Pneumocephalus Following Combined Spinal-Epidural Anesthesia: A Case Report Analysis

Background: Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia (CSEA) is widely used in clinical anesthesia due to its rapid onset, reliable anesthetic effect, and strong controllability. Although advancements in technique have reduced the frequency and severity of common complications, reports of rare and serious complications such as pneumocephalus, remain scarce. Case Report: This article presents a case of pneumocephalus following CSEA in a middle-aged female patient undergoing surgery for an intrauterine space-occupying lesion. The patient experienced severe headache postoperatively, and imaging confirmed the presence of intracranial air. After receiving active symptomatic treatment, the patient recovered and was discharged. Conclusion: This case underscores the importance of adhering to standard anesthesia protocols and increasing awareness of rare CSEA complications, particularly the risk of pneumocephalus. Early recognition and timely management are crucial. There is a need to further enhance training and research in anesthetic procedures to improve clinical anesthesia quality and ensure patient safety.

Impact of dexmedetomidine-assisted anesthesia in elderly patients undergoing radical resection of colon cancer

BACKGROUND Radical resection of colon cancer under general anesthesia is one of the main treatment methods for this malignancy.However,due to the physiological charac-teristics of elderly patients,the safety of perioperative anesthesia needs special attention.As anα2-adrenergic receptor agonist,dexmedetomidine(Dex)has attracted much attention from anesthesiologists due to its stabilizing effect on heart rate and blood pressure,inhibitory effect on inflammation,and sedative and analgesic effects.Its application in general anesthesia may have a positive impact on the quality of anesthesia and postoperative recovery in elderly patients undergoing radical resection of colon cancer.METHODS A total of 165 colon cancer patients who underwent radical surgery for colon cancer under general anesthesia at Qingdao University Affiliated Haici Hospital,Qingdao,China were recruited and divided into two groups:A and B.In group A,Dex was administered 30 min before surgery,while group B received an equivalent amount of normal saline.The hemodynamic changes,pulmonary compliance,airway pressure,inflammatory factors,confusion assessment method scores,Ramsay Sedation-Agitation Scale scores,and cellular immune function indicators were compared between the two groups.RESULTS Group A showed less intraoperative hemodynamic fluctuations,better pulmonary compliance,and lower airway resistance compared with group B.Twelve hours after the surgery,the serum levels of TLR-2,TLR-4,IL-6,and TNF-αin group A were significantly lower than those of group B(P<0.05).After extubation,the Ramsay Sedation-Agitation Scale score of group A patients was significantly higher than that of group B patients,indicating a higher level of sedation.The incidence of delirium was significantly lower in group A than in group B(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The use of Dex as an adjunct to general anesthesia for radical surgery in elderly patients with colon cancer results in better effectiveness of anesthesia.

Comparison of Propofol and Fentanyl for Preventing Emergence Agitation Following Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Pediatric Patients: A Single-Center Study in Bangladesh

Background: Emergence agitation (EA) is a common phenomenon observed in pediatric patients following general anesthesia. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of propofol and fentanyl in preventing EA and to compare their associated complications or side effects. Methods: This prospective randomized observational comparative study was conducted at Dhaka Medical College Hospital from July 2013 to June 2014. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of propofol and fentanyl on EA in children aged 18 to 72 months undergoing circumcision, herniotomy, and polypectomy operations. Ninety children were included in the study, with 45 in each group. Patients with psychological or neurological disorders were excluded. Various parameters including age, sex, weight, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class, duration of anesthesia, Saturation of Peripheral Oxygen (SPO2), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) score, duration of post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) stay, incidence of laryngospasm, nausea, vomiting, and rescue drug requirement were compared between the two groups. Results: Age, sex, weight, ASA class, and duration of anesthesia were comparable between the two groups. Perioperative SpO2 and HR were similar in both groups. However, the PAED score was significantly higher in the fentanyl group during all follow-ups except at 30 minutes postoperatively. The mean duration of PACU stay was significantly longer in the fentanyl group. Although the incidence of laryngospasm was higher in the fentanyl group, it was not statistically significant. Conversely, nausea or vomiting was significantly higher in the fentanyl group. The requirement for rescue drugs was significantly higher in the fentanyl group compared to the propofol group. Conclusion: Both propofol and fentanyl were effective in preventing emergence agitation in pediatric patients undergoing various surgical procedures under sevoflurane anesthesia. However, propofol demonstrated a better safety profile with fewer incidences of nausea, vomiting, and rescue drug requirements compared to fentanyl.

