Synergetic Bioproduction of Short-Chain Fatty Acids from Waste Activated Sludge Intensified by the Combined Use of Potassium Ferrate and Biosurfactants

The synergetic effect and underlying mechanism of potassium ferrate(PF)with tea saponin(TS,a biosurfactant)in producing short chain fatty acids(SCFAs)from anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge(WAS)were explored in this work.Experimental results showed that 0.2 g PF(g TSS)^(-1)(total suspended solid)combined with 0.02 g TS(g TSS)^(-1) could further improve SCFAs’production,and the maximum SCFAs content reached 2008.7 mg COD L^(-1),which is 1.2 and 4.5 times higher than those with PF and TS individually added,respectively,and 5.3 times higher than that of blank WAS on Day 12.In the model substrates experiments,the degradation rates of bovine serum albumin and dextran with combination of PF and TS were 41.3%±0.1% and 48.5%±0.06%,respectively,on Day 3,which are lower than those in blank WAS(with degradation rates of 72.3%±0.5%and 90.3%±0.3%).It was revealed that the oxidative effect of PF and the solubilization of TS caused more organic matters to be dissolved out from WAS,providing a large number of biodegradable substances for subsequent SCFAs production.While WAS pretreated with the combination of PF and TS,the relative abundances of Firmicutes increased from 6.4%(blank)to 38.6%,and that of Proteobacteria decreased from 41.8%(blank)to 21.8%.The combination of PF and TS promoted the hydrolysis process of WAS by enriching Firmicutes,and then increased acetic acid production by inhibiting Proteobacteria that consumed SCFAs.Meanwhile,at the genus level,acidogenesis bacteria(e.g.,Proteiniclasticum and Petrimonas)were enriched whereas SCFAs consuming bacteria(e.g.,Dokdonella)were inhibited.

Pylephlebitis-induced acute liver failure: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Pylephlebitis is an extremely rare form of septic thrombophlebitis involving the portal vein,carrying high rates of morbidity and mortality.CASE SUMMARY We present a case of a 42-year-old male with no past medical history who presented with acute onset of abdominal pain and altered mental status with laboratory tests demonstrating new-onset acute liver failure.Pylephlebitis was determined to be the underlying etiology due to subsequent workup revealing polymicrobial gram-negative anaerobic bacteremia and complete thrombosis of the main and left portal veins.To our knowledge,this is the first documented case of acute liver failure as a potential life-threatening complication of pylephlebitis.CONCLUSION Our case highlights the importance of considering pylephlebitis in the broad differential for abdominal pain,especially if there are co-existing risk factors for hypercoagulability.We also demonstrate that fulminant hepatic failure in these patients can potentially be reversible with the immediate initiation of antibiotics and anticoagulation.

Feasibility of Plug Production Utilizing Digestate from Home-Waste to Energy Systems (H-WEF)

The integration of sustainable technologies in waste management systems has become imperative in addressing the escalating challenges of agricultural productivity and sustainability. Plugs are essential when starting crop production in controlled environment agriculture (CEA) setups and greenhouses. Horticultural crops such as vegetables, fruiting, and ornamental plants that utilize plugs have demonstrated higher success rates, healthier plants, and higher total yields. The APS Laboratory for Sustainable Agriculture explored the innovative utilization of digestate from the Home Water-Energy-Food Systems (H-WEF). The H-WEF system converts household food waste into biogas, electricity, and nutrient-rich digestate. The digestate from the H-WEF system was used to produce agricultural plugs, presenting a novel approach to circular resource utilization. We carried out the growth of Rex Butterhead Lettuce Latuca sativa plugs with 1) control system (synthetic fertilizer) and seven different treatments, 2) 5% Digestate—95% RO Water (5D–95RO);3) 10% Digestate—90% RO Water (10D–90RO);4) 15% Digestate—85% RO Water (15D–85RO);5) 20% Digestate—80% RO Water (20D–80RO);6) 25% Digestate—75% RO Water (25D–75RO);7) 30% Digestate—70% RO Water (30D–70RO);8) 35% Digestate—65% RO Water (35D–65RO). The plugs were cultivated for 15 days in a controlled environment until two leaves had developed after the cotyledon. After 15 days, we collected data on wet weight (g), plug head area (cm2), total leaf area (cm2), total chlorophyll content (mg/cm2), and dry weight (g). In addition, we collected data on the Leaf Area Index (LAI, cm2/cm2) and Specific Leaf Area (SLA, cm2/g). The synthetic fertigation yielded a higher wet weight than the following treatments: 5D–95RO, 10D–90RO, and 35D–65RO. While the 30D–70RO treatment produced a larger plug head than all other treatments. The digestate-based fertilizers were comparable to the synthetic fertilizer at dilutions of 25D–75RO and 30D–70RO. This study underscores the viability of using digestate for plug production, providing crucial insights for growers navigating the challenges of sustainable agricultural practices.

