Natural heritage values and comparative analyses of Kanas,China

Kanas is a National Nature Reserve and National 5A Scenic Area,and it is also high on China’s National Natural Heritage List. In this paper,with an integrated analysis and comparative geo-graphical approach,the genesis and current features of the Kanas landscape are analyzed systematically according to the criteria for outstanding universal values that must be met for designation by the United Nations as World Natural Heritage. It is concluded that Kanas has outstanding universal values in geosciences,biology and aesthetics. Through comparison with other World Natural Heritage sites of the same geological types,in the same biogeographic zone and in the same latitude,it is concluded that Kanas meets criteria vii,viii,ix and x for designation as World Natural Heritage. Thus,this work establishes a scientific foundation for nomination of Kanas for such a status.

Review on Comparative Analyses of Different Phenolic Acids Content in Different Beers

Beer can be a rich source of phenolic acids in the diet. The present review summarizes the current state of work on phenolic acids in beer presented in the cited papers. In an overview, 10 hydroxybenzoic acids, three related aldehydes, two phenylacetic acids and eight hydroxycinnamic acids in beer are being reported. This review compares the phenolic acids content in alcoholic and non-alcoholic beers from Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Austria and Poland, which had been examined by several authors. The quantification was achieved by HPLC with ultraviolet, diode array, coulometric array or fluorimetric detection. Ferulic acid is the main phenolic acid in all beers that had been studied, followed by p-coumaric, vanillic, caffeic, p-OH-benzoic and sinapic acids. Most of the phenolic acids in beer are present as bound forms and only a small portion can be detected as free compounds. The content of the phenolic acids in the non-alcoholic beers is lower than in the alcoholic beers mainly due to differences in the production process, yeast strains used, dealcoholization of beer etc..

ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR CONDUCTING COMPARATIVE ANALYSES OF CADASTRAL SYSTEMS

The conception of an efficient cadastral system is an important element in the development of each coun-try.It is crucial for the efficient operation of the real estate market-the security and liberty of making tr ansactions,register-ing a property,planning operations,the introduction of an ad valorem tax on property and more rational use of space.In Europe there are different types of c adastral systems,because the count ries in Europe have different cultur al back-grounds,different economical and s ocial backgrounds.Through the cent uries,many types of cadastral syste ms evolved and their differences often depend u pon local cultural heritage,physic al geography,land use,technology,etc.Compara-tive analyses of cadastral systems h ave been the subjects of many publica tions and studies in world literatur e.It was as-sessed that the useful tools in conducting comparative analyses of vario us cadastral systems include the pro cedures of statisti-cal inference.This paper presents t he results of a project to compare the performance of ten cadastral system s international-ly by creating appropriate integrated indicators of a cadastral system u sing statistical technique.Such in dicators will make it possible to compare differen t cadastral systems and present them hierarchically in relation to their quality,struc-ture,as well as legal,organization al and technological solutions.Fro m a good number of methods available,techniques originating from two spheres of statistic inference were selected:distribution free methods and multivariate analysis meth-ods.For analyses with the distribut ion free methods,FRIEDMAN’s test(FRIENDMAN’s non-parametric varian ce analy-sis)as well as KENDALL’s test(KENDALL’s compatibility ratio)were selected.For analyses with the multivariate analy-sis methods,factor analysis was selected.

A Comparative Study of Workplace Environment against Industrialization Stage and Income Level

This paper explores the improvement of the workplace environment in the context of industrialization evolution by comparing statistics from China, the U.S., Japan and other nations at various levels of economic development. The study reveals that, compared either with the U.S. and Japan at similar stages of industrialization or many developing and developed nations at different income levels, China has certain advantages when it comes to the improvement of its workplace environment. This report concludes that China is not a country with low labor standards, as is widely accepted.

Comparative analyses of current three-dimensional numerical solar wind models

We present a comparative study of the most advanced three-dimensional time-dependent numerical simulation models of solar wind. These models can be classified into two categories： （I） theoretical, empirical and numerically based models and （Ⅱ） self-consistent multi-dimensional numerical magnetohydrodynamic （MHD） models. The models of Category I are used to sep- arately describe the solar wind solution in two plasma flows regions： transonic/trans-Alfvrnic and supersonic/super-Alfvenic, respectively. Models of Category II construct a complete, single, numerical solar wind solution through subsonic/sub-Alfvrnic region into supersonic/super-Alfvrnic region. The Wang-Sheeley-Arge （WSA）/ENLIL in CISM is the most successful space weather model that belongs to Category I, and the Block-Adaptive-Tree-Solarwind-Roe-Upwind-Scheme （BATS-R-US） code in SWMF （Space Weather Modeling Framework） and the solar-interplanetary conservative element solution element MHD （SIP-CESE MHD） model in SWIM （Space Weather Integrated Model） are the most commonly-used models that belong to Category II. We review the structures of their frameworks, the main results for solar wind background studies that are essential for solar transient event studies, and discuss the common features and differences between these two categories of solar wind models. Finally, we conclude that the transition of these two categories of models to operational use depends on the availability of computational resources at reasonable cost and point out that the models＇ prediction capabilities may be improved by employing finer computational grids, incorporating more observational data and by adding more physical constraints to the models.

Comparative analyses of simple sequence repeats(SSRs)in 23 mosquito species genomes:Identification,characterization and distribution(Diptera:Culicidae)

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) exist in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes and are the most popular genetic markers, but the SSRs of mosquito genomes are still not well understood. In this study, we identified and analyzed the SSRs in 23 mosquito species using Drosophila melanogaster as reference at the whole-genome level. The results show that SSR numbers (33 076-560 175/genome) and genome sizes (574.57-1342.21 Mb) are significantly positively correlated (R~= 0.8992, P < 0.01), but the correlation in individual species varies in these mosquito species. In six types of SSR, mono- to trinucleotide SSRs are dominant with cumulative percentages of 95.14%-99.00% and densities of 195.65/Mb-787.51/Mb, whereas tetra- to hexanucleotide SSRs are rare with 1.12%-4.22% and 3.76/Mb-40.23/Mb. The (A/T)n,(AC/GT)n and (AGC/GCT)n are the most frequent motifs in mononucleotide, dinucleotide and trinucleotide SSRs, respectively, and the motif frequencies of tetra- to hexanucleotide SSRs appear to be species-specific. The 10-20 bp length of SSRs are dominant with the number of 11() 561 ± 93 482 and the frequency of 87.25%± 5.73% on average, and the number and frequency decline with the increase oflength. Most SSRs(83.34%± 7.72%) are located in intergenic regions, followed by intron regions (11.59%± 5.59%), exon regions (3.74%± 1.95%), and untranslated regions (1.32%± 1.39%). The mono-, di- and trinucleotide SSRs are the main SSRs in both gene regions (98.55%± 0.85%) and exon regions (99.27%± 0.52%). An average of 42.52% of total genes contains SSRs, and the preference for SSR occurrenee in different gene subcategories are species-specific. The study provides useful insights into the SSR diversity, characteristics and distribution in 23 mosquito species of genomes.