the effects of particle size, particle density, and superficial velocity on fluidized bed expansion. The experimental data were utilized to develop an empirical mathematical model based on dimensional analysis to estimate the expansion ratio of the fluidized bed in terms of particle character- istics, operating and design parameters. The predicted expansion ratio obtained from the mathematical model is in good agreement with the experimental data.

气液固三相湍流流动的E/E/L模型与模拟

采用基于双流体模型与粒子分散模型相结合的方法 ,建立了一个用于描述气液固三相湍流流动的Eulerian/Eulerian/Lagrangian模型 (简称E/E/L模型 ) .在Euler坐标系中考虑了气液两相 ,利用双流体模型来表述气液两相的相互关系 ;同时在Lagrange坐标系中考察了颗粒的运动 ,并把颗粒对气液两相的影响耦合于双流体模型中 .以流化床内气液固三相湍流流动为例进行的数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合良好 .所提出的模型及其模拟具有很好的准确性和可靠性 。

450t/h循环流化床锅炉机组动态仿真模型研究

采用模块化建模方法建立了我国设计制造的首台450t/h循环流化床锅炉机组实时仿真数学模型,介绍了锅炉机组模型的各子系统构成及其性能。以循环流化床燃烧系统为例,详细介绍了其主要仿真模块的数学模型,并据此仿真模块搭建了该子系统的仿真模型。仿真试验表明所建模型能够正确反映循环流化床锅炉机组的动态和静态特性,模型运算稳定可靠。所建锅炉机组仿真模型已用于多期仿真机培训,并可为循环流化床锅炉机组控制系统设计与分析提供对象模型。

内循环流化床结构参数及其反应器性能的相关性

内循环三相流化床在化学工程、生物工程及废水处理等领域中均有广泛的应用前景，目前影响这类反应器成功应用于实际废水生物处理的主要原因是缺乏系统的反应器结构参数与反应器性能的相关性分析与量化关系模型，无法实现不同规模与不同应用目标的系统优化设计。基于此，设计了不同尺寸和内构件的反应器，系统研究主要结构参数包括升流管与反应器直径之比、反应器高径比、升流管上方液面高度、底隙高度以及操作参数如固相负荷及通气量等因素对内循环流化床反应器流体力学与传质特性的影响规律; 实验分析主要过程参数如气含率、液体循环速度、氧传递系数及混合时间与结构参数、操作参数的相关性。通过总结归纳，分别给出了定量、半定量或定性方面的结论，为反应器的结构放大和性能变化预测提供理论基础。

生物质流化床空气-水蒸气气化模型研究

根据流化床反应器特点,结合生物质气化动力学反应机理,建立了生物质在流化床内气化的等温稳态、一维二相动力学模型。该模型所做的主要假定如下:流化床分为气泡相和乳相,在气泡相和乳相内均存在化学反应,考虑二相内的轴向气体扩散,生物质热解过程瞬时完成,主要考虑焦碳以及CO,CO2,H2,H2O,CH4等在流化床内发生的8个主要化学反应。数学模型属于常微分方程组边值问题,利用数值计算软件M atlab7.0进行编程求解。以木粉为原料,将模型结果与实验结果进行了对比,模拟结果与试验数据符合良好,在一定程度上证明了模型的有效性和可靠性。

玉米脉动流化干燥数学模型的建立与验证

通过分析和试验研究,认为模型MR=(M-Me)/(M0-Me)=exp(-ktN)能较准确的描述玉米在脉动流化床干燥中的水分变化规律。模型中的系数k和N主要受干燥器入口风温、风速、脉动频率和床层高度的影响。采用四因素的二次回归正交组合设计来拟合系数k、N与上述4个因素的关系,建立了脉动流化床上干燥玉米的回归数学模型。通过试验确认回归数学模型可以较准确的预测玉米在脉动流化床干燥中的水分变化。

流化床电化学反应器研究进展

流化床电化学反应器是一种三维颗粒电极反应器,以其比表面积大、传质速率高而备受关注。就流化床电化学反应器在导电机理、数学模型、结构放大以及应用领域的研究现状和进展进行了综述,阐明了该类反应器开发、设计和模型化方面存在的问题,并提出了研究方向。

循环流化床烟气脱硫的实验研究及其数学模型

建立了循环流化床烟气脱硫试验台，并在增湿反应机理的基础上建立了循环流化床烟气脱硫的数学模型。将模型计算结果与实验值进行了比较，模型能够较好地反映脱硫效率随喷水量及Ｃａ／Ｓ比变化而变化的规律。

催化剂汽提器内气固传质特性的研究

采用氧气示踪的方法在f 486×8000mm的有机玻璃床内对普通流化床汽提器和盘环形挡板汽提器进行了系统的气固相传质冷态模拟实验,得出了不同汽提线速和催化剂质量流率下上述两种催化剂汽提器内油气浓度轴向分布的变化规律。根据其油气浓度轴向分布的特点,结合鼓泡流化床两相理论以及一系列的假设,提出了针对这两种汽提器的一维传质模型。由实验结果待定了一维传质模型的模型参数,获得了计算两种汽提器轴向油气浓度分布的半经验的指数关联式。该关联式和实验数据比较吻合,相对误差均在10%以内。由该关联式可进一步计算出汽提器的汽提效率,可以为工业汽提器工艺参数的优化以及工程设计提供参考。

循环流化床多组分颗粒气固两相流动模型和数值模拟

基于稠密气体分子运动论和颗粒动力学 ,考虑多组分颗粒中颗粒组分与颗粒组分、颗粒组分内颗粒之间的相互作用以及气体与颗粒之间的相互作用 ,提出多组分颗粒非等温颗粒气固两相流动模型 .以颗粒压力、径向分布函数、黏度、颗粒碰撞耗散等耦合各颗粒组分间和颗粒间的相间作用 .采用大涡模拟方法模拟气相湍流流动 .提出了多组分颗粒的径向分布函数计算方法 .对循环流化床上升管中双组分颗粒气固两相流动特性进行了数值模拟 ,模拟结果揭示了上升管中双组分颗粒气固两相流动的环 核流动结构 ,得到了平均颗粒粒径的轴向和径向分布规律 ,计算结果与文献中实验结果相吻合 .