A simple guideline to apply excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy(EEMs)for the characterization of dissolved organic matter(DOM)in anoxic marine sediments

Marine sediments represent a major carbon reservoir on Earth.Dissolved organic matter(DOM)in pore waters accumulates products and intermediates of carbon cycling in sediments.The application of excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy(EEMs)in the analysis of subseafloor DOM samples is largely unexplored due to the redox-sensitive matrix of anoxic pore water.Therefore,this study aims to investigate the interference caused by the matrix on EEMs and propose a guideline to prepare pore water samples from anoxic marine sediments.The parameters determined by fluorescence spectra include 3D-index derived from EEMs after parallel factor analysis(PARAFAC),fluorescence index(FI)(contribution of terrigenous DOM),biological index(BIX)and humification index(HIX)derived from 2D emission spectra.First,we investigated the impacts of extensively-presented ions as typical electron acceptors,which are utilized by anaerobic microbes and stratified in marine sediments:Fe(II),Fe(III),Mn(II)and sulfide in anoxic pore water resulted in biases of fluorescent signals.We proposed threshold concentrations of these ions when the interference on EEMs occurred.Effective removal of sulfide from sulfide-rich samples could be achieved by flushing with N_(2)for 2 min.Second,the tests based on DOM standard were further verified using pristine samples from marine sediments.There was a significant change in the fluorescence spectra of DOM in anoxic sediments from the Rhône Delta.This study demonstrated that the change was caused by oxidation of the matrix rather than the intrinsic alteration of DOM.It was confirmed by extracted DOM via both EEMs analysis and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry(FT-ICR-MS).Slight oxidation of sulfur-containing compounds(e.g.,sulfhydryl)and polyphenol-like compounds occurred.Finally,a sample preparation sequence is proposed for pore water from anoxic sediments.This method enables measurement with small volumes of the sample(e.g.,50µL in this study)and ensures reliable data without the interference of the redox-sensitive matrix.This study provides access to the rapid analysis of DOM composition in marine sediments and can potentially open a window into examining the carbon cycling of the marine deep biosphere.

Interactions of Microplastics and Methane Seepage in the Deep-Sea Environment

Microplastics(MPs)are important exempla of the Anthropocene and are exerting an increasing impact on Earth’s carbon cycle.The huge imbalance between the MPs floating on the marine surface and those that are estimated to have been introduced into the ocean necessitates a detailed assessment of marine MP sinks.Here,we demonstrate that cold seep sediments,which are characterized by methane fluid seepage and a chemosynthetic ecosystem,effectively capture and accommodate small-scale(<100μm)MPs,with 16 types of MPs being detected.The abundance of MPs in the surface of the sediment is higher in methane-seepage locations than in non-seepage areas.Methane seepage is beneficial to the accumulation,fragmentation,increased diversity,and aging of MPs.In turn,the rough surfaces of MPs contribute to the sequestration of the electron acceptor ferric oxide,which is associated with the anaerobic oxidation of methane(AOM).The efficiency of the AOM determines whether the seeping methane(which has a greenhouse effect 83 times greater than that of CO_(2)over a 20-year period)can enter the atmosphere,which is important to the global methane cycle,since the deep-sea environment is regarded as the largest methane reservoir associated with natural gas hydrates.