Artificial intelligence and robotics in regional anesthesia

Artificial intelligence(AI)technology is vital for practitioners to incorporate AI and robotics in day-to-day regional anesthesia practice.Recent literature is encouraging on its applications in regional anesthesia,but the data are limited.AI can help us identify and guide the needle tip precisely to the location.This may help us reduce the time,improve precision,and reduce the associated side effects of improper distribution of drugs.In this article,we discuss the potential roles of AI and robotics in regional anesthesia.

Observation of the Effects of Anesthesia Recovery Nursing Combined with Heat Preservation Measures in Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia Surgery

Objective:To observe the application effects of anesthesia recovery nursing with heat preservation measures in patients undergoing general anesthesia surgery.Methods:300 cases of general anesthesia surgery patients in our hospital from March 2023 to February 2024 were selected and divided into the control group and the observation group according to the random number table method,each with 150 cases.The control group adopted conventional care,while the observation group was given anesthesia recovery care and heat preservation measures on the basis of conventional care.The wake-up time,extubation time,hospitalization time,and the incidence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups and statistically analyzed.Results:The wake-up time of patients in the control group was 9.71±1.20 hours,and that of the observation group was 6.51±1.02 hours,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05);the extubation times of patients in the observation group and the control group after awakening were 8.52±0.41 min and 10.42±1.12 min,respectively,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05)The hospital stay after the operation in the observation group and the control group was 32.91±4.71 days and 37.24±3.34 days respectively,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05),and the incidence rate of adverse reactions after extubation in the observation group(3.33%)was significantly lower than that in the control group(10.00%)(P<0.05).Conclusion:In general anesthesia surgery patients,the implementation of anesthesia recovery nursing with heat preservation measures can significantly improve the physical condition of patients,effectively shorten the duration of surgery and patients’wake-up time,and improve their quality of life,which is worthy of clinical promotion and application.

CLINICAL SUMMARY ON ACUPUNCTURE COMBINED WITH ENFLURANE-INHALATION ANESTHESIA FOR RESECTION OF ESOPHAGEAL CARCINOMA

Objective: To observe the clinical effect of acupuncture combined with general anesthesia by inhaling enflurane for esophageal carcinoma resection. Methods: 120 cases of esophageal carcinoma patients were randomly divided into acupuncture+inhalation of enflurane (A+IE, n=40), electrical stimulation (ES)+IE (n=41) and IE (control, n=39) groups. In all the 3 groups, vecuronium, fentanyl, propofol (same dose) were given intravenously to induce anesthesia before operation, and during operation, fentanyl (2 ug/kg/hr) and vecuronium (0.03 mg/kg/0.5hr) and appropriate concentration of enflurane were given to the patients for maintaining anesthesia and muscular relaxation. In group A, Xiayifeng (below TE 17), Sanyangluo (TE 8) to Ximen (PC 4) were punctured and stimulated electrically, and in group B, these acupoints were stimulated electrically via cutaneous plate electrodes. Results: The anesthetic effect grade I rates of A+IE, ES+IE and IE groups were 67.50%, 68.29% and 28.21% respectively. There was a significant difference between A+IE or ES+IE and IE groups (P<0.001). In the process of anesthesia, the mean concentrations of the inhaled enflurane in A +IE, ES+IE and IE groups were 0.55% and 0.50% and 0.83% separately. The average concentrations of A+IE and ES+IE groups were lower 33.73% and 39.76% than that of group IE (P<0.005). Conclusion: Acupuncture combined with enflurane inhalation can enhance anesthetic effect, reduce the dose of the inhaled enflurane.