Pyopneumothorax caused by Parvimonas micra and Prevotella oralis:a case report

Parvimonas is a group of Grampositive bacteria that are common anaerobic cocci in the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract and one of the pathogens of periodontitis,,^([1])and Prevotella is a group of Gramnegative anaerobic bacteria that are found mainly in the oral cavity and intestinal tract and are mainly involved in periodontal infections.

Effects of Biowaste-Derived Hydrochar on Anaerobic Digestion:Insights into Hydrochar Characteristics

Hydrochar prepared with four typical biowastes,pine wood,food waste,digested sewage sludge,and Chlorella were applied for the promotion of anaerobic digestion.The gas production and substrate composition were analyzed associated with the hydrochar characteristics.The results suggested that Chlorella hydrochar(C-C)showed the highest cumulative yield of methane(approximately 345 mL)with high total organic carbon(TOC)removal efficiency and low volatile fatty acids(VAFs)concentration.Especially,food waste hydrochar(F-C)showed a poor effect on anaerobic digestion and aroused 1.4–1.6 g/L accumulation of VAFs,in which the toxic components may account for the low efficiency.The C-C and sludge hydrochar(S-C)may develop direct interspecific electron transport(DIET)to facilitate the generation of methane by both surface groups and conductivity of the body structure,unlike pinewood hydrochar(P-C),which mainly depended on the aromatic matrix structure of hydrochar body.This work suggested that C-C can be the best candidate for the facilitation of anaerobic digestion,and N-containing biowaste like algae and lignocellulose like pine wood may establish different DIET pathways based on the physicochemical characteristics of hydrochar.

Density Functional Theory Study of Marine Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Anaerobic Degradation

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)are a kind of serious pollutants in the ocean.Biodegradation is considered as an economical and safe way for PBDEs removal and reductive debromination dominates the initial pathway of anaerobic degradation.On the basis of experimental study,Octa-BDE 197,Hepta-BDE 183,Hexa-BDE 153,Penta-BDE 99 and Tetra-BDE 47 were selected as the initial degradation objects,and their debromination degradation were studied using density functional theory.The structures were optimized by Gaussian 09 program.Furthermore,the molecular orbitals and charge distribution were analyzed.All C-Br bond dissociation energies at different positions including ortho,meta and para bromine atoms were calculated and the sequence of debromination was obtained.There is a close relationship between molecular structure,charge,molecular orbital and C-Br bond.All PBDEs exhibited similar debromination pathways with preferential removal of meta and para bromines.

Effects of Potassium Ferrate and Low-Temperature Thermal Hydrolysis Co-Pretreatment on the Hydrolysis and Anaerobic Digestion Process of Waste Activated Sludge

This study evaluated the effect of potassium ferrate(PF)and low-temperature thermal hydrolysis co-pretreatment on the promotion of sludge hydrolysis process and the impact on acid production in the subsequent anaerobic digestion process.The analytical investigations showed that co-pretreatment significantly facilitated the hydrolysis process of the sludge and contributed to the accumulation of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs).The pretreatment conditions under the optimal leaching of organic matter from sludge were hydrothermal temperature of 75℃,hydrothermal treatment time of 12 h,and PF dosage of 0.25 g g^(−1)TSS(total suspended solids),according to the results of orthogonal experiments.By pretreatment under proper conditions,the removal rate of soluble chemical oxygen demand(SCOD)achieved 71.8%at the end of fermentation and the removal rate of total phosphorus(TP)was 69.1%.The maximum yield of SCFAs was 750.3 mg L^(−1),7.45 times greater than that of the blank group.Based on the analysis of the anaerobic digestion mechanism,it was indicated that the co-pretreatment could destroy the floc structure on the sludge surface and improve organic matter dissolving,resulting in more soluble organic substances for the acidification process.Furthermore,microbial community research revealed that the main cause of enhanced SCFAs generation was an increase in acidogenic bacteria and a reduction of methanogenic bacteria.

Greenhouse gas reduction of co-benefit-type wastewater treatment system for fish-processing industry: A real-scale case study in Indonesia

This study examined the application of co-benefit-type wastewater treatment technology in the fish-processing industry. Given that there was a dearth of information on fish-processing industrial wastewater in Indonesia, site surveys were conducted. For the entire fish-processing industry throughout the country, the dissemination rate of wastewater treatment facilities was less than 50%. Using a co-benefit approach, a real-scale swim-bed technology (SBT) and a system combining an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) with SBT (ABR–SBT) were installed in a fishmeal processing factory in Bali, Indonesia, and the wastewater system process performance was evaluated. In a business-as-usual scenario, the estimated chemical oxygen demand load and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from wastewater from the Indonesian fish-processing industry were 33 000 tons per year and 220 000 tons of equivalent CO_(2) per year, respectively. On the other hand, the GHG emissions in the co-benefit scenarios of the SBT system and ABR–SBT system were 98 149 and 26 720 tons per year, respectively. Therefore, introducing co-benefit-type wastewater treatment to Indonesia’s fish-processing industry would significantly reduce pollution loads and GHG emissions.

Improvement of Methane Production from Corn Stalk for Whole Slurry Anaerobic Co-digestion Under Hydrothermal Wastewater Pretreatment

Corn stalk hydrothermal wastewater(CSHW)was used as a pretreatment for whole-slurry anaerobic co-digestion instead of conventional acid pretreatment.CSHW pretreatment was conducted at 20℃,35℃and 50℃for 3,6 and 9 h,after which all experimental groups were digested at 35℃for 24 days.This pretreatment method efficiently broke the lignocellulose structure of the corn stalk.Different from the volatile fatty acids(VFAs)content,the pH and RS contents were relatively higher than those of the control during the pretreatment process.Furthermore,the highest methane production[185.03 mL•g-1 VS(volatile solid)]was achieved at 55.46%under 35℃in 6 h,which was higher than that of the normal corn stalk anaerobic digestion.The VFAs contents and pH increased compared to CK upon the addition of NaOH to adjust pH,and the RS content also increased slightly due to the degradability of lignocellulose during the whole-slurry anaerobic co-digestion.This work provided a potential method to sustainably treat wastewater and improve fermentation performance.

Production of Biogas from Olive Mill Waste Waters Treated by Cow Manure

The olive mill waste waters (OMWW) generated from olive oil extraction is a major environmental concern since they are characterized by their role as a pollutant (high organic and mineral matters) and their pH acid. The aim of this study was to valorize (OMWW) by anaerobic fermentation in the presence of cow manure in order to produce biogas and reduce their toxic load. Many tests were carried out by fermenting (OMWW) with polyphenols in the presence of cow manure in thermophile temperatures. The performance of this treatment was valuated through measurements of biogas production and by the determination of different parameters of fermented media (pH, volume of the biogas and polyphenols).

Co-digestion of Waste Coffee and Cocoa Hulls: Modeling of Biogas Production by the Particle Swarm Method

Energy is a crucial material for the development of our economy.Access to sufficient energy remains a major concern for developing countries,particularly those in sub-Saharan Africa.The major challenge lies in access to clean,environmentally friendly,quality and low-cost energy in different households in our municipalities.To cope with this vast energy gap,many households are dependent on fossil fuels.In Cameroon,the consumption of wood for the supply of energy is increasing by 4%per year.Overall,approximately 80%of households in Cameroon depend on woody biomass as the sole main source of energy supply in Cameroon and demand is growing over time.In view of the climatic variations that our countries,particularly Cameroon,undergo through deforestation,the use of wood as a source of energy is expensive and harmful to the environment,hence the urgency of replacing wood with renewable energy.Biogas is one of the most versatile sources of renewable energy.On an industrial scale,it is important to automate the process control.The main objective of the present work is to model the anaerobic digestion of coffee and cocoa hulls using the particle swarm optimisation method.Pretreatment using the organosolv process was done.This resulted in 48%lignin removal and 22%cellulose increase.For the pretreated biomass,the maximum production rate was 21 NmLCH4 per day with a biomethane yield of 90 NmLCH4/gVS.This represents an enhancement of 117%in biomethane yield.A positive flammability test was recorded after the 10th day of retention time.Moreover,the data collected during anaerobic digestion allowed implementation of a two-phase mathematical model.The thirteen parameters of the model were estimated with particle swarm optimisation method in Matlab.The model was able to simulate the biomethane production kinetics and variation of volatile fatty acid concentration.