Effect of intravenous inhalational anesthesia under Narcotrend monitor on the systemic traumatic reaction after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Objective:To study the effect of intravenous inhalational anesthesia under Narcotrend monitor on the systemic traumatic reaction after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Methods:A total of 116 patients with gallstone who received laparoscopic surgery in our hospital between July 2012 and April 2016 were collected and divided into the combined anesthesia group (n=65) who accepted intravenous inhalational anesthesia under Narcotrend monitor and the intravenous anesthesia group (n=51) who accepted total intravenous anesthesia after the anesthesia methods and relevant test results were reviewed. 1 d after operation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the serum levels of pain mediators and inflammation mediators;automatic biochemical analyzer was used to detect the levels of oxidative stress indexes.Results:1 d after operation, serum pain mediators 5-HT, PGE2, NO and HT levels of observation group were lower than those of control group;serum oxidation indexes AOPPs and LHP levels of observation group were lower than those of control group while anti-oxidation indexes CAT and GSH-Px levels were higher than those of control group;serum pro-inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-8 and CRP levels of observation group were lower than those of control group while anti-inflammatory factors IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 levels were higher than those of control group.Conclusion:Intravenous inhalational anesthesia under Narcotrend monitor can reduce the postoperative systemic traumatic reaction degree in patients with laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Differences in the effects of intravenous inhalational anesthesia and total intravenous anesthesia on the systemic traumatic response after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Objective: To study the effect of intravenous inhalational anesthesia under monitoring on systemic traumatic response after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: A total of 80 cases of patients with chronic cholecystitis who received laparoscopic cholecystectomy in our hospital between June 2016 and October 2016 were collected and divided into the control group who accepted total intravenous anesthesia and the observation group who accepted intravenous inhalational anesthesia after the anesthesia methods were reviewed. 6 h, 12 h and 24 h after operation, the RIA method was adopted to determine the serum contents of pain mediators, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine serum levels of inflammatory factors and stress hormones, and auto-coagulation analyzer was used to detect the plasma contents of coagulation function indexes. Results: 6 h, 12 h and 24 h after operation, serum pain mediators 5-HT, β-EP and NPY levels of observation group were lower than those of control group, inflammatory factors hs-CRP, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α levels were lower than those of control group, and stress hormones Cor, ALD and NE levels were lower than those of control group;plasma coagulation function indexes TXB2, D-D and PLT levels of observation group were lower than those of control group. Conclusion: Intravenous inhalational anesthesia under monitoring can reduce the systemic traumatic reaction after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and has positive clinical significance.

Effects of intravenous inhalational anesthesia on the hemodynamic homeostasis as well as postoperative brain function and Th1/Th2 immunity in elderly patients with femoral neck fracture

Objective: To explore the effects of intravenous inhalational anesthesia on the hemodynamic homeostasis as well as postoperative brain function and Th1/Th2 immunity in elderly patients with femoral neck fracture. Methods: A total of 176 elderly patients with femoral neck fracture who received hip replacement in our hospital between July 2016 and June 2017 were divided into the total intravenous anesthesia group (n=86) and the intravenous inhalational anesthesia group (n=90) according to the anesthesia solution. The differences in introperative hemodynamic parameter levels as well as postoperative brain function index and Th1/Th2 cytokine contents were compared between the two groups. Results: During operation, hemodynamic parameters MAP and HR levels in intravenous inhalational anesthesia group were lower than those in total intravenous anesthesia group. 24 h after operation, serum brain function indexes MBP, S100B and NSE contents in intravenous inhalational anesthesia group were lower than those in total intravenous anesthesia group;serum Th1 cytokines IFN-γand IL-2 contents were higher than those in total intravenous anaesthesia group whereas Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 contents were lower than those in total intravenous anesthesia group. Conclusion: The intravenous inhalational anesthesia can effectively stabilize the intraoperative hemodynamics and reduce the postoperative brain function and Th1/Th2 immune function injury in elderly patients with femoral neck fracture.

Safety and efficacy comparison of remimazolam and propofol for intravenous anesthesia during gastroenteroscopic surgery of older patients:A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Remimazolam is characterized by rapid action and inactive metabolites.It is used as the general anesthetic for many clinical surgeries.In this study,we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate whether remimazolam is superior to propofol for gastroenteroscopy in older patients.AIM To compare the adverse events and efficacy of remimazolam and propofol during gastroenteroscopy in older adults.METHODS The PubMed,Web of Science,the Cochrane Library databases were queried for the relevant key words"remimazolam,""and propofol,""and gastrointestinal endoscopy or gastroscopy."The search scope was"Title and Abstract,"and the search was limited to human studies and publications in English.Seven studies wherein remimazolam and propofol were compared were included for the metaanalysis.RESULTS We selected seven randomized controlled trials involving 1445 cases for the analysis.Remimazolam reduced the hypotension(relative risk,RR=0.44,95%CI:0.29-0.66,P=0.000),respiratory depression(RR=0.46,95%CI:0.30-0.70,P=0.000),injection pain(RR=0.12,95%CI:0.05-0.25,P=0.000),bradycardia(RR=0.37,95%CI:0.24-0.58,P=0.000),and time to discharge[weighted mean difference(WMD)=-0.58,95%CI:-0.97 to-0.18,P=0.005],compared to those after propofol administration.No obvious differences were observed for postoperative nausea and vomiting(RR=1.09,95%CI:0.97-1.24,P=0.151),dizziness(RR=0.77,95%CI:0.43-1.36,P=0.361),successful sedation rate(RR=0.96,95%CI:0.93-1.00,P=0.083),or the time to become fully alert(WMD=0.00,95%CI:-1.08-1.08,P=0.998).CONCLUSION Remimazolam appears to be safer than propofol for gastroenteroscopy in older adults.However,further studies are required to confirm these findings.