Relation between anthropometric variations and resting energy expenditure,VO_(2) max and anaerobic capacity of young,healthy individuals-an update

Anthropometric variations can affect resting energy expenditure,VO_(2) max and anaerobic capacity of young,healthy individuals.Studies have shown that body fat percentage,weight,and height can all affect the three measures.The study aimed to study VO_(2) max and 24-hour thermogenesis measures in predominantly sedentary individuals and weight changes afterwards.VO_(2) max-associated research shows that taller individuals tend to have higher VO_(2) max levels compared to shorter individuals.This could be because taller individuals have a larger lung capacity and greater oxygen delivery to the muscles.Weight can also affect VO_(2) max,as heavier individuals tend to have higher VO_(2) max levels than lighter individuals.Weight is also associated with resting energy expenditure,as heavier individuals tend to have a higher resting energy expenditure than lighter individuals.The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the existing literature related to resting energy expenditure and metabolic effects of VO_(2) max,and anaerobic capacity in sedentary active adults of anthropometric variations.Several studies have recently examined the possibility of improving aerobic and metabolic functions ensuring cardiorespiratory fitness within the population of anthropometric variations.Everyday physical activity and heredity ability influenced mainly the gold standard measuring tool for cardiorespiratory fitness,VO_(2) max,predicting mortality and morbidity.Weight gain has also been shown to be associated with lower cardiorespiratory fitness,regardless of physical activity levels.The VO_(2) max may have a different effect on energy balance apart from physical activity’s energy expenditure(EE),possibly by affecting the resting metabolic rate(RMR)or triggering a common mechanism associated with diet-induced thermogenesis.Weight change is predicted by sedentary energy expenditure,but directly measured VO_(2) max does not appear to be correlated with weight change.The relationship between resting energy expenditure,VO_(2) max,and anaerobic capacity in individuals is complex.Resting energy expenditure is directly related to anaerobic capacity,as it is an indicator of the body’s ability to work anaerobically.VO_(2) max is also related to anaerobic capacity,as it reflects the body’s maximal aerobic power.However,the strength of this relationship is not known.Overall,both resting energy expenditure and VO_(2) max are important determinants of anaerobic capacity in individuals and are worth considering when evaluating an individual’s anaerobic potential.

基质质量浓度对不同载体UAFB-Anammox反应器脱氮性能的影响

为了研究厌氧氨氧化膜生物反应器运行的稳定性,利用3个分别以组合填料、聚氨酯泡绵和立体弹性纤维作为填料的上流式固定床(up-flow anaerobic fixed bed,UAFB)生物膜反应器,以人工配水为研究对象,考察了进水基质(NH_4^+-N、NO_2^--N)质量浓度对不同生物载体反应器脱氮效能及挂膜效果的影响.结果表明:与聚氨酯泡绵和立体弹性纤维相比,添加组合填料的反应器耐基质质量浓度冲击能力最强.随着基质质量浓度的增加,其对NH_4^+-N及NO_2^--N的去除率呈先降低后上升的趋势.当基质质量浓度均达226 mg/L时,两者的去除率分别为76.37%和77.53%,氮去除负荷为1.32kg·N/(m^3·d).含聚氨酯泡绵填料的反应器在最大基质质量浓度下NH_4^+-N和NO_2^--N去除率仅为44.90%和41.41%.添加立体弹性纤维填料的反应器的脱氮稳定性介于前两者之间.组合填料具有较高的比表面积和较好的亲水性,易于微生物附着生长且不易脱落;而聚氨酯泡绵填料比表面积及表面粗糙度均低于组合填料,且微生物截留能力较低,导致其受到冲击后生物膜易脱落,故其耐基质质量浓度冲击能力最差;立体弹性纤维表面粗糙度高利于微生物附着,但亲水性差且对微生物亲和性低,易发生膜损失.

一种快速测定厌氧污泥活性的顶空气相色谱技术

将含有厌氧污泥的样品放入一顶空样品瓶内,在恒定的温度下平衡,并通过多次顶空抽提的方式对样品瓶中所产生的甲烷量随时间的变化进行气相色谱检测,从而实现厌氧污泥比产甲烷活性的检测。实验表明,多次顶空抽提-气相色谱测定厌氧污泥产甲烷活性的技术用约3h就可以得出厌氧污泥产甲烷的线性规律,其结果与对比试验的数据相近。因而该方法适用于厌氧污泥活性的快速预测,可大大提高相关厌氧污泥活性测定及废水处理领域研究的效率。

Feasibility Analysis and Practice Research of Resource Utilization of Waste from Planting and Breeding Industry

With the extending scale of agricultural production,the treatment and utilization of waste have become increasingly serious environmental problem.Taking city garden and Zhongnan pasture in Pujiang Town of Minhang District in Shanghai for example,according to the analysis on discharge characteristic of waste and balance of resources and energy utilization,mixed anaerobic digestion was chosen to dispose waste based on government guidance and feasibility analysis of project,and the combining disposal and resource utilization of waste were realized in two enterprises,providing reference for close cases.

低海拔地区男子柔道运动员在2366m高原训练的生理特点初步研究

低海拔地区男子柔道运动员在２３６６ｍ高原训练的生理特点初步研究雷欣，李桦，潘均昂，任宝成，马德明，罗筱荣ＰｒｅｌｉｍｉｎａｒｙＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｆＰｈｙｓｉｏｌｏｇｙｏｆＭａｌｅＪｕｄｏＡｔｈｌｅｔｅｓＬｉｖｉｎｇｏｎｌｏｗ－ｌａｎｄｄｕｒｉｎｇＴｈ...

Effect of Sludge from Different Sources on Solid Anaerobic Digestion of Corn Straw

[Objective] The aim was to study on effect of sludge from different sources on biogas yield efficiency through anaerobic digestion of corn straw. [Method] The present research studied on daily biogas yield and the accumulated biogas amount through anaerobic digestion of corn straw and sludges from four sources. [Result] The accumulated biogas yields produced from sludges in four sources from high to low were granular sludge, river sediments, concentrated sludge and filtered sludge. The first one proved the highest at 3.73 and 56.29 L/kg VS in daily biogas yield and the accumulated biogas. [Conclusion] The research laid foundation for full utilization of straw, improvement of energy utilization and sustainable development.

H_2S removal in landfill leachate treatment using UASB reactor

Leachate from a sanitary landfill site in Chengdu, China is treated using a hybrid-UASB reactor at pilot scale. H2S, resulting from the anaerobic bioconversion process of sulfate-reducing bacteria（SRB）, inhibits the growth and activity of methane-producing bacteria（MPB）and poses serious problems of pollution, so FeCl3is used for H2S removal. The results show that the system performs well in the treatment process. COD removal generally increases with the increase in the organic loading rate（OLR）, while the sulfate removal decreases slowly. As the OLR is higher than 7 kgCOD/（m3·d）, both COD and sulfate removal tend to be stable. When the reactor is operated at the design load of 9 kgCOD/（m3·d）, COD and sulfate removal remain about 79% and 91%, respectively. At the same time, the percentage of COD removed by SRB（CODSRB）also decreases from 8.9% to 4.0%. With FeCl3 addition, COD removal increases to 83%, while sulfate removal and CODSRBfurther decrease to 89% and 1.89%, respectively. According to the mass balance, nearly 82% of the sulfur is prevented from converting into H2S. Moreover, when the FeCl3 dosage is more than 1.6 g/L leachate, H2S can be removed totally from the biogas. Therefore, the application of FeCl3 for H2S removal in leachate treatment using the UASB reactor is very suitable and viable.