In vivo imaging reveals a synchronized correlation among neurotransmitter dynamics during propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia

General anesthesia is widely applied in clinical practice.However,the precise mechanism of loss of consciousness induced by general anesthetics remains unknown.Here,we measured the dynamics of five neurotransmitters,includingγ-aminobutyric acid,glutamate,norepinephrine,acetylcholine,and dopamine,in the medial prefrontal cortex and primary visual cortex of C57BL/6 mice through in vivo fiber photometry and genetically encoded neurotransmitter sensors under anesthesia to reveal the mechanism of general anesthesia from a neurotransmitter perspective.Results revealed that the concentrations of γ-aminobutyric acid,glutamate,norepinephrine,and acetylcholine increased in the cortex during propofol-induced loss of consciousness.Dopamine levels did not change following the hypnotic dose of propofol but increased significantly following surgical doses of propofol anesthesia.Notably,the concentrations of the five neurotransmitters generally decreased during sevoflurane-induced loss of consciousness.Furthermore,the neurotransmitter dynamic networks were not synchronized in the non-anesthesia groups but were highly synchronized in the anesthetic groups.These findings suggest that neurotransmitter dynamic network synchronization may cause anesthetic-induced loss of consciousness.

Wavelet and pain rating index for inhalation anesthesia: A randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND Wavelet index(WLi)and pain rating index(PRi)are new parameters for regulating general anesthesia depth based on wavelet analysis.AIM To investigate the safety and efficacy of using WLi or PRi in sevoflurane anesthesia.METHODS This randomized controlled trial enrolled 66 patients scheduled for elective posterior lumbar interbody fusion surgery under sevoflurane anesthesia between September 2017 and February 2018.A random number generator was used to assign the eligible patients to three groups:Systolic blood pressure(SBP)monitoring group,WLi monitoring group,and PRi monitoring group.The main anesthesiologist was aware of the patient grouping and intervention used.The primary endpoint was anesthesia recovery time.Secondary endpoints included extubation time,sevoflurane consumption,number of unwanted events/interventions,number of adverse events and postoperative visual analogue scale for pain.RESULTS A total of 62 patients were included in the final analysis(SBP group,n=21;WLi group,n=21;and PRi group,n=20).There were no significant differences among the three groups in patient age,gender distribution,body mass index,American Society of Anesthesiologists class,duration of surgery,or duration of anesthesia.Anesthesia recovery time was shorter in the WLi and PRi groups than in the SBP group with no significant difference between the WLi and PRi groups.Extubation time was shorter in the WLi and PRi groups than in the SBP group.Sevoflurane consumption was lower in the WLi and PRi groups than in the SBP group.Nicardipine was more commonly needed to treat hypertension in the WLi and PRi groups than in the SBP group.CONCLUSION Regulation of sevoflurane anesthesia depth with WLi or PRi reduced anesthesia recovery time,extubation time and sevoflurane consumption without intraoperative unwanted events.

Anesthesia,Anesthetics,and Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Elderly Patients

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction(POCD)remains a major issue that worsens the prognosis of elderly surgery patients.This article reviews the current research on the effect of different anesthesia methods and commonly utilized anesthetics on the incidence of POCD in elderly patients,aiming to provide an understanding of the underlying mechanisms contributing to this condition and facilitate the development of more reasonable anesthesia protocols,ultimately reducing the incidence of POCD in elderly surgery patients.

Pain perception enhancement in consecutive secondeye phacoemulsification cataract surgeries under topical anesthesia

Cataract is the main cause of visual impairment and blindness worldwide while the only effective cure for cataract is still surgery.Consecutive phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia has been the routine procedure for cataract surgery.However,patients often grumbled that they felt more painful during the second-eye surgery compared to the first-eye surgery.The intraoperative pain experience has negative influence on satisfaction and willingness for second-eye cataract surgery of patients with bilateral cataracts.Intraoperative ocular pain is a complicated process induced by the nociceptors activation in the peripheral nervous system.Immunological,neuropsychological,and pharmacological factors work together in the enhancement of intraoperative pain.Accumulating published literatures have focused on the pain enhancement during the secondeye phacoemulsification surgeries.In this review,we searched PubMed database for articles associated with pain perception differences between consecutive cataract surgeries published up to Feb.1,2024.We summarized the recent research progress in mechanisms and interventions for pain perception enhancement in consecutive secondeye phacoemulsification cataract surgeries.This review aimed to provide novel insights into strategies for improving patients’intraoperative experience in second-eye cataract surgeries.

The neuroscience of pain,addiction,and anesthesia

Researchers and clinicians have long been interested in the mechanisms of pain,anesthesia,and addiction.The International Association for the Study of Pain(IASP)defines pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with,or resembling that associated with,actual or potential tissue damage(Raja et al.,2020).Drug addiction refers to a condition of reliance that develops from regular drug consumption,which may lead to withdrawal symptoms when use is halted.Anesthesia involves the complete loss of consciousness induced by an inhaled or intravenous anesthetic(Tosello et al.,2022).In this special collection,Zoological Research presents research findings focused on pain,addiction,and anesthesia.

Pharmacokinetic Characterization of Xylazine in Goats with Simultaneous Anesthesia Studies

The aim was to study the pharmacokinetics of xylazine as a stable anesthetic in goats.In this study,goats were injected with xylazine at the rate of 0.3 mL·kg-1 intramusculally,and blood samples were collected at 1,3,5,10,20,30,45,60,90,120,180,and 240 min after administration,respectively.Xylazine was extracted by liquid-liquid extraction and separation method,and blood concentration was determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).The pharmacokinetic characteristics of xylazine in healthy goats were analyzed by pharmacokinetic software.The results showed that the chromatographic peak time of xylazine chromatography was 9-11 min.The specificity of the method was good.The linear correlation coefficient R2 of the standard curve was 0.9982 when the concentration of xylazine was in the range of 10-1×1000 ng.The pharmacokinetic model of xylazine in goats was a one-chamber model with first-order rate absorption,distribution half-life t1/2Ka was(0.49±0.041)min,elimination half-life t1/2Ke was(23.3±2.5)min,and the peak time(Tp)of the highest concentration was(2.8±0.2)min.The total drug clearance CL/F was(0.00016±0.000016)mg·kg-1·min-1(ng·mL-1),and the minimum effective blood concentration was 56.6 ng·mL-1,which was consistent with the clinical anesthetic effect.The results showed that xylazine had the characteristics of rapid absorption,wide distribution,short peak time,slow clearance rate,and long anesthetic time in goats,which could be used as the basic drug for the development of goat complex anesthetic preparation.

Current evidence on artificial intelligence in regional anesthesia

The recent advancement in regional anesthesia(RA)has been largely attributed to ultrasound technology.However,the safety and efficiency of ultrasound-guided nerve blocks depend upon the skill and experience of the performer.Even with adequate training,experience,and knowledge,human-related limitations such as fatigue,failure to recognize the correct anatomical structure,and unintentional needle or probe movement can hinder the overall effectiveness of RA.The amalgamation of artificial intelligence(AI)to RA practice has promised to override these human limitations.Machine learning,an integral part of AI can improve its performance through continuous learning and experience,like the human brain.It enables computers to recognize images and patterns specifically useful in anatomic structure identification during the performance of RA.AI can provide real-time guidance to clinicians by highlighting important anatomical structures on ultrasound images,and it can also assist in needle tracking and accurate deposition of local anesthetics.The future of RA with AI integration appears promising,yet obstacles such as device malfunction,data privacy,regulatory barriers,and cost concerns can deter its clinical implementation.The current mini review deliberates the current application,future direction,and barrier to the application of AI in RA practice.

Influencing factors and risk prediction model for emergence agitation after general anesthesia for primary liver cancer

BACKGROUND General anesthesia is commonly used in the surgical management of gastrointestinal tumors;however,it can lead to emergence agitation(EA).EA is a common complication associated with general anesthesia,often characterized by behaviors,such as crying,struggling,and involuntary limb movements in patients.If treatment is delayed,there is a risk of incision cracking and bleeding,which can significantly affect surgical outcomes.Therefore,having a proper understanding of the factors influencing the occurrence of EA and implementing early preventive measures may reduce the incidence of agitation during the recovery phase from general anesthesia,which is beneficial for improving patient prognosis.AIM To analyze influencing factors and develop a risk prediction model for EA occurrence following general anesthesia for primary liver cancer.METHODS Retrospective analysis of clinical data from 200 patients who underwent hepatoma resection under general anesthesia at Wenzhou Central Hospital(January 2020 to December 2023)was conducted.Post-surgery,the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale was used to evaluate EA presence,noting EA incidence after general anesthesia.Patients were categorized by EA presence postoperatively,and the influencing factors were analyzed using logistic regression.A nomogram-based risk prediction model was constructed and evaluated for differentiation and fit using receiver operating characteristics and calibration curves.RESULTS EA occurred in 51(25.5%)patients.Multivariate analysis identified advanced age,American Society of Anesthesiologists(ASA)grade Ⅲ,indwelling catheter use,and postoperative pain as risk factors for EA(P<0.05).Conversely,postoperative analgesia was a protective factor against EA(P<0.05).The area under the curve of the nomogram was 0.972[95%confidence interval(CI):0.947-0.997]for the training set and 0.979(95%CI:0.951-1.000)for the test set.Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed a good fit(χ^(2)=5.483,P=0.705),and calibration curves showed agreement between predicted and actual EA incidence.CONCLUSION Age,ASA grade,catheter use,postoperative pain,and analgesia significantly influence EA occurrence.A nomogram constructed using these factors demonstrates strong predictive accuracy.

Pain and immune function in patients undergoing gastric cancer surgery following stellate ganglion block with total intravenous anesthesia

BACKGROUND Stellate ganglion block is a commonly used sympathetic nerve block technique that restores the balance of the sympathetic and vagal nervous systems of the body and inhibits sympathetic nerve activity.AIM To analyze the effect of a stellate ganglion block combined with total diploma intravenous anesthesia on postoperative pain and immune function in patients undergoing laparoscopic radical gastric cancer(GC)surgery to provide a refe-rence basis for the formulation of anesthesia protocols for radical GC surgery.METHODS This study included 112 patients who underwent laparoscopic radical surgery for GC between January 2022 and March 2024.There was no restriction on sex.The patient grouping method used was a digital random table method,and the num-ber of cases in each group was 56.The control group was administered total intravenous anesthesia,and the observation group compounded the stellate gan-glion block according to the total intravenous anesthesia protocol.Postoperative hemodynamics,pain levels,and immune indices were compared between the groups.RESULTS The heart rate and mean arterial pressure in the observation group after in-tubation were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).Pain levels were compared between the two groups at 2 hours,12 hours,24 hours,and 48 hours after surgery(P>0.05).The number of CD3+,CD4+,and CD4+/CD8+cells at the end of surgery was higher in the observation group than in the control group,and the number of CD8+cells was lower in the observation group than in the control group(P<0.05).There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of propofol dosage,awakening time,extubation time,or postoperative adverse reactions(P>0.05).CONCLUSION The application of a stellate ganglion block combined with total intravenous anesthesia had no significant effect on postoperative pain levels in patients undergoing laparoscopic radical GC surgery.However,it can safely reduce the effect of surgery on the immune function of patients and is worth applying in clinical practice.

Regional anesthesia in a patient with primary ciliary dyskinesia:A case report

BACKGROUND Primary ciliary dyskinesia(PCD)is an inherited autosomal-recessive disorder of impaired mucociliary clearance characterized by chronic respiratory diseases,otolaryngological diseases,central nervous system abnormalities,reproductive system abnormalities,and cardiac function abnormalities.General anesthesia in these patients is associated with a higher incidence of respiratory complications than in patients without the disease.CASE SUMMARY A 16-year-old male patient was referred to the emergency room complaining of right ankle pain due to distal tibiofibular fracture.Three years prior,he had been diagnosed with PCD.At that time,he had experienced several episodes of pneumonia,sinusitis,and chronic middle ear infections,for which he underwent surgical interventions.At the current admission,he presented with cough and sputum but no other respiratory symptoms.A chest computed tomography scan revealed centrilobular ground-glass opacities in both lower lobes and a calcified nodule in the left lower lobe.For the surgical procedure and postoperative pain management,combined spinal-epidural anesthesia was employed.The patient’s postoperative pain score was measured by the numerical rating scale(NRS).On the day of surgery,his NRS was 5 points.By the second postoperative day,the NRS score had decreased to 2–3 points.The epidural catheter was removed on the fourth day following the operation.The patient was subsequently discharged no respiratory complications.CONCLUSION We performed combined spinal-epidural anesthesia in a patient with PCD.The patient experienced no additional respiratory complications and was discharged with a low NRS score for pain.